Konya Şartlarında Yağış, Sıcaklık ve Bitki Örtüsü İlişkisi

Yıl 2009, Sayı: 22, 265 - 278, 01.08.2009

Baştürk Kaya Caner Aladağ

Öz

Yeryüzün de mevcut bitki örtüsünün dağılışıve bitki alanlarının sınırısürekli olarak dışfaktörlerin etkisiyle değişime uğramıştır. Bitkilerin dağılışına etki eden bu dışfaktörler, jeolojik, jeomorfolojik, edafik ve iklimsel kökenlidir. Bunlara bitki yetişme şartlarıdenir. Bu şartlar içerisinde en fazla değişmeler ise iklimsel özelliklerde meydana gelir. Bunun için bitki coğrafyasıçalışmalarında iklim konusuna ayrıbir önem verilir. İklim elemanlarıise oldukça çeşitli olup, bunlar içerisinde sıcaklık ve yağışın bitkilerin yayılışında ve gelişiminde önemli etkileri söz konusudur. Dolayısıyla iklimsel değerlendirmeler bu iki parametreye dayandırılmıştır. Bu araştırmada, Konya meteoroloji istasyonunun 1975-2006 yıllarına ait günlük sıcaklık ve yağışverileri kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler değerlendirildiğinde bitki örtüsünün yetişme devresinin başlangıcı28 Mart ve bitiştarihi 4 Kasım olarak belirlenmiştir. Yetişme süresi ise Konya için 220 gün olarak hesaplanmıştır. Yıllık yağıştoplamı321 mm, yetişme süresi içerisinde düşen yağışmiktarıise 169,9 mm’dir. Ayrıca bu verilere dayanılarak, günlük ortalama sıcaklıkların seyri, donlu gün sayılarıve frekansları, düşük sıcaklık değerleri, günlük ölçümlere göre sıcaklık frekansları, kritik ve optimum sıcaklık değerleri, aylık ve yıllık yağışetkinlik indis değerleri, sağanak yağışfrekanslarıve muhtemel yağışdeğerleri hesaplanarak gerekli tablolar hazırlanmışve grafikleri çizilmiştir. Bu istatistiksel sonuçlar incelendiğinde, Konya’nın yarı-kurak alt Akdeniz biyoiklim katına girdiği söylenebilir. İklim özelliği ve arazi yapısıitibariyle de Konya’nın bitki örtüsü ova stepi görünümünde olup, orman gelişimine elverişli değildir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Konya, Sıcaklık, Yağış, Bitki örtüsü

Precipitation, Temperature and Vegetation Relations in the Conditions of Konya

Öz

Distribution of existing flora and the limits of plant sites at the earth surface have been continuously got changed by the external factors’ effects. These external factors that affecting the distribution of flora, are geological, geomorphological, edaphic and climatic origined. These are called “plant growth conditions ”. The most changes in these conditions, take place at the climatic specifications. For this reason climate topic is importantly considered at phytogeography studies. Climate elements vary widely and among these elements, temperature and precipitation have important effects on the distribution and development of flora. Consequently, climatic assessments are based on these two parameters. Water has an important effect on the growth and development of plants. Another important environment factor which is needed by the plants to maintain developing is the temperature. Temperature and water have efficient roles in geological distribution and bringing out the vegetation type of plants. The aim of this study is to analyse the temperature and precipitation conditions of Konya city’s climatic properties and to bring out the relations of these with the flora. In determining this two climate features which are the growth conditions of flora, the statistically data belonging to Konya Weather Station are used. These data was subjected to review and it was worked to search the present case. But, as the monthly and annual average and extrem values are not enough for explaining this case, it was needed to use the daily reports, daily of 32 years, maximum, minimum and average temperature values and sum of daily precipitation amounts for Konya between the years 1975-2006 were used. For this study, 11688 average temperature value, the same number of maximum and minimum temperature values and also 32 years daily precipitation case were reviewed. As the results of calculations, the determination of growth period’s distribution of the plants in Konya, monthly distribution of precipitation in a year, and also the distribution of precipitation during the vegetation duration, were determined. When the daily temperature and precipitation data of Konya weather station belonging to the year 1975-2006, were reviewed, the starting of flora’s growth period was determined as 28th March and the ending date was determined as 4th November. The growth duration was calculated as 220 days for Konya. Annual precipitation amount is 321 mm. Also, according to the information obtained from these data, the ratio of the precipitation falling in the growth period at the observation site over the annual precipitation is 52,9 % in Konya and the sum of precipitation is 169,9 mm. Antecedent precipitation is as SWAS Spring, Winter, Autumn, Summer . With using averages of daily temperature belonging to many years, the regime diagram of daily temperature and frost day number according to the seasons and their frequencies were calculated and their tables were made. When graphics and tabels are reviewed, coldest day of the month January is the day 23th with the temperature -2.3 ◦C, according to the average of 32 years. The hottest period in Konya, begins at the second week of the month July and continues until the third week of the month August. Temperatures are over 22-23 ◦C in this period. The number of monthly and annual average frost days with the low temperature values and the annual March, November ratios of critic and optimum temperatures, temperature frequencies basing on the daily measurements between the years 1975-2006, were calculated. Basing on this, a frost event of 18,4 days was seen in Spring, this value decreases to 15,1. 12,16 % of 11688 temperature values belonging to the 32 years between the years 1975-2006, were below 0 ◦C; 19 % were between 21-30 ◦C; 0,05 % were over 30◦C. The ratios of optimum temperatures between 9◦C and 21◦C at the observation site were 39,4 %. When the values obtained between the years 1975-2006 in Konya were reviewed, 11688 measurements were done in 32 years period. 195 of these were decreasing to 0◦C and this was the match for 1,66 %. The distribution of yprecipitations due to seasons and the annual and monthly precipitation efficiency index values of Konya were calculated by Erinç formula; arid and humid months at the observation site, downpour frequencies of the site and available precipitation values that basing on the observation station‘s value categories were calculated. The daily precipitations over 25 mm in Konya are less than the normal precipitations below 25mm. Normal precipitations at the observation site have the ratio as 98,92 % and generally does not go below this ratio. So, downpour over 25 mm finds voice with the ratio 1,08 %. The precipitations which are less severe than the downpour over the 25 mm, concentrate between 25-50 mm’s and forms important precipitations in the second raw. The ratio of the precipitations that are less severe between 25-50 mm was calculated as 0,95 %. For this reason the effect of downpour on the flora is not so big.In respect of precipitation probabilities annual precipitations in Konya are between 250-400 mm with the probability of 50 %. Again, precipitations in this region will decrease with the probability 25 % which is defined as the average low values between 150-250mm. We can say that high values range between 350500 mm with the probability 25 %. In other words, it can be estimated that average of annual precipitations in Konya will not go below 150 mm and over 500 mm.In another estimate, annual precipitations in Konya will not go below 200mm with the probabilty of 75 %. This case is the appropriate condition in flora of the inner regions in the view of precipitations. When these statistical results are appraised, it can be said that Konya is in the layer of semi-arid sub mediterranean bioclimate. Basing on it’s climate feature and lay, Konya’s flora appears to be lowland stepe and is not available for growth of forrest. Water is one of the main plant growing factors that limiting the flora and vegetation, and precipitation amount, being low during the growth period of plant 169,9mm caused at xerophilous flora to be formed dry forming system to settle. For this reason ,being low of precipitation and being hot and dry of summer months for the plant growth, enable to a formation of flora that is steppe characterized. The plants that have accommodate to these arid conditions are generally formed from the species belonging to Poaceae, Lamiaceae, Fabaceae ve Braccicaceae familias

Anahtar Kelimeler

Konya, Temperature, Precipitation, Vegetation

Kaynakça

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