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Neurocognitive Models of Aging: Is It Possible to Compensate for Loss?

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 51, 437 - 453, 31.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.52642/susbed.1225337

Öz

Aging is characterized decrease in many cognitive abilities in this stage. Neurocognitive models focus on the compensation mechanisms associated with overactivation in the brain. This overactivation may reflect compensatory mechanisms acting to balance and protect the age-related decline in cognitive performance. The aim of this review is to examine the four most effective neurocognitive models developed to explain the compensatory mechanisms that emerge with healthy aging, and to discuss their contributions and limitations. In this context, the reviewed models include the Hemispheric Asymmetry Reduction in Older Adults (HAROLD) Model, the Posterior-Anterior Shift in Aging (PASA) Theory, the Compensation-Related Utilization of Neural Circuits Hypothesis (CRUNCH), and the scaffolding theory of aging and cognition (STAC; STAC-r). However, cognitive models developed prior to neurocognitive models have explained age-related cognitive differences and focused on age-related impairments. Thus, they fall short of providing a comprehensive explanation of cognitive change. Neurocognitive models, on the other hand, focus on the use of neural networks to activate compensatory mechanisms and emphasize that the compensation process predominantly occurs in frontal regions. Therefore, neurocognitive models are more comprehensive in explaining the neurocognitive foundations of aging; however, they are still insufficient due to some limitations. The aging population is increasing both in Turkey and worldwide, leading to a rise in dementia cases. In this context, increasing the number of studies that test neurocognitive models and developing new and more comprehensive models based on the results obtained from these studies are important for understanding the nature of the aging process.

Kaynakça

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Nörobilişsel Yaşlanma Modelleri: Kaybedilenin Telafisi Mümkün mü?

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 51, 437 - 453, 31.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.52642/susbed.1225337

Öz

Yaşlanma sürecinde bilişsel işlevlerin birçoğunda düşüş görülmektedir. Yaşlanmayla birlikte bilişsel işlevlerde ortaya çıkan bu değişim ile nöral süreçler arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesine olanak sağlayan nörobilişsel modeller, beyindeki aktivasyon artışına bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan telafi (compensation) mekanizmalarına odaklanmaktadır. Beyin aktivasyonundaki bu artışın, bilişsel performanstaki yaşa bağlı düşüşü dengelemek ve korumak yönünde harekete geçen telafi mekanizmalarını yansıttığı düşünülmektedir. Bu derleme çalışmasının amacı sağlıklı yaşlanma ile birlikte ortaya çıkan telafi mekanizmalarını açıklamak için geliştirilen nörobilişsel modellerden en etkili dört modeli incelemek; bu modellerin katkıları ve sınırlılıklarını tartışmaktır. Bu kapsamda mevcut derlemede Yaşlı Yetişkinlerde Hemisferik Asimetri Azalması (HAROLD) Modeli, Yaşlanmada Posterior-Anterior Kayma (PASA) Teorisi, Nöral Devrelerin Telafiyle İlgili Kullanımı Hipotezi (CRUNCH), Yaşlanma ve Bilişin İskele Teorisi (STAC; STAC-r) ele alınmıştır. Buna karşın nörobilişsel modellerden önce geliştirilen bilişsel modeller yaşa bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan bilişsel farklılıkları açıklamada yaşlanmaya bağlı bozukluklara odaklanmışlardır. Bu nedenle bilişsel değişimi kapsamlı bir şekilde açıklamakta yetersiz kalmışlardır. Nörobilişsel modeller ise, telafi mekanizmalarının harekete geçmesi için nöral ağların kullanımına odaklanmış ve telafi sürecinin daha çok frontal bölgelerde gerçekleştiğine vurgu yapmışlardır. Dolayısıyla nörobilişsel modeller yaşlanmanın nörobilişsel temellerini açıklamak açısından daha kapsamlı modellerdir; ancak bu modeller de bazı sınırlılıklar içermektedir. Türkiye’de ve tüm dünyada yaşlanan nüfus ve buna paralel olarak gelişen demans vaka sayıları giderek artmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, nörobilişsel modelleri test eden çalışmaların artması ve bunlardan elde edilecek sonuçlarla yaşlanmayı açıklayan yeni ve daha kapsamlı modellerin geliştirilmesi, yaşlanma sürecinin doğasının anlaşılması açısından önem arz etmektedir.

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Yıl 2023, Sayı: 51, 437 - 453, 31.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.52642/susbed.1225337

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Kaynakça

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Yıl 2023, Sayı: 51, 437 - 453, 31.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.52642/susbed.1225337

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  • Park, H., Kennedy, K. M., Rodrigue, K. M., Hebrank, A., & Park, D. C. (2013). An fMRI study of episodic encoding across the lifespan: Changes in subsequent memory effects are evident by middle-age. Neuropsychologia, 51(3), 448-456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.11.025
  • Persson, J., Nyberg, L., Lind, J., Larsson, A., Nilsson, L.-G., Ingvar, M., & Buckner, R. L. (2006). Structure–function correlates of cognitive decline in aging. Cerebral Cortex, 16(7), 907-915. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhj036
  • Qualls, S. H., & Abeles, N. (Ed.). (2000). Psychology and the aging revolution: How we adapt to longer life. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10363-000
  • Raji, C. A., Lopez, O. L., Kuller, L. H., Carmichael, O. T., Longstreth, W. T., Gach, H. M., Boardman, J., Bernick, C. B., Thompson, P. M., & Becker, J. T. (2012). White matter lesions and brain gray matter volume in cognitively normal elders. Neurobiology of Aging, 33(4), 834.e7-834.e16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.08.010
  • Reuter-Lorenz, P. A., & Cappell, K. A. (2008). Neurocognitive aging and the compensation hypothesis. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17(3), 177-182. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00570.x
  • Reuter-Lorenz, P. A., Jonides, J., Smith, E. E., Hartley, A., Miller, A., Marshuetz, C., & Koeppe, R. A. (2000). Age differences in the frontal lateralization of verbal and spatial working memory revealed by PET. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12(1), 174-187. https://doi.org/10.1162/089892900561814
  • Reuter-Lorenz, P. A., & Mikels, J. A. (2006). The Aging Mind and Brain: Implications of Enduring Plasticity for Behavioral and Cultural Change. Içinde P. B. Baltes, P. A. Reuter-Lorenz, & F. Roesler (Ed.), Lifespan Development and the Brain: The Perspective of Biocultural Co-Constructivism (ss. 255-276), Cambridge University Press.
  • Reuter-Lorenz, P. A., & Park, D. C. (2014). How does it STAC up? Revisiting the scaffolding theory of aging and cognition. Neuropsychology Review, 24(3), 355-370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-014-9270-9
  • Reuter-Lorenz, P. A., Stanczak, L., & Miller, A. C. (1999). Neural recruitment and cognitive aging: Two hemispheres are better than one, especially as you age. Psychological Science, 10(6), 494-500. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00195
  • Rieckmann, A., Fischer, H., & Bäckman, L. (2010). Activation in striatum and medial temporal lobe during sequence learning in younger and older adults: Relations to performance. NeuroImage, 50(3), 1303-1312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.01.015
  • Rong, H., Lai, X., Jing, R., Wang, X., Fang, H., & Mahmoudi, E. (2020). Association of sensory impairments with cognitive decline and depression among older adults in China. JAMA Network Open, 3(9), e2014186-e2014186. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.14186
  • Rönnlund, M., Nyberg, L., Bäckman, L., & Nilsson, L.-G. (2005). Stability, growth, and decline in adult life span development of declarative memory: Cross-sectional and longitudinal data from a population-based study. Psychology and Aging, 20(1), 3-18. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.20.1.3
  • Rosen, A. C., Prull, M. W., O’Hara, R., Race, E. A., Desmond, J. E., Glover, G. H., Yesavage, J. A., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2002). Variable effects of aging on frontal lobe contributions to memory. NeuroReport, 13(18). https://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200212200-00010
  • Salthouse, T. A. (1996). The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition. Psychological Review, 103(3), 403-428. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.103.3.403
  • Salthouse, T. A. (2010). Selective review of cognitive aging. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 16(5), 754-760. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617710000706
  • Schneider, B. A., & Pichora-Fuller, M. K. (2000). Implications of Perceptual Deterioration for Cognitive Aging Research. Içinde F. I. M. Craik & T. A. Salthouse (Ed.), Handbook of Cognitive Aging II (ss. 155-219). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Schneider-Garces, N. J., Gordon, B. A., Brumback-Peltz, C. R., Shin, E., Lee, Y., Sutton, B. P., Maclin, E. L., Gratton, G., & Fabiani, M. (2010). Span, CRUNCH, and beyond: working memory capacity and the aging brain. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22(4), 655-669. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21230
  • Spaniol, J., & Grady, C. (2012). Aging and the neural correlates of source memory: over-recruitment and functional reorganization. Neurobiology of Aging, 33(2), 425.e3-425.e18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.10.005
  • Stebbins, G. T., Carrillo, M. C., Dorfman, J., Dirksen, C., Desmond, J. E., Turner, D. A., Bennett, D. A., Wilson, R. S., Glover, G., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2002). Aging effects on memory encoding in the frontal lobes. Psychology and Aging, 17(1), 44-55. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.17.1.44
  • Townsend, J., Adamo, M., & Haist, F. (2006). Changing channels: An fMRI study of aging and cross-modal attention shifts. NeuroImage, 31(4), 1682-1692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.01.045
  • Tulving, E., Kapur, S., Craik, F. I., Moscovitch, M., & Houle, S. (1994). Hemispheric encoding/retrieval asymmetry in episodic memory: positron emission tomography findings. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 91(6), 2016-2020. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.91.6.2016
  • Türkiye Alzheimer Derneği. (2020, Ağustos 29). Türkiye’de 600.000 aile Alzheimer hastalığı ile mücadele ediyor. Eylül 22, 2022 tarihinde https://Www.Alzheimerdernegi.Org.Tr/Turkiyede-600-000-Aile-Alzheimer-Hastaligi-Ile-Mucadele-Ediyor/ adresinden alındı.
  • Whiting, W. L., & Smith, A. D. (1997). Differential age-related processing limitations in recall and recognition tasks. Psychology and Aging, 12(2), 216-224. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.12.2.216
  • Wisdom, N. M., Mignogna, J., & Collins, R. L. (2012). Variability in Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV subtest performance across age. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 27(4), 389-397. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acs041
  • Zanjani, F., Downer, B. G., Kruger, T. M., Willis, S. L., & Schaie, K. W. (2013). Alcohol effects on cognitive change in middle-aged and older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 17(1), 12-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2012.717254.
Toplam 95 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Bilim ve Teknoloji Sosyolojisi ve Sosyal Bilimler
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Elif Güldemir 0000-0002-0532-7577

Handan Can Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-4991-9803

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ağustos 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Sayı: 51

Kaynak Göster

APA Güldemir, E., & Can, H. (2023). Nörobilişsel Yaşlanma Modelleri: Kaybedilenin Telafisi Mümkün mü?. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(51), 437-453. https://doi.org/10.52642/susbed.1225337


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