Girişimcilik ve Yenilikçilik Kavramlarının İktisadi Düşüncedeki Yeri: Joseph A. Schumpeter

Girişimcilik, küreselleşen günümüz dünyasında ekonomik gelişmede rol oynayan en önemli faktörlerden biridir. Girişimcilik ekonomik büyüme ve kalkınmanın motoru, yenilik ve yaratıcılığın kaynağıdır. Ekonomik açıdan girişimciliğin bu artan önemi, ekonomik teoride girişimcinin niteliklerinin ve rolünün ne olduğu ile ilgili bazısorularıda beraberinde getirmektedir. Ekonomik gelişmede girişimcilerin dinamik rolü üzerinde duran ve girişimciyi yenilikleri gerçekleştiren kişi olarak tanımlayan Schumpeter, buluşlar yoluyla girişimcilerin üretime getirdikleri yenilikleri, liberal kapitalist gelişmenin itici gücü olarak kabul etmektedir. Diğer bir ifadeyle Schumpeter teknolojik yenilikleri ve girişimcilik faaliyetlerini statik ekonominin üretken kaynaklarınıdinamik yeniliklere aktaran güçler olarak ele alır. Girişimciliğin yenilikçi faaliyetleri olarak ifade edilen bu gelişmeler ilk olarak Schumpeter tarafından ele alınmakla birlikte girişimcilik ve yenilikçilik kavramlarıfarklıiktisat okullarıtarafından farklı şekillerde yorumlanmıştır.Bu çalışma ilk olarak iktisadi düşünce tarihinde girişimciliğin ve yenilikçiliğin teorik temellerini oluşturan yorumlarıinceledikten sonra Schumpeter’in yenilikçi girişimci analizini irdelemektedir

Entrepreneurship is one of the most important factors that play a role in economic development in today's globalized world.Entrepreneurship is an engine of economic growth and development and a source of innovation and creativity. Economically, the growing importance of entrepreneurship raises some questions about what is the entrepreneur’s qualifications and it’s role in the economic theory. Because physiocrat thought emerged in a period, when agriculture became dominant and industrial revolution did not change world economy completely, it mostly emphasized agricultural entrepreneur in its thoughts related to entrepreneurship. The definition of entrepreneurship was made by R. Cantillon, physiocrat thinker, as a person buying and producing the production inlets to sell from undetermined price. Thus, Cantillon, relating the enterprise to risk element, emphasizes the feature of entrepreneurs to undertake risk in the face of uncertainty. Beside risk element, those emphasizing the importance of entrepreneur form other viewpoints are under consideration. For example, Beaudeu attracted attention to planning and organization. Definition of entrepreneur, being developed J.B.Say after R. Cantillon, it was emphasized that the entrepreneur should have the attribution to organize and manage production inlets. In other words, according to J.B.Say, entrepreneur is a person undertaken the coordination role in both production and distribution and marketing stages. Classical economists did not sufficiently madethe distinction between entrepreneur who undertakes risk, combines production factors, and searches the possibility of innovation and capitalist who only provides tool for investment and as a result, equated the entrepreneur with capitalist. The reason for this is that classic economists have the belief that all changes and movements in the market will be known by all market actors. In view of this, they accept all human beings wanting to maximize their interests as entrepreneur. Because the situation is so, classical economists did not give a distinct role for entrepreneur. According to A.Marshall, from the pioneer of neoclassic economics, entrepreneur is a person producing goods and services as well as performing supervision functions in the firm and while making these, undertaking risk. In Neoclassic school, entrepreneurship remained limited with the function to bring together and protecting the individual against the risk of future. Neoclassic model, with production function, rational choices, and the assumption of perfect information it has did charged a little mission to the entrepreneur. In this model, firm can run itself. In the studies carried out on the entrepreneurship, Austrian economics school that accounts for market process on the base of human action has a distinct place. In this frame, I. Kirzner made the most important contribution about market process and entrepreneurship. In market process, the emergence of profit depends on the activity of entrepreneur. Krizner shaped the definition of entrepreneurship around the concepts of awareness, learning new things, and realizing innovation