Kadın Eğitiminin Ekonomik Büyümedeki Rolü: Türkiye Örneği

Yıl 2011, Sayı: 26, 227 - 238, 01.08.2011

Meltem İnce

Öz

Eğitim, ekonomik gelişimini etkileyen en önemli faktörlerden biridir. Ülkelerin hiçbiri eğitimi görmezden gelerek ekonomik kalkınmayıbaşaramamaktadır. Eğitim insanların refahıve yaşam şartlarınıbireysel ya da toplumsal olarak sosyal faydalarınıarttırarak geliştirmekte, insanların yeteneklerini, becerilerini, yaratıcılıklarını, verimliliklerini, hayal gücünü, bilgilerini ve aynızamanda teknolojik gelişmeleri artırır. Tüm bu kritik noktalar sonucunda, eğitimin toplumun refah düzeyinin arttırarak Türkiye’de hem sosyal hem de ekonomik ilerleme üzerinde önemli etkisi bulunmaktadır ve karşılaşılan birçok eğitim reformlarıile öğrenim gelişimi için gerekli özellikler ve problemler kadın bakışaçısıyla incelenmektedir. Bu çalışma insan sermayesi kuramıalanında kısa bir bakışniteliğindedir. Aynızamanda ekonomik büyüme, GSMH, okuma-yazma, doğurganlık ve kadınların işgücüne katılım üzerinde eğitimin rolü incelenmektedir. Literatürün eleştirisel bir değerlendirmesinde eğitimin, insan sermayesinin bir belirleyicisi olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Bu çalışma Türkiye’de yapılan birçok eğitim reformlarıile eğitim gelişimi için istenilen özellikleri ve kadınların karşılaştıklarıproblemleri incelemektedir. İnsan sermayesi kuramıile birlikte ekonomik kalkınma, GSYIH, okuma-yazma, doğurganlık ve işgücüne katılım oranıüzerinde eğitimin rolünü vurgulamaktadır. Eğitimin insan sermayesinin bir belirleyicisi olduğu Zaman serisi kullanılarak değişkenler yardımıyla açıklanmıştır. Beşeri sermaye olarak eğitimin yaşam standartlarınıve ekonomik büyümeyi Türkiye'de bir toplum olarak nasıl etkilediği konusunda teorik ve ampirik literatüre burada özellikle yer verilmektedir. Yapılan analiz neticesinde kadınların eğitim düzeyi arttıkça, doğurganlık oranının düşeceği ve ekonomik büyümenin artacağıgözlemlenmiştir. Sürdürülebilir ekonomik büyümenin sağlanmasıiçin, Türkiye’de kadın eğitimine önem vermek gerekmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Eğitim, Ekonomik Büyüme, Doğurganlık Oranı, KİKO, İşgücü Verimliliği

The Role of Female Education in Economic Development: A Case For Turkey

Öz

Education is one of the most important fundamental factors that affect economic development. None of the countries can achieve sustainable development by ignoring education. Education improves people’s well-being and living standards by rising the social benefits which are utilized either by individuals or as a society, education develops people’s talents, skills, creativity, productivity, imagination, knowledge in any branch and also enhances advances in technology. With all those critical points in hand, education has as very important effect on both social and economic progress in Turkey by increasing the welfare of the society. During the twentieth century; education, experience and the acquisition of knowledge have become the basic determinants of a nation’s productivity. That is why it is called the “Age of Human Capital” and the determinant of a country’s living standards is how well it succeeds in improving the skills and knowledge by educating the majority of its population. Demand on logical or analytical reasoning or providing technical and characterized knowledge with very simple way of schooling will rise the productivity of labours in high-skilled occupations or make them to have more professional positions. Education itself improves not just the productivity of workers or high-skilled ones, but also increases the productivity of farmers. So the greater the rate of schooling, the greater will be the investment on human capital in the society and the greater the increase in economic growth. In this respect, investment in Human Capital can be considered as the expenditure on education, skills, talents and career related knowledge which increase as person’s adaptability to changing requirements of the economy, develop the quality of human being and increase the income of a person, family and the nation as a whole. So education contributes directly to the growth of national income by improving the productive capacities of the work force.Because Human capital takes important part in economic literature, the concept of capital has been defined as all monetary and non-substantive economic values to be instrumental in production. In this respect, human capital in general is defined as proper knowledge, skills and all other individual qualifications. This definition also involves education, work experience, learningby-doing, training and all other activities which people can use their skills more efficiently. All those components fasten economic development by providing rational fulfillment. It can be said that accumulation in human capital provides positive externalities by giving a direct force to measure the productive effects, developing innovation in knowledge and skills, decreasing the cost of transferring information and helping people to find a better position in the work force.In the process of economic development, another important shift revolves around education, it has a permanent place in economists theory on human capital and modernization progress. Since the private financial return of education is quite substantial. So additional year of schooling will automatically raises the individual’s earning power, wealth and life standards. Moreover, society’s investment in human beings is a social investment as it is profitable. The fundamental contribution of education on economic growth is to increase the level of skills, talents, konwledge and experience of people to be more enabled in

Anahtar Kelimeler

Education, Economic Development, Fertility, Labor Productivity, FLFPR

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