Neurocognitive Models of Aging: Is It Possible to Compensate for Loss?

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 51, 437 - 453, 31.08.2023

Elif Güldemir , Handan Can

https://doi.org/10.52642/susbed.1225337

Öz

Aging is characterized decrease in many cognitive abilities in this stage. Neurocognitive models focus on the compensation mechanisms associated with overactivation in the brain. This overactivation may reflect compensatory mechanisms acting to balance and protect the age-related decline in cognitive performance. The aim of this review is to examine the four most effective neurocognitive models developed to explain the compensatory mechanisms that emerge with healthy aging, and to discuss their contributions and limitations. In this context, the reviewed models include the Hemispheric Asymmetry Reduction in Older Adults (HAROLD) Model, the Posterior-Anterior Shift in Aging (PASA) Theory, the Compensation-Related Utilization of Neural Circuits Hypothesis (CRUNCH), and the scaffolding theory of aging and cognition (STAC; STAC-r). However, cognitive models developed prior to neurocognitive models have explained age-related cognitive differences and focused on age-related impairments. Thus, they fall short of providing a comprehensive explanation of cognitive change. Neurocognitive models, on the other hand, focus on the use of neural networks to activate compensatory mechanisms and emphasize that the compensation process predominantly occurs in frontal regions. Therefore, neurocognitive models are more comprehensive in explaining the neurocognitive foundations of aging; however, they are still insufficient due to some limitations. The aging population is increasing both in Turkey and worldwide, leading to a rise in dementia cases. In this context, increasing the number of studies that test neurocognitive models and developing new and more comprehensive models based on the results obtained from these studies are important for understanding the nature of the aging process.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Aging, Compensation, Neurocognitive Models, Dedifferentiation.

Nörobilişsel Yaşlanma Modelleri: Kaybedilenin Telafisi Mümkün mü?

Öz

Yaşlanma sürecinde bilişsel işlevlerin birçoğunda düşüş görülmektedir. Yaşlanmayla birlikte bilişsel işlevlerde ortaya çıkan bu değişim ile nöral süreçler arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesine olanak sağlayan nörobilişsel modeller, beyindeki aktivasyon artışına bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan telafi (compensation) mekanizmalarına odaklanmaktadır. Beyin aktivasyonundaki bu artışın, bilişsel performanstaki yaşa bağlı düşüşü dengelemek ve korumak yönünde harekete geçen telafi mekanizmalarını yansıttığı düşünülmektedir. Bu derleme çalışmasının amacı sağlıklı yaşlanma ile birlikte ortaya çıkan telafi mekanizmalarını açıklamak için geliştirilen nörobilişsel modellerden en etkili dört modeli incelemek; bu modellerin katkıları ve sınırlılıklarını tartışmaktır. Bu kapsamda mevcut derlemede Yaşlı Yetişkinlerde Hemisferik Asimetri Azalması (HAROLD) Modeli, Yaşlanmada Posterior-Anterior Kayma (PASA) Teorisi, Nöral Devrelerin Telafiyle İlgili Kullanımı Hipotezi (CRUNCH), Yaşlanma ve Bilişin İskele Teorisi (STAC; STAC-r) ele alınmıştır. Buna karşın nörobilişsel modellerden önce geliştirilen bilişsel modeller yaşa bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan bilişsel farklılıkları açıklamada yaşlanmaya bağlı bozukluklara odaklanmışlardır. Bu nedenle bilişsel değişimi kapsamlı bir şekilde açıklamakta yetersiz kalmışlardır. Nörobilişsel modeller ise, telafi mekanizmalarının harekete geçmesi için nöral ağların kullanımına odaklanmış ve telafi sürecinin daha çok frontal bölgelerde gerçekleştiğine vurgu yapmışlardır. Dolayısıyla nörobilişsel modeller yaşlanmanın nörobilişsel temellerini açıklamak açısından daha kapsamlı modellerdir; ancak bu modeller de bazı sınırlılıklar içermektedir. Türkiye’de ve tüm dünyada yaşlanan nüfus ve buna paralel olarak gelişen demans vaka sayıları giderek artmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, nörobilişsel modelleri test eden çalışmaların artması ve bunlardan elde edilecek sonuçlarla yaşlanmayı açıklayan yeni ve daha kapsamlı modellerin geliştirilmesi, yaşlanma sürecinin doğasının anlaşılması açısından önem arz etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yaşlanma, Telafi, Nörobilişsel Modeller, Aynılaşma.

Kaynakça

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