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Arkeolojik Kültür Varlıkları Turizmi Arkeoturizm Planlamasında Arkeolog Etkisi

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 43, 343 - 351, 01.02.2020

Öz

Dünya genelinde son yıllarda ortaya çıkan sosyal ve teknolojik gelişmeler, turizmi hem daha kolay satın alınabilir hem de daha kolay erişilebilir hale getirmiştir. Turizm böylece insanların gündelik çevresinde mevcut olmayan hoş vakit geçirilebilecekleri, verimli bir eğlenme–dinlenme faaliyeti alternatifine ve aynı zamanda hem fiziki hem de entelektüel kişiliklerini keşfettikleri bir gelişim formuna dönüşmüştür. Bu dönüşüm geleneksel doğa turizmi, deniz, kum ve plaj turizminden gastronomi, inanç, eğitim ve folklor gibi kültürel cazibe boyutlarına yönelerek kültürel miras turizmi kapsamında dünya turizm endüstrisinin en hızlı gelişen pazarı halini almıştır. Kültürel miras turizminin bileşenleri oldukça geniş bir yelpaze oluştururken, önemli bir bileşeni de arkeolojik kültür varlıklarıdır. Bu varlıklar, eskinin kültür mirasına dönük doğru ve tarafsız bir kanıt belge oluşturmaktadırlar. Geçmişin kültür mirası somut buluntuları, o kültürün sosyal mozaiğini, geleneklerini, sanat anlayışını, inançlarını, tabularını, sevinçlerini, kederlerini ve dolayısıyla o kültürün çeşitliliğini ve karakterini yansıtır. Arkeologlar elde edilen bu belgelerin güzelliği ya da ne kadar ekonomik değeri olduğu ile değil, o varlıkları üreten kültür ile ilgilenirler ve böylece bu mirası bilimsel yöntemlerle çalışarak yukarıda bahsi geçen boyutlarda insanlığın ortak kültürüne yönelik ilgi ve bilgi üretirler. Kültürel miras turizminin önemli bir bileşeni olan arkeolojik kültür varlığı turizmi arkeoturizm hem dünyada hem de Türkiye’de bilimsel temelde yeni çalışılan bir alt disiplindir. Özellikle Anadolu Asia Minor arkeolojik kültür varlıkları açısından oldukça zengin bir coğrafyadır. Bu varlıklar Türkiye’nin dünya kültür mirası turizmi endüstrisinden daha yüksek bir pay alabilmesinde yüksek önemde değer taşımaktadır. Ancak mevcut durumda bu zenginlikler, potansiyeline oranla oldukça düşük seviyelerde değer üretmekte ve ülke ekonomisine yeterince katkı yapamamaktadır. Görülmektedir ki, Türkiye’de arkeolojik kültür varlıkları son zamanlara kadar süregeldiği şekliyle sadece turizm profesyonellerine bırakılamayacak kadar önemli bir turizm destinasyon kaynağı iken sadece arkeologlara da bırakılamayacak değerde bir hazinedir. Arkeolojik çalışmaların sonunda bir turizm ürünü ortaya çıkmasına rağmen, yapılan arkeolojik çalışmaların ayrıca bir arkeoturizm planlaması içermediği açıktır. Arkeologların turizmin dinamiklerinden uzak olduğu, turizmcilerin de arkeoloji gibi özellikli bir alana hakim olmadıkları beklenen bir sonuçtur. Bu bakımdan, her iki meslek alanının da tüm ilgili aktörlerin ihtiyaçlarına cevap verebilecek bir arkeoturizm planlamasını oluşturacak multidisiplinli bir çalışma ekibinin parçası olması bir zorunluluktur. Arkeologların böylesi bir topluluk içinde sağlayacağı katkıların kapsamı ve içeriği üzerine yapılan çalışmalar son derece önemlidir.

Kaynakça

  • Ahunbay, Zeynep. Tarihi Çevre Koruma ve Restorasyon, İstanbul, Yapı Endüstri Merkezi Yayınları, 1996.
  • Apaydin, V. (2016). “Effective or Not? Success or Failure? Assessing Heritage and Archaeological Education Programmes – The Case of Çatalhöyük”, International Journal of Heritage Studies, 22 (10): 828–843.
  • Arı, Y. (2005). “Amerikan Kültürel Coğrafyasında Peyzaj Kavramı”, Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 13 (1): 311-340.
  • Apaydin, V. (2017). “The Entanglement of the Heritage Paradigm: Values, Meanings and Uses”. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 24 (5): 491-507.
  • Atalay, S. (2010). “We Don’t Talk About Çatalhöyük, We Live It: Sustainable Archaeological Practice Through Community-Based Participatory Research”, World Archaeology, 42 (3): 418-429.
  • Avrami, E. (2016). “Making Historic Preservation Sustainable”, Journal of the American Planning Association, 82 (2): 104-112.
  • Brown, S., Marshall, D., Lilley I., McKinnon, R., Verschuuren, B. ve Wild, R. (2015). Earth’s Cultural Herıtage, Protected Area Governance and Management Eds.: S. Feary, G. Worboys, M. Lockwood, A. Kothari, I. Pulsford, (pp. 81-116). Canberra: ANU Press.
  • Carman, J. ve Keitumetse, S. (2005). “Talking About Heritage and Tourism”, The SAA Archaeological Record, 5 (3): 39-41
  • Carver, Martin. Sutton Hoo: Burial Ground of Kings?, London, British Museum Press, 1993.
  • Catling, Christopher. Archaeology Step-by-Step, London, Hermes House and Annes Publishing, 2009.
  • Crouch, D. (2010). The Perpetual Performance and Emergence of Heritage, Heritage and Visual Representation, Eds.: E. Waterto., (pp. 57-71). Ashgate: Aldershot.
  • Comer, D. C. (2012). Petra as a Bellwether Archaeological Site on the World Heritage List. Tourism and Archaeological Heritage Management at Petra,(pp. 3-28). Baltimore: Springer.
  • Court, S., D’Andrea A., Del Duca, F., Pesaresi, P. ve Thompson, J. (2019). Managing Herculaneum in Context: Measuring Benefits for People and Places. Feasible Management of Archaeological Heritage Sites Open to Tourism, Edt.: D. Comer ve A. Willems (pp. 3-28). Cham: Springer.
  • Darlow, S., Essex, S. ve Brayshay, M. (2012). “Sustainable Heritage Management Practices at Visited Heritage Sites in Devon and Cornwall”, Journal of Heritage Tourism, 7 (3): 219-237.
  • Dicks, Bella. Heritage, Place and Community, Cardiff, University of Wales Press, 2000.
  • Feilden B. ve Jokilehto J. Management Guidelines for World Cultural Heritage Sites. Rome, Ograro, 1993.
  • Gamble, Clive. Archaeology: The Basics, New York, Routledge, 2004.
  • Giraudo, R. F. ve Porter, B. W. (2010). “Archaeotourism and the Crux of Development”, Anthropology News, 51 (8): 7–8.
  • Graburn, N. H. H., (1989). Tourism: The Sacred Journey, Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism, Ed. V. L. Smith (pp. 21-36). 2nd edition, PA: University of Pennsylvania.
  • Green, W. ve Doershuk, J. F. (1998). “Cultural Resource Management and American Archaeology”, J Archaeol Res, sayı: 6, s. 121-167.
  • Gullino, P., Beccaro, G. ve Larcher, F. (2015). “Assessing and Monitoring the Sustainability on Rural Heritage Sites”, Sustainability, sayı: 7, s. 14186-14210.
  • Gursu I. (2013 ). Cultural Heritage Management: the 2013 Fieldwork Season at Aspendos, Heritage Turkey (Vol. 3, pp. 32-34). Ankara: British Institute.
  • Harmankaya, Savaş ve Tanındı, Oğuz. Türkiye Arkeolojik Yerleşmeleri I, Paleolitik/Epipaleolitik. İstanbul, Ege Yayınları, 1996.
  • Hawke, S. 2012. Heritage and Sense of Place: Amplifying Local Voice and Co-constructing Meaning, Making Sense of Place Multidisciplinary Perspectives, Eds.: G. Convery, P. Davis Corsane (Vol. I, pp. 235-248). Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer.
  • Herrera, A. (2013). “Heritage Tourism, Identity and Development in Peru”, International Journal of Historical Archaeology, 17 (2): 275-295.
  • Jameson, J. H. ve Eogan J. (Eds.) (2013). Introduction. One World Archaeology Training and Practice for Modern Day Archaeologists (Vol. 1, pp.3-14). New York: Springer Science+Business Media.
  • Jusoh, A., Sauman, S., Yunu, S., Nayan, Nasir ve Ramli, Z. (2017). “Archaeotourism and its Attractiveness in the Context of Heritage Tourism in Malaysia”, International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences. 7 (4): 1162-1174
  • Kirshenblatt-Gimblett B. Destination Culture: Tourism, Museums and Heritage, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1998.
  • Kyriakidis, E. ve Anagnostopoulos, A. (2015). “Archaeological Ethnography, Heritage Management, and Community Archaeology: A Pragmatic Approach from Crete”, Public Archaeology, 14 (4): 240-262.
  • Mazzola, B. J. (2015). “Archaeological tourism opportunity spectrum: Experience based management and design as applied to archaeological tourism”, Unpublished master thesis, Utah State University Landscape Architecture.
  • Minkiewicz, J., Evans, J. ve Bridson, K. (2014). “How Do Consumers Co-Create Their Experiences? An Exploration in the Heritage Sector”, Journal of Marketing Management, 30 (1-2): 30–59.
  • Orser, Charles E. A Historical Archaeology of the Modern World, New York, Springer Science+Business Media, 1996.
  • Özdoğan, Mehmet. Arkeolojinin Politikası ve Politik Bir Araç Olarak Arkeoloji, İstanbul, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 2006.
  • Özdoğan, Mehmet. Türk Arkeolojisinin Sorunları ve Koruma Politikaları, C. I, İstanbul, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 2008.
  • Özdoğan Mehmet. Arkeolojik Kazılar Bilimsel Çalışma mı? Toprak Hafriyatı mı?, İstanbul, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 2011.
  • Pawleta, M. (2019). Archaeotourism Spaces in Present-Day Poland: Thoughts on Reconstruction and Re-enactments. Feasible Management of Archaeological Heritage Sites Open to Tourism, Eds.: D. Comer ve A. Willems (pp. 115-128). Cham: Springer
  • Poulios, I. (2014). “Discussing Strategy in Heritage Conservation: Living Heritage Approach as an Example of Strategic Innovation”, Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development, 4 (1): 16-34.
  • Robinson, H. A. Geography of Tourism, Harlow, Longman, 1979.
  • Sagona, Antonio ve Zimansky Paul. Arkeolojik Veriler Işığında Türkiye’nin En Eski Kültürleri, Çev.: Nezih Başgelen, İstanbul, Arkeoloji Sanat Yayınları, 2015.
  • Scott Griffith, C. ve Miller Griffith, L. (2012). “Partnershıps in Archaeotourısm: The Future of Cueva Borbón, Dominican Republic”, Chungará (Arica), 44 (3): 523-532.
  • Smith, L. (1981). “Comment on Tourism as an Anthropological Subject by Dennison Nash”, Current Anthropology, 22 (5): 461-481.
  • Smith, L. (2000). “Doing Archaeology: Cultural Heritage Management and Its Role in Identifying the Link between Archaeological Practice and Theory”, International Journal of Heritage Studies, 6 (4): 309-316.
  • Smith, L. Uses of Heritage, London, Routledge, 2006.
  • Smuts, K. & Wiltshire, N. G. 2014. “Challenges facing heritage management in South Africa as highlighted by the implementation of a web-based national heritage management system”. 14th Congress of the Pan African Association for Prehistory and related disciplines, Johannesburg, South Africa, Jul 14 - Jul 18.
  • Srivastava, S. (2015). “Archaeotourism: An Approach to Herıtage Conservatıon and Area Development: Case Analysis of Badoli Temples”, Global Journal of Engineering, Science &Social Science Studies, 01 (02): 31-42.
  • Tezcan, D. (1996). “Arkeolojik Kültür Varlıklarının Korunması ve Milletlerarası Ceza Hukuku”, Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 51 (1): 425-451.
  • Thierstein, C. D. (2019). Sustainable Archaeological Tourism through Standards for Good Practice. Feasible Management of Archaeological Heritage Sites Open to Tourism. Edt.: D. Comer, A. Willems (pp. 57-68). Cham: Springer.
  • Thomas, B., Langlitz, M. (2019). Archaeotourism, Archaeological Site Preservation, and Local Communities. Feasible Management of Archaeological Heritage Sites Open to Tourism. Eds.: D. Comer, A. Willems (pp. 69–78). Cham: Springer.
  • Turner, Victor ve Turner, Edith. L. B. Image and Pilgrimage in Christian Culture: Anthropological Perspectives, New York, Columbia University Press, 1978. [Online] Available at: , [Erişim tarihi: 16.02.2020].
  • Wang, Y. ve Bramwell, B. (2012). “Heritage Protection and Tourism Development Priorities in Hangzhou, China: A Political Economy and Governance Perspective”, Tourism Management, 33 (4): 988-998.
  • Williams, A. (1998). “Therapeutic landscapes in holistic medicine”. Social Science & Medicine, 46 (9): 1193– 1203.
  • Wurz, S. ve J. H. van der Merwe, (2005). “Gauging Site Sensitivity for Sustainable Archaeotourism in the Western Cape Province of South Africa”, The South African Archaeological Bulletin, sayı: 60, s. 10-19.
  • Wylie, A. (2005). “The Promise and Perils of an Ethic of Stewardship”, Embedding Ethics, Eds.: L. Meskell and P. Pels, (pp. 47-68), Oxford: Berg.

Archaeologist Effect on Archaeological Heritage Tourism Archaeotourism Planning

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 43, 343 - 351, 01.02.2020

Öz

Archaeological heritage tourism archaeotourism , an important component of cultural heritage tourism, is a totally new subdiscipline scientifically studied in the world and in Turkey. Anatolia Asia Minor is a very rich geography especially in terms of archaeological cultural assets. These assets are off great importance for Turkey to receive higher share from world cultural heritage tourism industry. However, in the current situation, these assets constitute very low levels of share compared to their potential and do not contribute enough to its national economy. It is obvious that, while archaeological cultural assets in Turkey as they have been held until recently comprise too important a source of tourism destination to be left to only tourism professionals, they are a treasure too valuable to be left to only archaeologists as well. Despite the fact that a tourism product emerges at the end of archaeological studies, it is clear that the archaeological studies have been carried out without an archaeotourism planning. It is an expected result that archaeologists are far from the dynamics of tourism and that tourism professionals do not master a special area such as archeological heritage assets. In this regard, it is imperative that both professionals be part of a multidisciplinary team to devise an archaeotourism planning that can meet all the needs of all the actors involved. Studies on the scope and contents of contributions archaeologists can make in such a community are extremely important. The social and technological developments emerged in recent years all around the world have made tourism both easier to purchase and simpler to access. Tourism has thus turned into a form of development where people can discover both their physical and intellectual personalities and an alternative of fruitful recreational activity of a pleasant time that is not available in their daily environment. Evolved from traditional nature tourism, sea, sand and beach tourism to cultural attractions such as gastronomy, belief, education and folklore, this transformation has turned out to be the fastest developing market of the world tourism industry within the scope of cultural heritage tourism. While the components of cultural heritage tourism constitute a wide spectrum, one remarkable contribution comes from archaeological cultural assets. These assets constitute an objective and accurate proof for cultural heritage of the past. These concrete finds of the past reflect the social mosaic, traditions, art, beliefs, taboos, joys, sorrows, and therefore the diversity and character of that culture. Archaeologists are concerned with the culture that produces these assets, not with the beauty or the economic value of these documents, and thus, by working through scientific methods, they produce interest and knowledge for the common culture of humanity

Kaynakça

  • Ahunbay, Zeynep. Tarihi Çevre Koruma ve Restorasyon, İstanbul, Yapı Endüstri Merkezi Yayınları, 1996.
  • Apaydin, V. (2016). “Effective or Not? Success or Failure? Assessing Heritage and Archaeological Education Programmes – The Case of Çatalhöyük”, International Journal of Heritage Studies, 22 (10): 828–843.
  • Arı, Y. (2005). “Amerikan Kültürel Coğrafyasında Peyzaj Kavramı”, Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 13 (1): 311-340.
  • Apaydin, V. (2017). “The Entanglement of the Heritage Paradigm: Values, Meanings and Uses”. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 24 (5): 491-507.
  • Atalay, S. (2010). “We Don’t Talk About Çatalhöyük, We Live It: Sustainable Archaeological Practice Through Community-Based Participatory Research”, World Archaeology, 42 (3): 418-429.
  • Avrami, E. (2016). “Making Historic Preservation Sustainable”, Journal of the American Planning Association, 82 (2): 104-112.
  • Brown, S., Marshall, D., Lilley I., McKinnon, R., Verschuuren, B. ve Wild, R. (2015). Earth’s Cultural Herıtage, Protected Area Governance and Management Eds.: S. Feary, G. Worboys, M. Lockwood, A. Kothari, I. Pulsford, (pp. 81-116). Canberra: ANU Press.
  • Carman, J. ve Keitumetse, S. (2005). “Talking About Heritage and Tourism”, The SAA Archaeological Record, 5 (3): 39-41
  • Carver, Martin. Sutton Hoo: Burial Ground of Kings?, London, British Museum Press, 1993.
  • Catling, Christopher. Archaeology Step-by-Step, London, Hermes House and Annes Publishing, 2009.
  • Crouch, D. (2010). The Perpetual Performance and Emergence of Heritage, Heritage and Visual Representation, Eds.: E. Waterto., (pp. 57-71). Ashgate: Aldershot.
  • Comer, D. C. (2012). Petra as a Bellwether Archaeological Site on the World Heritage List. Tourism and Archaeological Heritage Management at Petra,(pp. 3-28). Baltimore: Springer.
  • Court, S., D’Andrea A., Del Duca, F., Pesaresi, P. ve Thompson, J. (2019). Managing Herculaneum in Context: Measuring Benefits for People and Places. Feasible Management of Archaeological Heritage Sites Open to Tourism, Edt.: D. Comer ve A. Willems (pp. 3-28). Cham: Springer.
  • Darlow, S., Essex, S. ve Brayshay, M. (2012). “Sustainable Heritage Management Practices at Visited Heritage Sites in Devon and Cornwall”, Journal of Heritage Tourism, 7 (3): 219-237.
  • Dicks, Bella. Heritage, Place and Community, Cardiff, University of Wales Press, 2000.
  • Feilden B. ve Jokilehto J. Management Guidelines for World Cultural Heritage Sites. Rome, Ograro, 1993.
  • Gamble, Clive. Archaeology: The Basics, New York, Routledge, 2004.
  • Giraudo, R. F. ve Porter, B. W. (2010). “Archaeotourism and the Crux of Development”, Anthropology News, 51 (8): 7–8.
  • Graburn, N. H. H., (1989). Tourism: The Sacred Journey, Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism, Ed. V. L. Smith (pp. 21-36). 2nd edition, PA: University of Pennsylvania.
  • Green, W. ve Doershuk, J. F. (1998). “Cultural Resource Management and American Archaeology”, J Archaeol Res, sayı: 6, s. 121-167.
  • Gullino, P., Beccaro, G. ve Larcher, F. (2015). “Assessing and Monitoring the Sustainability on Rural Heritage Sites”, Sustainability, sayı: 7, s. 14186-14210.
  • Gursu I. (2013 ). Cultural Heritage Management: the 2013 Fieldwork Season at Aspendos, Heritage Turkey (Vol. 3, pp. 32-34). Ankara: British Institute.
  • Harmankaya, Savaş ve Tanındı, Oğuz. Türkiye Arkeolojik Yerleşmeleri I, Paleolitik/Epipaleolitik. İstanbul, Ege Yayınları, 1996.
  • Hawke, S. 2012. Heritage and Sense of Place: Amplifying Local Voice and Co-constructing Meaning, Making Sense of Place Multidisciplinary Perspectives, Eds.: G. Convery, P. Davis Corsane (Vol. I, pp. 235-248). Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer.
  • Herrera, A. (2013). “Heritage Tourism, Identity and Development in Peru”, International Journal of Historical Archaeology, 17 (2): 275-295.
  • Jameson, J. H. ve Eogan J. (Eds.) (2013). Introduction. One World Archaeology Training and Practice for Modern Day Archaeologists (Vol. 1, pp.3-14). New York: Springer Science+Business Media.
  • Jusoh, A., Sauman, S., Yunu, S., Nayan, Nasir ve Ramli, Z. (2017). “Archaeotourism and its Attractiveness in the Context of Heritage Tourism in Malaysia”, International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences. 7 (4): 1162-1174
  • Kirshenblatt-Gimblett B. Destination Culture: Tourism, Museums and Heritage, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1998.
  • Kyriakidis, E. ve Anagnostopoulos, A. (2015). “Archaeological Ethnography, Heritage Management, and Community Archaeology: A Pragmatic Approach from Crete”, Public Archaeology, 14 (4): 240-262.
  • Mazzola, B. J. (2015). “Archaeological tourism opportunity spectrum: Experience based management and design as applied to archaeological tourism”, Unpublished master thesis, Utah State University Landscape Architecture.
  • Minkiewicz, J., Evans, J. ve Bridson, K. (2014). “How Do Consumers Co-Create Their Experiences? An Exploration in the Heritage Sector”, Journal of Marketing Management, 30 (1-2): 30–59.
  • Orser, Charles E. A Historical Archaeology of the Modern World, New York, Springer Science+Business Media, 1996.
  • Özdoğan, Mehmet. Arkeolojinin Politikası ve Politik Bir Araç Olarak Arkeoloji, İstanbul, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 2006.
  • Özdoğan, Mehmet. Türk Arkeolojisinin Sorunları ve Koruma Politikaları, C. I, İstanbul, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 2008.
  • Özdoğan Mehmet. Arkeolojik Kazılar Bilimsel Çalışma mı? Toprak Hafriyatı mı?, İstanbul, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 2011.
  • Pawleta, M. (2019). Archaeotourism Spaces in Present-Day Poland: Thoughts on Reconstruction and Re-enactments. Feasible Management of Archaeological Heritage Sites Open to Tourism, Eds.: D. Comer ve A. Willems (pp. 115-128). Cham: Springer
  • Poulios, I. (2014). “Discussing Strategy in Heritage Conservation: Living Heritage Approach as an Example of Strategic Innovation”, Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development, 4 (1): 16-34.
  • Robinson, H. A. Geography of Tourism, Harlow, Longman, 1979.
  • Sagona, Antonio ve Zimansky Paul. Arkeolojik Veriler Işığında Türkiye’nin En Eski Kültürleri, Çev.: Nezih Başgelen, İstanbul, Arkeoloji Sanat Yayınları, 2015.
  • Scott Griffith, C. ve Miller Griffith, L. (2012). “Partnershıps in Archaeotourısm: The Future of Cueva Borbón, Dominican Republic”, Chungará (Arica), 44 (3): 523-532.
  • Smith, L. (1981). “Comment on Tourism as an Anthropological Subject by Dennison Nash”, Current Anthropology, 22 (5): 461-481.
  • Smith, L. (2000). “Doing Archaeology: Cultural Heritage Management and Its Role in Identifying the Link between Archaeological Practice and Theory”, International Journal of Heritage Studies, 6 (4): 309-316.
  • Smith, L. Uses of Heritage, London, Routledge, 2006.
  • Smuts, K. & Wiltshire, N. G. 2014. “Challenges facing heritage management in South Africa as highlighted by the implementation of a web-based national heritage management system”. 14th Congress of the Pan African Association for Prehistory and related disciplines, Johannesburg, South Africa, Jul 14 - Jul 18.
  • Srivastava, S. (2015). “Archaeotourism: An Approach to Herıtage Conservatıon and Area Development: Case Analysis of Badoli Temples”, Global Journal of Engineering, Science &Social Science Studies, 01 (02): 31-42.
  • Tezcan, D. (1996). “Arkeolojik Kültür Varlıklarının Korunması ve Milletlerarası Ceza Hukuku”, Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 51 (1): 425-451.
  • Thierstein, C. D. (2019). Sustainable Archaeological Tourism through Standards for Good Practice. Feasible Management of Archaeological Heritage Sites Open to Tourism. Edt.: D. Comer, A. Willems (pp. 57-68). Cham: Springer.
  • Thomas, B., Langlitz, M. (2019). Archaeotourism, Archaeological Site Preservation, and Local Communities. Feasible Management of Archaeological Heritage Sites Open to Tourism. Eds.: D. Comer, A. Willems (pp. 69–78). Cham: Springer.
  • Turner, Victor ve Turner, Edith. L. B. Image and Pilgrimage in Christian Culture: Anthropological Perspectives, New York, Columbia University Press, 1978. [Online] Available at: , [Erişim tarihi: 16.02.2020].
  • Wang, Y. ve Bramwell, B. (2012). “Heritage Protection and Tourism Development Priorities in Hangzhou, China: A Political Economy and Governance Perspective”, Tourism Management, 33 (4): 988-998.
  • Williams, A. (1998). “Therapeutic landscapes in holistic medicine”. Social Science & Medicine, 46 (9): 1193– 1203.
  • Wurz, S. ve J. H. van der Merwe, (2005). “Gauging Site Sensitivity for Sustainable Archaeotourism in the Western Cape Province of South Africa”, The South African Archaeological Bulletin, sayı: 60, s. 10-19.
  • Wylie, A. (2005). “The Promise and Perils of an Ethic of Stewardship”, Embedding Ethics, Eds.: L. Meskell and P. Pels, (pp. 47-68), Oxford: Berg.
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Hasan Ali Erdoğan Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Şubat 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Sayı: 43

Kaynak Göster

APA Erdoğan, H. A. (2020). Arkeolojik Kültür Varlıkları Turizmi Arkeoturizm Planlamasında Arkeolog Etkisi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(43), 343-351.


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