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MONTAGU, CRAVEN VE BARKLEY’İN OSMANLI DEVLETİ VE TÜRKLER HAKKINDAKİ İZLENİMLERİ

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 37, 1 - 11, 01.02.2017

Öz

Geçmişten günümüze Batılı yazarlar Doğu’ya ilgi duymuşlardır. Doğu’nun, Batılı bakış açısından yeniden şekillenerek anlatıldığı sayısız eser ve bilimsel çalışma mevcuttur. Bu çalışmanın amacı 18 ve 19. yüzyıllarda yazılmış olan üç farklı İngiliz seyahat metninde Osmanlı Devleti ve Türkler hakkındaki yazılanları karşılaştırmalı olarak incelemektir. Eserler seyahat edebiyatı terminolojisi kullanarak yorumlanacak ve yazarların eserlerinde yansıttığı ‘olumlu’ veya ‘olumsuz’ tasvirlerin ve belirsizliklerin sebepleri tartışılacaktır. Eserlerden ilki Türkler hakkında ‘tarafsız’ ve ‘olumlu’ yazıları ile tanınan ve Batılı erkek yazarların oluşturduğu egzotik-erotik Doğu retoriğini ve klişeleşmiş ‘doğu’ imajını kısmen değiştirmiş olan, okuyucularına yepyeni bir Türk resmi tanıtan 18. yüzyıl kadın seyahat yazarı Lady Wortley Montagu’nün kaleme aldığı Turkish Embassy Letters eseridir 1717 . İkinci eser Lady Elizabeth Craven’ın A Journey through the Crimea to Constantinaple in Series of Letters 1786 eseridir. Craven Türk kadınını gözlemlerini ve Osmanlı otoritesi ile ilgili ilginç ve yanıltıcı varsayımlarını anlatır. 18. yüzyılda İstanbul’a seyahat etmek, Montagu ve Craven için İngiltere’nin baskıcı toplum ve aile yapısından kaçış ve macera anlamı taşır. Üçüncü eser ise 19. yüzyıl İngiliz İnşaat Mühendisi ve yazar Barkley’in Türkiye izlenimlerini anlattığı Bulgaria before the War during Seven Years’ Experience of European Turkey and Its Inhabitants 1877 çalışmasıdır. Eserlerdeki izlenimler gerçek gözleme ve tecrübeye dayandığı gibi Osmanlı’ya yapılan bu ziyaretler yazarlar için ayrıca ‘Batılı’ okuyucu kitlesini memnun eden fantezi üretme aracı olmuştur. Bu çalışmada ele alınan üç seyahat metninde vurgulanan konular yazarların ilgi alanlarına göre, kadın-erkek olmalarına göre değişiklik gösterir. Ayrıca yazarlar gezi notlarını seyahat sonrası memleketlerine geri döndükten sonra, yeniden gözden geçirerek yazdıkları için gerçeği tam anlamı ile yansıtmadıkları görülür. Montagu mektuplarında Türklerin müzik, şiir, bahçe, yeme içme zevklerini felsefi ve estetik bakış açısı kullanarak anlatırken, Craven ve Barkley ‘Batılı’ okuyucu kitlesinin beklentilerini karşılamak ve onları memnun etmek amacı ile sömürgeci bir perspektif tercih eder.

Kaynakça

  • Aubin, P. (1721). The Strange Adventures of the Count de Vinevil and his Family. Being an Account of what happened to them whilst they resided at Constantinapol, London.
  • Bakay, G. (2003). The Turk in English Renaissance Literature. [Online] Available at: , [Erişim tarihi: 19.03.2015].
  • Barkley, H.. C. (1877). Bulgaria before the War during Seven Years’ Experience of European Turkey and Its Inhabitants, Mursay, London.
  • Bassnett, S. (2002). “Travel Writing and Gender”. The Cambridge Companion to Travel Writing. Hulme, Peter ve Tim Youngs, ed. Cambridge University Press, New York, s. 225-241.
  • Blanton, C. (2002). Travel Writing: The Self and the World, Routledge, New York.
  • Chard, C. (1999). Pleasure and Guilt on the Ground Tour: Travel Writing and Imaginative Geography: 1600-1830, Manchester UP, Manchester and New York.
  • Chew, S. (1965). The Crescent and the Rose: Islam and England during the Renaissance, Octagon Book, New York.
  • Craven, E. L. (1786). A Journey through the Crimea to Constantinaple in Series of Letters from the Right Honourable Elizabeth Lady Craven, to his serene highness The Margrave of Brandebourg, Anspachand Bareith. Dublin: 1786. Repr. Gale ECCO: 2010.
  • Çırakman, A. (2001). “From Tyranny to Despotism: The Enlightenment’s Unenlightened Image of the Turks”. International Journal of Middle East Studies. Cambridge UP, Cambridge, sayı. 33. s. 49-68.
  • Dumont, J. (1696). A New Voyage to the Levant, London.
  • Equiano, O. (1792). The Interesting Narrative and Other Writings: Revised Edition by Vincent Carretta, Penguin Classics. 2003.
  • Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and Punish, Vintage Books.
  • Foucault, M. (1972). Archeology of Knowledge, Tavistock.
  • Grewal, I. (1996). Home and Harem: Nation, Gender, Empire and the Cultures of Travel, Leicester UP, London.
  • Grundy, I. (1999). Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, Oxford UP, Oxford and New York.
  • Grundy, I. ed. (1997). “To Turkey and Back”. Lady Mary Wortley: Selected Letters, Penguin Books, New York and London.
  • Heffernan, T. (1999). “Feminism Against the East/West Divide: Lady Mary’s Turkish Embassy Letters”. Eighteenth Century Studies, sayı, 33 (2). s. 201-215.
  • Hibbert, C. (1969). The Grand Tour, G. P. Putnam’s Sons, New York.
  • Korte, B. (2000). English Travel Writing: From Pilgrimages to Postcolonial Explorations, Palgrave, New York.
  • Lewis, B. (1993). Islam and the West, Oxford UP, Oxford.
  • Lowe, L.(1991). Critical Terrains, Cornell UP, Ithaca and London.
  • Lowenthal, C. (1994). Lady Mary Montagu and the Eighteenth Century Familiar Letter, University of Georgia Press, Athens and London.
  • Melman, B. (1995). Women’s Orients: English Women and the Middle East, 1718-1918, Sexuality, Religion and Work, Macmillan, London.
  • Merrill, Y. D. (2005). “The Role of Language in the Construction of Mary Wortley Montagu’s Rhetorical Identity”. Rhetorical Women: Roles and Representations. Hildy Miller Lilian Bridwell-Bowles ed. The University of Alabama Press, Alabama.
  • Montagu, L. M. W. (1717). The Turkish Embassy Letters: Lady M…y W…y M…e, LETTERS of the Right Honourable Lady M…y W…y M…e written during her travels in Europe, Asia and Africa To Persons of Distinction, Men of Letters in different parts of Europe which Contain, Among Other Curious Relations, Accounts of the Policy and Manners of the TURKS, ed. by Malcolm Jack, Virago, London, 1994.
  • Montagu, L. M. W. (1718). “Dining With The Sultana”. [Online] Available at: , The World's Story: A History of the World in Story, Song, and Art. Ed. Eva March Tappan. Boston: Houghton Mifflin 1914. VI: Russia, Austria-Hungary, The Balkan States, and Turkey: 511-515. [Erişim tarihi: 10.03.2015].
  • Nittel, J. (2001). “Wondrous Magic: Images of the Orient in 18th and 19th Centuries”. British Women Travel Writing, Galda, Berlin.
  • Panayotova, D. (2000). Cultural Clashes: Time in Henry C. Barkley’s Accounts of a British Railway Engineer in Mid-Nineteenth Century Balkans, University of Wolverhampton Press, Wolverhampton.
  • Queijan, N. B. (1996). The Progress of an Image: The East in English Literature, Peterland, New York.
  • Rais, M. (1973). The Turks in English Renaissance Drama. Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, Cornell University.
  • Rogers, K. M. (1982). Feminism in Eighteenth-Century England, University of Illinois Press, Urbana.
  • Said, E. (1978). Orientalism, Vintage Books, New York.
  • Secor, A. (1999). “Orientalism, gender and class in Lady Mary Wortley Montagu’s Turkish Embassy Letters: to persons of distinction, men of letters”. Cultural Geographies 6 (4), s. 375-398.
  • Siegel, K. (2004). Gender, Genre, and Identity in Women's Travel Writing, Peter Lang, New York.
  • Turhan, F. (2003). “Desire and Disdain: The Travels of Lady Elizabeth Craven”. The Other Empire: British Romantic Writings about the Ottoman Empire, Routledge, New York and London, s. 28-45.
  • Weitzman, A. J. (2002). “Voyeurism and Aesthetics in the Turkish Bath: Lady Mary's School of Female Beauty”. Comparative Literature Studies 34 (4), s. 347-359.

Ottoman and Turkish Impressions In Montagu, Craven and Barkley

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 37, 1 - 11, 01.02.2017

Öz

Western writers have often been fascinated by the East. There are numerous non-fictional and fictional writings in which the East is reshaped through a Western prospect. The aim of this study is to interpret, compare and contrast three different pieces of travel writing about the Ottaman Empire and the Turks in relation with travel literature terminology. Another aim of this paper is to discuss the reasons for the writers’ positive, negative and ambiguous reflections. The first piece of work, The Turkish Embassy Letters 1717 , belongs to the 18th century female travel writer Lady Wortley Montagu who has been widely popular with her objective and positive descriptions of the Ottoman Empire and Turkish women. Montagu has produced an alternative discourse in order to challenge and change the Western male gaze which has fantasized and stereotyped an egzotic and erotic Eastern rhetoric. The second work, A Journey through the Crimea to Constantinaple in Series of Letters 1786 , belongs to another 18th century female travel writer, Lady Craven. Craven has observed the Turkish women of higher rank in particular, and has identified interesting but unreliable and false assumptions about the Ottoman authority. Travelling to Turkey has meant a means of liberation from the strictures of the English homeland for Montagu and Craven. The third work, Bulgaria before the War during Seven Years’ Experience of European Turkey and Its Inhabitants 1877 , was written by Henry C. Barkley, a British civil engineer and a writer. The Turkish impressions in the works have been inspired by real observation and experience at times but most of the time the travels to the Ottoman lands have meant for their authors an escape in order to produce fantasy. The selected travel writings in this work prioritize different topics in relation with their authors’ preoccupations. The writers had written their texts after reviewing their travel notes on arrival to their hometowns, hence their suggestions do not reflect complete truth. While Montagu takes a philosophical and an aesthetic viewpoint in describing the Turkish music, poetry, gardening and cuisine, Craven and Barkley prefer to adopt a colonial perspective

Kaynakça

  • Aubin, P. (1721). The Strange Adventures of the Count de Vinevil and his Family. Being an Account of what happened to them whilst they resided at Constantinapol, London.
  • Bakay, G. (2003). The Turk in English Renaissance Literature. [Online] Available at: , [Erişim tarihi: 19.03.2015].
  • Barkley, H.. C. (1877). Bulgaria before the War during Seven Years’ Experience of European Turkey and Its Inhabitants, Mursay, London.
  • Bassnett, S. (2002). “Travel Writing and Gender”. The Cambridge Companion to Travel Writing. Hulme, Peter ve Tim Youngs, ed. Cambridge University Press, New York, s. 225-241.
  • Blanton, C. (2002). Travel Writing: The Self and the World, Routledge, New York.
  • Chard, C. (1999). Pleasure and Guilt on the Ground Tour: Travel Writing and Imaginative Geography: 1600-1830, Manchester UP, Manchester and New York.
  • Chew, S. (1965). The Crescent and the Rose: Islam and England during the Renaissance, Octagon Book, New York.
  • Craven, E. L. (1786). A Journey through the Crimea to Constantinaple in Series of Letters from the Right Honourable Elizabeth Lady Craven, to his serene highness The Margrave of Brandebourg, Anspachand Bareith. Dublin: 1786. Repr. Gale ECCO: 2010.
  • Çırakman, A. (2001). “From Tyranny to Despotism: The Enlightenment’s Unenlightened Image of the Turks”. International Journal of Middle East Studies. Cambridge UP, Cambridge, sayı. 33. s. 49-68.
  • Dumont, J. (1696). A New Voyage to the Levant, London.
  • Equiano, O. (1792). The Interesting Narrative and Other Writings: Revised Edition by Vincent Carretta, Penguin Classics. 2003.
  • Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and Punish, Vintage Books.
  • Foucault, M. (1972). Archeology of Knowledge, Tavistock.
  • Grewal, I. (1996). Home and Harem: Nation, Gender, Empire and the Cultures of Travel, Leicester UP, London.
  • Grundy, I. (1999). Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, Oxford UP, Oxford and New York.
  • Grundy, I. ed. (1997). “To Turkey and Back”. Lady Mary Wortley: Selected Letters, Penguin Books, New York and London.
  • Heffernan, T. (1999). “Feminism Against the East/West Divide: Lady Mary’s Turkish Embassy Letters”. Eighteenth Century Studies, sayı, 33 (2). s. 201-215.
  • Hibbert, C. (1969). The Grand Tour, G. P. Putnam’s Sons, New York.
  • Korte, B. (2000). English Travel Writing: From Pilgrimages to Postcolonial Explorations, Palgrave, New York.
  • Lewis, B. (1993). Islam and the West, Oxford UP, Oxford.
  • Lowe, L.(1991). Critical Terrains, Cornell UP, Ithaca and London.
  • Lowenthal, C. (1994). Lady Mary Montagu and the Eighteenth Century Familiar Letter, University of Georgia Press, Athens and London.
  • Melman, B. (1995). Women’s Orients: English Women and the Middle East, 1718-1918, Sexuality, Religion and Work, Macmillan, London.
  • Merrill, Y. D. (2005). “The Role of Language in the Construction of Mary Wortley Montagu’s Rhetorical Identity”. Rhetorical Women: Roles and Representations. Hildy Miller Lilian Bridwell-Bowles ed. The University of Alabama Press, Alabama.
  • Montagu, L. M. W. (1717). The Turkish Embassy Letters: Lady M…y W…y M…e, LETTERS of the Right Honourable Lady M…y W…y M…e written during her travels in Europe, Asia and Africa To Persons of Distinction, Men of Letters in different parts of Europe which Contain, Among Other Curious Relations, Accounts of the Policy and Manners of the TURKS, ed. by Malcolm Jack, Virago, London, 1994.
  • Montagu, L. M. W. (1718). “Dining With The Sultana”. [Online] Available at: , The World's Story: A History of the World in Story, Song, and Art. Ed. Eva March Tappan. Boston: Houghton Mifflin 1914. VI: Russia, Austria-Hungary, The Balkan States, and Turkey: 511-515. [Erişim tarihi: 10.03.2015].
  • Nittel, J. (2001). “Wondrous Magic: Images of the Orient in 18th and 19th Centuries”. British Women Travel Writing, Galda, Berlin.
  • Panayotova, D. (2000). Cultural Clashes: Time in Henry C. Barkley’s Accounts of a British Railway Engineer in Mid-Nineteenth Century Balkans, University of Wolverhampton Press, Wolverhampton.
  • Queijan, N. B. (1996). The Progress of an Image: The East in English Literature, Peterland, New York.
  • Rais, M. (1973). The Turks in English Renaissance Drama. Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, Cornell University.
  • Rogers, K. M. (1982). Feminism in Eighteenth-Century England, University of Illinois Press, Urbana.
  • Said, E. (1978). Orientalism, Vintage Books, New York.
  • Secor, A. (1999). “Orientalism, gender and class in Lady Mary Wortley Montagu’s Turkish Embassy Letters: to persons of distinction, men of letters”. Cultural Geographies 6 (4), s. 375-398.
  • Siegel, K. (2004). Gender, Genre, and Identity in Women's Travel Writing, Peter Lang, New York.
  • Turhan, F. (2003). “Desire and Disdain: The Travels of Lady Elizabeth Craven”. The Other Empire: British Romantic Writings about the Ottoman Empire, Routledge, New York and London, s. 28-45.
  • Weitzman, A. J. (2002). “Voyeurism and Aesthetics in the Turkish Bath: Lady Mary's School of Female Beauty”. Comparative Literature Studies 34 (4), s. 347-359.
Toplam 36 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Dilek İnan Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Şubat 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Sayı: 37

Kaynak Göster

APA İnan, D. (2017). MONTAGU, CRAVEN VE BARKLEY’İN OSMANLI DEVLETİ VE TÜRKLER HAKKINDAKİ İZLENİMLERİ. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(37), 1-11.


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