Örgütsel Açıdan Yolsuzluk: Kavramsal Yönü, Özelliği, İşletme Çevresi, Örgütsel Davranışve Örgüt Mimarisi Bağlamında Bir İnceleme

Bu çalışmanın amacı, son yıllarda en çok konuşulan konulardan biri olan yolsuzluk olgusunu örgütsel açıdan incelenmektir. Bu amaçla bu çalışmada, öncelikle yolsuzluk ve yolsuzluk türlerinin kavramsal çerçevesi ortaya konulmuştur. Türkiye’yi hedef alan yolsuzlukla ilgili araştırmaların sonuçlarıve önemli bulgularına değinildikten sonra yolsuzluk konusu örgütsel açıdan irdelenmiştir. Büyük oranda, Luo tarafından geliştirilen modelden istifade edilerek yolsuzluk ve işletme çevresi kurumsal ve faaliyetsel çevre , yolsuzlukların sınıflandırılması, yolsuzluk ve örgütün mimarisi, örgütsel davranışve yolsuzluğa karşıörgütsel açıdan alınabilecek bazıtedbirler ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır.

Corruption is a phenomenon that it’s old as the history of government itself. In recent years, the topic of corruption has taken much attention both in Turkey and abroad. The corruption practices in many well known companies such as Enron and WorldCom has raised importance of the issue in terms of organizational perspective. According to the result of a study, corruption in organizations has increased as of 71 % in last three years and one of two organizations is corrupted by its members Anthony, 2006 . The corrupt practices generally include bribery, fraud, favoritism, extortion embezzlement, and insider trading. Although the topic of corruption has gained much importance in recent years, there are little or no studies on organizational view of corruption in management literatures as far as we know. Hence, the purpose of the present study is to elucidate the corruption phenomenon, which has been one of the most discussed topics in recent years, from organizational perspective by using model of Luo 2005 . There are many definitions about corruptions in the literature because the phenomenon is complex and multiple causes. Viewed most broadly, corruption is using or abusing the public resources for private ends or interests World Bank, BEEPS, 2006 or using public responsibility against the law Emre, 2003: 222 . From organizational perspective, corruption can be defined as “role behavior in any organizations not just government or public service that violates formally defined role obligations in search of private gain” Luo, 2005: 121 . According to Klitgoard 1998 corruption may be represented as following a formula: C = M + D – A. Corruption equals Monopoly plus Discretion minus Accountability. Whether the activity is public, private, or nonprofit. Luo observes seven characteristics of corruption phenomenon which are, context–based, norm-deviated, power-related, virtually covert, intentional, opportunistic, and perceptional . Some scholars suggest that a firm’s behavior and strategy are shaped by organizational institutional and task environment Scott ve Meyer, 1994: 134 . Hence, organizational environment may be predictor of corrupt behaviors and practices. The task environment includes oligopolistic intensity, regulatory control and structural uncertainty. On the other hand traits of institutional environment consist of institutional transparency, institutional fairness and institutional complexity Luo, 2005: 128 . According to model of Luo, traits of institutional and task environment which cited above escalates pressure for corruption and probability of corruption. But transmitting of pressure into corruption depends upon organizational moral, norms and culture Luo, 2005: 129 . Corrupt practices in organizations differ in the intensity quantity and hierarchical level group, team, unit level which is defined as the taxonomy of corrupt organizations by Luo. Using the intensity and hierarchical scales four metaphorical identities is emerged “mad fox” high intensity and more hierarchies , “errant rabbit” low intensity and few hierarchies , “sick bulldog” low intensity and more hierarchies , and “wild puppy” high intensity and few hierarchies Luo, 2005: 125 . “Mad fox” metaphor represents an organization where many managers and employees are related to corrupt activities at many hierarchal levels or in various sub-units. In this kind of corrupt organizations, a system malfeasance exist which refers an entire organizations system is