BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

TİCARİ DIŞA AÇIKLIĞIN EKONOMİK BÜYÜME’YE ETKİSİ: YÜKSELEN PİYASA EKONOMİLERİ

Yıl 2018, Sayı: 40, 60 - 73, 01.08.2018

Öz

Küreselleşme kavramı geniş bir anlam içermesine rağmen ülke ekonomilerinin dışa açıklığı anlamında da kullanılabilir. Dünya ekonomisinde 1980 yıllarda başlayan serbestleşme süreci Sovyet Bloğuna dair son dönem siyasi gelişmeler ile de yakından ilgilidir. Dünya ticaretine entegrasyonu oldukça önemli olan yükselen ülkeler ve ekonomileri, ticaretin serbestleşmesi ve küresel sisteme entegrasyon açısından özel bir konumda sahiptiler. Küreselleşen dünya ekonomisinde, faklı yapıdaki ülkelerin dünya ekonomisine entegrasyonunda üstesinden gelmek zorunda oldukları sorunlardan birisi de ticari dışa açıklığın ekonomik büyüme üzerine olan etkilerinin tam olarak anlaşılabilmesidir. Bu bağlamda iki değişken arasındaki karşılıklı veya tek yönlü ilişki ülke ekonomilerinin sağlıklı bir şekilde anlaşılması açısından önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışma yükselen ekonomilerde ticari dışa açıklık ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkiyi 18 yükselen ülke ekonomisine ait 1992-2015 dönem verileri ile incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla ticari dışa açıklık ve kişi başı gayri safi yurt içi hâsıla arasındaki ilişki çeşitli ekonometrik testler ile sınanmıştır. Çalışmada, serilerin durağanlığına dair 1. nesil panel birim kök testleri tercih edilmiştir. Diğer yandan seriler arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisinin anlaşılması için Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel nedensellik testi ve yatay kesit bağımlılığını da göz önünde bulunduran Emirmahmutoğlu-Köse ve Kónya panel nedensellik testleri tercih edilmiştir. Çalışmadan elde edilen birim kök test sonuçlarına göre, ticari dışa açıklık ile ekonomik büyüme değişkenleri birinci farkında durağan olmaktadır. Bu sonuçlar her iki değişkeninde ekonomik şoklardan etkilendiğini ancak çeşitli politik veya ekonomik araçlarla tekrar dengeye geldiğini göstermektedir. Diğer yandan nedensellik testlerine ilişkin sonuçlar arasında Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel nedensellik testi panelin genelinde kişi başı gayri safi hasıladan Gdpp ticari dışa açıklığa Open doğru nedenselliğin olduğunu göstermektedir. Buna ek olarak küreselleşme sürecinde ülkelerin bir birleri ile ekonomik etkileşimleri göz önünde bulundurulduğunda, Emirmahmutoğlu-Köse ve Kónya nedensellik testlerine ait bireysel nedensellik testi sonuçları Çin ve Romanya’da ticari dışa açıklıktan kişi başına gayri safi hasılaya doğru, Filipinlerde ise kişi başı gayri safi hasıladan ticari dışa açıklığa doğru nedenselliğin olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu sonuçlara göre özellikle Çin, Romanya ve Filipinler iki değişken arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisinde diğer ülkelere göre ön plana çıkmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Atamtürk, B. (2007). “Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde ve Türkiye’de Finansal Serbestleşmenin İç Tasarruflar Üzerine Etkisi”, Marmara Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, sayı: 23, s.75-89.
  • Balassa, B. (1985). “Exports, Policy.Choices, and Economic Growth in Developing Countries After the 1973 Oil Shock”, Journal of Development Economics, vol: 18, s.23-35.
  • Bardhan, P. K. Economic Growth, Development and Foreign Trade, New York: Wiley, 1970.
  • Barro R., J. ve Sala-İ-Martin X. Economic Growth, McGraw-Hill, Cambridge, MA, 1995.
  • Bhagwati, J. N. (1990). “Export Promoting Trade Strategy: Issues and Evidence”, in Milner, C.R. (ed) Export Promotion Strategies: Theory and Evidence from Developing Countries, New York University Press.
  • Berber, Metin. İktisadi Büyüme ve Kalkınma, Trabzon, Derya Kitabevi, 2006.
  • Bouoiyour, J. (2003). “Trade and GDP Growth in Morocco: Short-run or Long-run Causality ?”, Brazilian Journal of Business and Economics , vol: 3 (2), s.14-21.
  • Breitung, J. (2005). “A Parametic Approach to The Estimation of Cointegration Vectors in Panel Data”, Econometric Reviews, vol: 24, s.151-173.
  • Bourdon, M., Mouél, C. ve Vıjıl, M. (2013). “The Relationship Between Trade Openness and Aconomic Growtrh: Some New Insights on The Openness Measurement Issue”, Hall- Archives, Ouvertes. Fr, Hal Id: 00729399, s.1-18.
  • Chang R., Kaltanı, L. ve Loayza, N. (2009). “Openness can be Good for Growth: The Role of Policy Complementarities”, Journal of Development Economics, vol: 90, s.33-49.
  • Coe, D. ve Helpman, T. (1995). “International R&D Spillovers”, European Economic Review, vol: 39 (5), s.859-887.
  • Dao, A. T. (2015). “Trade Openness and Economic Growth”, The Park Place Economist, vol: 23 (1), s.44-62.
  • Dumitrescu, E., I. ve Hurlin, C. (2012). “Testing for Granger Non-Causality in Heterogeneous Panels”, Economic Modelling, vol: 29 (4), s.1450-1460. Dünya Bankası İstatistiki Veri ˂http://web.worldbank.org/website/external/datastatstıcs/html˃, [ErişimTarihi: 04.01.2017]. Tabanı (WDI), [Online] Ulaşılabilir
  • Edwards, S. (1998). “Openness, productivity and growth: What do we really know?” Economic Journal, vol: 108 (447), s.383-398.
  • Emirmahmutoglu, F. ve Kose, N. (2011). “Testing for Granger Causality in Heterogeneous Mixed Panels”, Economic Modelling, vol: 28, s.870-876.
  • Esfahani, H. S. (1991). “Exports, Imports and Economic Growth in Semi-Industrialized Countries”, Journal of Development Economics, vol: 35, s.93-116.
  • Essaadi, E-J. ve Wajih, K. (2007). “The Asian Crisis Contagion: A Dynamic Correlation Approach Analysis”, Gate Paper: 07/25.
  • Feenstra, R.C., Dorsati M., Yang, T. ve Liang, C. (1997). “Testing Endogenous Growth in South Korea and Taiwan”, NBER Working Paper No.6028.
  • Grossman, G. M. ve Helpman, E. (1991). “Quality Ladders in the Theory of Growth”, Review of Economic Studies, vol: 58, s.43-61.
  • Grossman, G. M. ve Helpman E. Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991.
  • Gundlach, E. (1997). “Openness and Economic Growth İn Developing Countries”, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, ISSN 0043-2636, Mohr, Tübingen, vol: 133 (3), s.479-496.
  • Gül, E. ve Kamacı, A. (2012). “Dış Ticaretin Büyüme Üzerine Etkileri: Bir Panel Veri Analizi”, Uluslararası Alanya İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, sayı: 4 (3), s.81-91.
  • Gül, E., Kamacı, A. ve Konya, S. (2013). “Dış Ticaretin Büyüme Üzerine Etkileri: Türk Cumhuriyetleri ve Türkiye Örneği”, Akademik Bakış Dergisi, sayı: 35, s.1-12.
  • Gülmez, A. (2015). “OECD Ülkelerinde Ekonomik Büyüme ve Hava Kirliliği İlişkisi: Panel Veri Analizi”, Kastamonu Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, sayı: 9, s.18-30.
  • Hadrı, K. (2000). “Testing for Stationarity in Heterogeneous Panel Data”, Econometrics Journal, vol: 3, s.148- 161.
  • Idris, J., Yusop, Z. ve Habibullah, M. S. (2016). “Trade Opennes and Economic Growth: A Causality test in Panel Perspective”, International Journal of Business and Society, vol: 17 (2), s.281-290.
  • Kaya, Z. ve Şahin, L. (2015). “Dış ticaret hacmi ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin panel eşbütünleşme analiziyle değerlendirilmesi: BRIC ülkeleri (1995-2013)”, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitü Dergisi, sayı: 7 (13), s.434-446.
  • Kavoussi, R. M. (1984). “Export Expansion and Economic Growth: Further Empirical Evidence”, Journal of Development Economics, vol: 14, s.241-50.
  • Kao, C. ve Chıang, M. H. (2000). “On The Estimation and Inference of A Cointegrated Regression in Panel Data”, Nonstationary Panels, Panel Cointegration and Dynamic Panels, vol: 15, s.179-222.
  • Kavoussı, R. M. (1984). “Export Expansion and Economic Growth: Further Empirical Evidence”, Journal of Development Economics, vol: 14, s.241-50.
  • Kónya, L. (2006). “Exports and growth: Granger Causality Analysis on OECD Countries With a Panel Data Approach”, Economic Modelling, vol: 23, s.978-992.
  • Krueger, A. (1979). “Foreign Trade Regimes and Economic Development: Liberalisation Attempts and Consequences”, Journal of Development Economics, vol: 6 (3), s.447-451.
  • Krueger, A. O. (1998). “Why Trade Liberalisation in Good for Growth”, Economic Journal, vol: 108, s.1513- 1522.
  • Levın, A., Lın C. F. ve Chu, C. S. J. (2002). “Unit Root Test in Panel Data:Asymptotic and Finite Sample Properties”, Journal of Econometrics, vol: 108 (1), s.1-24.
  • Lucas, R. E. (1988). “On the mechanics of economic development”, Journal of Monetary Economics, vol: 22, s.3-42.
  • Lutkepohl, H. K. M. Applied Time Series Econometrics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004
  • Pesaran, M. ve Shın, Y. (2003). “Testing fo Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels”, Journal of Econometrics, vol: 115 (1), s.53-74.
  • Menyah, K., Nazlıoğlu, Ş. ve Rufael-Wolde Y. (2014). “Financial development, trade openness and economic growth in African countries: New insight from a panel causality approach”, Economic Modelling, vol: 37, s.386-394.
  • Mıchaely, M. (1977). “Exports and Growth: an Empirical İnvestigation”, Journal of Development Economics, vol: 4, s.49-53.
  • Nazlıoğlu, Ş. (2010). “Makro İktisat Politikalarının Tarım Sektörü Üzerindeki Etkileri: Gelişmiş ve Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler İçin Bir Karşılaştırma”, Kayseri: Erciyes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Basılmamış Doktora Tezi.
  • Nazlioglu, Ş. (2011). “World Oil and Agricultural Commodity Prices: Evidence From Nonlinear Causality”, Energy Policy, vol: 39 (5), s.2935-2943.
  • Pedroni, P. (1999). “Critical Values for Cointegration Test in Heterogeneous Panels With Multiple Regressors”, Oxford Bulletin Of Economics and Statistics, vol: 61 (1), s.653-670.
  • Pedroni, P. (2000). “Fully Modified OLS For Heterogeneous Cointegrated Panels”, Nonstationary Panels, Panel Cointegrtion and Dynamic Panels, vol: 15, s.193-130.
  • Pedroni, P. (2001). “PPP Test in Cointegrated Panels”, Review of Economics and Statics, vol: 83, s.727- 931.
  • Pedroni, P. (2004). “Panel Cointegration; Asymptotic and Finite Sample Properties of Pooled Time Series Test With an Application to the PPP Hypothesis”, Econometric Theory, vol: 20 (3), s.597-625.
  • Pigka-Balanika, V. (2013). “The impact of trade openness on economic growth, Evidence in Developing Countries”, Erasmus School of Economics, s.1-32.
  • Prebisch, Y. (1950). “The Economic Development of Latin America and Its Principal Problems”, Economic Bulletin for Latin America, vol: 7, s.1-22.
  • Razzaque, A., B. H. Khondker, N. Ahmed ve M. K. Mujeri, (2003). “Trade liberalization and economic growth: Empirical evidence on Bangladesh”, MAP technical paper, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies.
  • Rodrıguez, F. ve Rodrik, D. (2001). “Trade policy and economic growth: a skeptic’s guide to the cross-national evidence”, NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2000, s.261–325.
  • Romer, P. (1986). “Increasing Returns and Long-run Growth”, Journal of Political Economy, vol: 94, s.1002- 1037.
  • Romer, P. (1993). “Two Strategies for Economic Development: Using İdeas and Producing İdeas”, Proceedings of the World Bank Annual Conference on Development Economics, 1992, ed. Summers, L.H; Shah, S., 63- 91. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
  • Sandalcılar, A. R. (2012). “BRIC Ülkelerinde Ekonomik Büyüme ve İhracat Arasındaki İlişki: Panel Eş Bütünleşme ve Panel Nedensellik”, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, sayı: 17 (1), s.161-179.
  • Singer, H. (1950). “The Distribution of Gains Between Investing and Borrowing Countries”, American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, vol: 40, s.473-85.
  • Silajdzic, S. ve Mehic, E. (2017). “Trade Openness and Economic Growth: Emprical Evidence from Transisitons Economies”, Menagement International Conference, Italy, 24-27 May, s.581-594.
  • Sinha, D., ve Sinha, T. (1996). “Openness And Economic Growth: Time Series Evidence From India”, Applied Economics, vol: 24, s.21-28.
  • Srinivasan, T. N. (1999). “Trade orientation, trade liberalization, and economic growth”, In G. R. Saxonhouse and T. N. Srinivasan (eds), Development, Duality, and the International Economic Régime. Essays in Honor of Gustav Ranis. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press.
  • Syrquin, M. (1988). “Patterns of Structural Change”, in H. Chenery and T. N. Srinivasan (eds) Handbook of Development Economics, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
  • Tımmer, P. (1988). “The Agricultural Transformation”, in H. Chenery and T. N. Srinivasan (eds) Handbook of Development Economics, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
  • Toda, H.Y. ve Yamamoto, T. (1995). “Statistical İnference in Vector Autoregressions with Possibly İntegrated Processes”, Journal of Econometrics, vol: 66, s.225-250.
  • Topallı, N. (2016). “Doğrudan sermaye yatırımları, Ticari dışa açıklık ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki: Türkiye ve BRICS Ülkeleri örnekleri”, Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, sayı: 17 (1), s.83-95.
  • Tyler, W. G. (1981). “Growth and Export Expansion in Developing Countries: Some Empirical Evidence”, Journal of Development Economics, vol: 9, s.121-30.
  • Uluşan, B. (2012). “Openness to International Trade and Economic Growrth: ACross-Country Emprical Investigation”, Economics, N. 2012/25, s.1-57.
  • Wacziarg, R. (2001). “Measuring the dynamic gains from trade”, World Bank Economic Review, vol: 15 (3), s.393-429.
  • Yanıkkaya, H. (2003). “Trade Openness and Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Emprical Investigation”, Journal of Development Economics, vol: 72, s.57-89.
  • Yapar, S. S. (2009). “Dış Ticaret Politikası ve Büyüme İlişkisi: Teorik Açıdan Bir İnceleme”, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, sayı: 11, s.162-171.
  • Yılmazer, M. (2010). “Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar, Dış Ticaret ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Üzerine Bir Deneme”, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, sayı: 1(8), s.241-160.
  • Zellner, A. (1962). “An Efficient Method of Estimating Seemingly Unrelated Regression Equations and Tests of Aggregation Bias”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol: 57, s.500-509.

Causality Relationship Between Trade Openness and Economic Growth: Emerging Market Economies

Yıl 2018, Sayı: 40, 60 - 73, 01.08.2018

Öz

Although the concept of globalization does not have a broad meaning, it can also be used to mean the trade openness of the country's economy. The liberalization process that started in the 1980s in the world economy is closely related to the recent political developments of the Soviet Bloc. Emerging countries, where integration of world trade is very important, have a special position in terms of trade liberalization and integration into the global system. One of the problems that the globalized world economy has to come from its superior in the integration of the countries in the different structure to the world economy is the full understanding of the effects of the trade openness on economic growth. In this context, the mutual or unidirectional linkage between the two variables is important for the understanding of the country's economy. This study aims to investigate the relationship between trade openness and economic growth in emerging economies with data from the 1992-2015 period of the emerging economies. For this aim, the linkage between trade openness and per capita gross domestic product has been tested with various econometric tests. In the study, first-generation panel unit root tests were chosen for the stability of the series. On the other hand, Emirmahmutoğlu-Köse and Kónya panel causality tests were chosen for the understanding of the causality relation between the series, taking into account the Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality test and the cross-section dependency. According to the unit root test results show that the trade openness and the economic growth variables are at the first level. These events show that the series is affected by economic shocks however they are rebalancing through various political or economic instruments. On the other hand, among the results of causality tests, Dumitrescu-Hurlin shows that per capita GDP leads to trade openness throughout the panel causality test in panel common. In addition, given the economic interactions of some of the countries in the globalization process, the individual causality test results of the Emirmahmutoğlu-Köse and Kónya Panel Causality Tests show that in China and Romania there is a unidirectional causality between per capita GDP and trade openness. The results of the same test show that in the Philippines, the per capita GDP is the reason for the trade openness

Kaynakça

  • Atamtürk, B. (2007). “Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde ve Türkiye’de Finansal Serbestleşmenin İç Tasarruflar Üzerine Etkisi”, Marmara Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, sayı: 23, s.75-89.
  • Balassa, B. (1985). “Exports, Policy.Choices, and Economic Growth in Developing Countries After the 1973 Oil Shock”, Journal of Development Economics, vol: 18, s.23-35.
  • Bardhan, P. K. Economic Growth, Development and Foreign Trade, New York: Wiley, 1970.
  • Barro R., J. ve Sala-İ-Martin X. Economic Growth, McGraw-Hill, Cambridge, MA, 1995.
  • Bhagwati, J. N. (1990). “Export Promoting Trade Strategy: Issues and Evidence”, in Milner, C.R. (ed) Export Promotion Strategies: Theory and Evidence from Developing Countries, New York University Press.
  • Berber, Metin. İktisadi Büyüme ve Kalkınma, Trabzon, Derya Kitabevi, 2006.
  • Bouoiyour, J. (2003). “Trade and GDP Growth in Morocco: Short-run or Long-run Causality ?”, Brazilian Journal of Business and Economics , vol: 3 (2), s.14-21.
  • Breitung, J. (2005). “A Parametic Approach to The Estimation of Cointegration Vectors in Panel Data”, Econometric Reviews, vol: 24, s.151-173.
  • Bourdon, M., Mouél, C. ve Vıjıl, M. (2013). “The Relationship Between Trade Openness and Aconomic Growtrh: Some New Insights on The Openness Measurement Issue”, Hall- Archives, Ouvertes. Fr, Hal Id: 00729399, s.1-18.
  • Chang R., Kaltanı, L. ve Loayza, N. (2009). “Openness can be Good for Growth: The Role of Policy Complementarities”, Journal of Development Economics, vol: 90, s.33-49.
  • Coe, D. ve Helpman, T. (1995). “International R&D Spillovers”, European Economic Review, vol: 39 (5), s.859-887.
  • Dao, A. T. (2015). “Trade Openness and Economic Growth”, The Park Place Economist, vol: 23 (1), s.44-62.
  • Dumitrescu, E., I. ve Hurlin, C. (2012). “Testing for Granger Non-Causality in Heterogeneous Panels”, Economic Modelling, vol: 29 (4), s.1450-1460. Dünya Bankası İstatistiki Veri ˂http://web.worldbank.org/website/external/datastatstıcs/html˃, [ErişimTarihi: 04.01.2017]. Tabanı (WDI), [Online] Ulaşılabilir
  • Edwards, S. (1998). “Openness, productivity and growth: What do we really know?” Economic Journal, vol: 108 (447), s.383-398.
  • Emirmahmutoglu, F. ve Kose, N. (2011). “Testing for Granger Causality in Heterogeneous Mixed Panels”, Economic Modelling, vol: 28, s.870-876.
  • Esfahani, H. S. (1991). “Exports, Imports and Economic Growth in Semi-Industrialized Countries”, Journal of Development Economics, vol: 35, s.93-116.
  • Essaadi, E-J. ve Wajih, K. (2007). “The Asian Crisis Contagion: A Dynamic Correlation Approach Analysis”, Gate Paper: 07/25.
  • Feenstra, R.C., Dorsati M., Yang, T. ve Liang, C. (1997). “Testing Endogenous Growth in South Korea and Taiwan”, NBER Working Paper No.6028.
  • Grossman, G. M. ve Helpman, E. (1991). “Quality Ladders in the Theory of Growth”, Review of Economic Studies, vol: 58, s.43-61.
  • Grossman, G. M. ve Helpman E. Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991.
  • Gundlach, E. (1997). “Openness and Economic Growth İn Developing Countries”, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, ISSN 0043-2636, Mohr, Tübingen, vol: 133 (3), s.479-496.
  • Gül, E. ve Kamacı, A. (2012). “Dış Ticaretin Büyüme Üzerine Etkileri: Bir Panel Veri Analizi”, Uluslararası Alanya İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, sayı: 4 (3), s.81-91.
  • Gül, E., Kamacı, A. ve Konya, S. (2013). “Dış Ticaretin Büyüme Üzerine Etkileri: Türk Cumhuriyetleri ve Türkiye Örneği”, Akademik Bakış Dergisi, sayı: 35, s.1-12.
  • Gülmez, A. (2015). “OECD Ülkelerinde Ekonomik Büyüme ve Hava Kirliliği İlişkisi: Panel Veri Analizi”, Kastamonu Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, sayı: 9, s.18-30.
  • Hadrı, K. (2000). “Testing for Stationarity in Heterogeneous Panel Data”, Econometrics Journal, vol: 3, s.148- 161.
  • Idris, J., Yusop, Z. ve Habibullah, M. S. (2016). “Trade Opennes and Economic Growth: A Causality test in Panel Perspective”, International Journal of Business and Society, vol: 17 (2), s.281-290.
  • Kaya, Z. ve Şahin, L. (2015). “Dış ticaret hacmi ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin panel eşbütünleşme analiziyle değerlendirilmesi: BRIC ülkeleri (1995-2013)”, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitü Dergisi, sayı: 7 (13), s.434-446.
  • Kavoussi, R. M. (1984). “Export Expansion and Economic Growth: Further Empirical Evidence”, Journal of Development Economics, vol: 14, s.241-50.
  • Kao, C. ve Chıang, M. H. (2000). “On The Estimation and Inference of A Cointegrated Regression in Panel Data”, Nonstationary Panels, Panel Cointegration and Dynamic Panels, vol: 15, s.179-222.
  • Kavoussı, R. M. (1984). “Export Expansion and Economic Growth: Further Empirical Evidence”, Journal of Development Economics, vol: 14, s.241-50.
  • Kónya, L. (2006). “Exports and growth: Granger Causality Analysis on OECD Countries With a Panel Data Approach”, Economic Modelling, vol: 23, s.978-992.
  • Krueger, A. (1979). “Foreign Trade Regimes and Economic Development: Liberalisation Attempts and Consequences”, Journal of Development Economics, vol: 6 (3), s.447-451.
  • Krueger, A. O. (1998). “Why Trade Liberalisation in Good for Growth”, Economic Journal, vol: 108, s.1513- 1522.
  • Levın, A., Lın C. F. ve Chu, C. S. J. (2002). “Unit Root Test in Panel Data:Asymptotic and Finite Sample Properties”, Journal of Econometrics, vol: 108 (1), s.1-24.
  • Lucas, R. E. (1988). “On the mechanics of economic development”, Journal of Monetary Economics, vol: 22, s.3-42.
  • Lutkepohl, H. K. M. Applied Time Series Econometrics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004
  • Pesaran, M. ve Shın, Y. (2003). “Testing fo Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels”, Journal of Econometrics, vol: 115 (1), s.53-74.
  • Menyah, K., Nazlıoğlu, Ş. ve Rufael-Wolde Y. (2014). “Financial development, trade openness and economic growth in African countries: New insight from a panel causality approach”, Economic Modelling, vol: 37, s.386-394.
  • Mıchaely, M. (1977). “Exports and Growth: an Empirical İnvestigation”, Journal of Development Economics, vol: 4, s.49-53.
  • Nazlıoğlu, Ş. (2010). “Makro İktisat Politikalarının Tarım Sektörü Üzerindeki Etkileri: Gelişmiş ve Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler İçin Bir Karşılaştırma”, Kayseri: Erciyes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Basılmamış Doktora Tezi.
  • Nazlioglu, Ş. (2011). “World Oil and Agricultural Commodity Prices: Evidence From Nonlinear Causality”, Energy Policy, vol: 39 (5), s.2935-2943.
  • Pedroni, P. (1999). “Critical Values for Cointegration Test in Heterogeneous Panels With Multiple Regressors”, Oxford Bulletin Of Economics and Statistics, vol: 61 (1), s.653-670.
  • Pedroni, P. (2000). “Fully Modified OLS For Heterogeneous Cointegrated Panels”, Nonstationary Panels, Panel Cointegrtion and Dynamic Panels, vol: 15, s.193-130.
  • Pedroni, P. (2001). “PPP Test in Cointegrated Panels”, Review of Economics and Statics, vol: 83, s.727- 931.
  • Pedroni, P. (2004). “Panel Cointegration; Asymptotic and Finite Sample Properties of Pooled Time Series Test With an Application to the PPP Hypothesis”, Econometric Theory, vol: 20 (3), s.597-625.
  • Pigka-Balanika, V. (2013). “The impact of trade openness on economic growth, Evidence in Developing Countries”, Erasmus School of Economics, s.1-32.
  • Prebisch, Y. (1950). “The Economic Development of Latin America and Its Principal Problems”, Economic Bulletin for Latin America, vol: 7, s.1-22.
  • Razzaque, A., B. H. Khondker, N. Ahmed ve M. K. Mujeri, (2003). “Trade liberalization and economic growth: Empirical evidence on Bangladesh”, MAP technical paper, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies.
  • Rodrıguez, F. ve Rodrik, D. (2001). “Trade policy and economic growth: a skeptic’s guide to the cross-national evidence”, NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2000, s.261–325.
  • Romer, P. (1986). “Increasing Returns and Long-run Growth”, Journal of Political Economy, vol: 94, s.1002- 1037.
  • Romer, P. (1993). “Two Strategies for Economic Development: Using İdeas and Producing İdeas”, Proceedings of the World Bank Annual Conference on Development Economics, 1992, ed. Summers, L.H; Shah, S., 63- 91. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
  • Sandalcılar, A. R. (2012). “BRIC Ülkelerinde Ekonomik Büyüme ve İhracat Arasındaki İlişki: Panel Eş Bütünleşme ve Panel Nedensellik”, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, sayı: 17 (1), s.161-179.
  • Singer, H. (1950). “The Distribution of Gains Between Investing and Borrowing Countries”, American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, vol: 40, s.473-85.
  • Silajdzic, S. ve Mehic, E. (2017). “Trade Openness and Economic Growth: Emprical Evidence from Transisitons Economies”, Menagement International Conference, Italy, 24-27 May, s.581-594.
  • Sinha, D., ve Sinha, T. (1996). “Openness And Economic Growth: Time Series Evidence From India”, Applied Economics, vol: 24, s.21-28.
  • Srinivasan, T. N. (1999). “Trade orientation, trade liberalization, and economic growth”, In G. R. Saxonhouse and T. N. Srinivasan (eds), Development, Duality, and the International Economic Régime. Essays in Honor of Gustav Ranis. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press.
  • Syrquin, M. (1988). “Patterns of Structural Change”, in H. Chenery and T. N. Srinivasan (eds) Handbook of Development Economics, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
  • Tımmer, P. (1988). “The Agricultural Transformation”, in H. Chenery and T. N. Srinivasan (eds) Handbook of Development Economics, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
  • Toda, H.Y. ve Yamamoto, T. (1995). “Statistical İnference in Vector Autoregressions with Possibly İntegrated Processes”, Journal of Econometrics, vol: 66, s.225-250.
  • Topallı, N. (2016). “Doğrudan sermaye yatırımları, Ticari dışa açıklık ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki: Türkiye ve BRICS Ülkeleri örnekleri”, Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, sayı: 17 (1), s.83-95.
  • Tyler, W. G. (1981). “Growth and Export Expansion in Developing Countries: Some Empirical Evidence”, Journal of Development Economics, vol: 9, s.121-30.
  • Uluşan, B. (2012). “Openness to International Trade and Economic Growrth: ACross-Country Emprical Investigation”, Economics, N. 2012/25, s.1-57.
  • Wacziarg, R. (2001). “Measuring the dynamic gains from trade”, World Bank Economic Review, vol: 15 (3), s.393-429.
  • Yanıkkaya, H. (2003). “Trade Openness and Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Emprical Investigation”, Journal of Development Economics, vol: 72, s.57-89.
  • Yapar, S. S. (2009). “Dış Ticaret Politikası ve Büyüme İlişkisi: Teorik Açıdan Bir İnceleme”, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, sayı: 11, s.162-171.
  • Yılmazer, M. (2010). “Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar, Dış Ticaret ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Üzerine Bir Deneme”, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, sayı: 1(8), s.241-160.
  • Zellner, A. (1962). “An Efficient Method of Estimating Seemingly Unrelated Regression Equations and Tests of Aggregation Bias”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol: 57, s.500-509.
Toplam 67 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Ceyhun Can Özcan Bu kişi benim

İbrahim Özmen Bu kişi benim

Günay Özcan Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ağustos 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Sayı: 40

Kaynak Göster

APA Özcan, C. C., Özmen, İ., & Özcan, G. (2018). TİCARİ DIŞA AÇIKLIĞIN EKONOMİK BÜYÜME’YE ETKİSİ: YÜKSELEN PİYASA EKONOMİLERİ. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(40), 60-73.


24108  28027

Bu eser Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.