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The Effect of Anxiety on the Thriving Levels of University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study During the Pandemic

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 54, 1 - 14, 30.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.52642/susbed.1350387

Öz

The whole world has gone through a pandemic that still continues, albeit with a diminishing effect. This epidemic, which emerged in China at the end of 2019 and called the new type of corona virus (COVİD-19), has caused great concern and anxiety in all societies around the world due to the deadly risk it carries. Although the Covid-19 process affects everyone at the same level, some people worry too much and panic during this process. This study aims to examine the effect of the anxiety experienced by university students studying in three different departments on their thriving levels during the Covid-19 pandemic. This cross-sectional study was carried out between 01.01.2022 and 28.01.2022 with the participation of 571 students from the departments of Emergency Aid and Disaster Management, Social Work, and Health Management. Study data were collected by the faculty members working in the classrooms by applying a face-to-face scale. The data of the participants were analyzed with SPSS 26 software. The effect of anxiety on students' thriving was evaluated using the generalized anxiety disorder and thriving scale. Anxiety has a significant effect on students' thriving status. No statistically significant difference was found between the anxiety scores of the students and the variables. It was determined that senior students' learning and thriving levels were higher than those of 2nd and 3rd-grade students. Students experienced moderate level of anxiety and anxiety affected students' development to a low level.

Kaynakça

  • Abdallah, A. R., & Gabr, H. M. (2014). Depression, anxiety and stress among first year medical students in an Egyptian public university. Int Res J Med Med Sci, 2(1), 11-19.
  • Arslan, G., Yıldırım, M., & Aytaç, M. (2022). Subjective vitality and loneliness explain how coronavirus anxiety increases rumination among college students. Death studies, 46(5), 1042-1051. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/0748187.2020.1824204
  • Aslan, H., & Pekince, H. (2021). Nursing students' views on the COVID‐19 pandemic and their percieved stress levels. Perspectives in psychiatric care, 57(2), 695-701. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12597
  • Bernaras Iturrioz, E., Insúa Cerretani, P., & Bully Garay, P. (2018). Prevalence and severity of psychological problems in university students. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 46(4), 418-428. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2017.1286633
  • Bilge, Y., & Bilge, Y. (2020). Investigation of the effects of corona virus pandemic and social isolation on psychological symptoms in terms of psychological resilience and coping styles (tur). TURKISH JOURNAL CLINICAL PSYCHIATRY, 23(Supp: 1), 38-51. https://doi.org/Doi:10.5505/kpd.2020.66934
  • Brown, D. J., Arnold, R., Fletcher, D., & Standage, M. (2017). Human thriving. European Psychologist. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000294
  • Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry research, 287, 112934. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
  • Carifio, J., & Perla, R. (2008). Resolving the 50-year debate around using and misusing. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2008.03172.x
  • Charan, J., & Biswas, T. (2013). How to calculate sample size for different study designs in medical research? Indian journal of psychological medicine, 35(2), 121-126. https://doi.org/https://odi.org/10.4103/0253-7176.11623
  • Cleary, M., Horsfall, J., Baines, J., & Happell, B. (2012). Mental health behaviours among undergraduate nursing students: Issues for consideration. Nurse Education Today, 32(8), 951-955. https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2011.11.016
  • Çelebi, G. Y. (2020). Covid 19 salgınına ilişkin tepkilerin psikolojik sağlamlık açısından incelenmesi. IBAD Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi(8), 471-483. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21733/ibad.737406
  • Debowska, A., Horeczy, B., Boduszek, D., & Dolinski, D. (2020). A repeated cross-sectional survey assessing university students' stress, depression, anxiety, and suicidality in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland. Psychological Medicine, 1-4. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329172000392X
  • Deng, J., Zhou, F., Hou, W., Silver, Z., Wong, C. Y., Chang, O., Drakos, A., Zuo, Q. K., & Huang, E. (2021). The prevalence of depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms and sleep disturbance in higher education students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry research, 301, 113863. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113863
  • Duraku, Z. H. (2017). Factors influencing test anxiety among university students. The European Journal of Social & Behavioural Sciences. https://doi.org/10.15405/ejsbs.206
  • Durgun, H., Tayfur, C., Avcı, A. B., & Kalyoncuoğlu, B. (2021). Covid-19 sürecinde hemşirelik öğrencilerinin uzaktan eğitime yönelik görüşleri ve kaygı düzeyleri. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 14(2), 141-147. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.46483/deuhfed.824109
  • Elmer, T., Mepham, K., & Stadtfeld, C. (2020). Students under lockdown: Comparisons of students’ social networks and mental health before and during the COVID-19 crisis in Switzerland. Plos one, 15(7), e0236337. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236337
  • García-González, J., Ruqiong, W., Alarcon-Rodriguez, R., Requena-Mullor, M., Ding, C., & Ventura-Miranda, M. I. (2021). Analysis of anxiety levels of nursing students because of e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Healthcare,
  • Giacalone, M., Panarello, D., & Mattera, R. (2018). Multicollinearity in regression: an efficiency comparison between L p-norm and least squares estimators. Quality & Quantity, 52, 1831-1859. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0571-y
  • Gritsenko, V., Skugarevsky, O., Konstantinov, V., Khamenka, N., Marinova, T., Reznik, A., & Isralowitz, R. (2021). COVID 19 fear, stress, anxiety, and substance use among Russian and Belarusian university students. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19(6), 2362-2368. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00330-z
  • Gültekin, B. K., & Dereboy, F. (2011). Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Sosyal Fobinin Yaygınlığı ve Sosyal Fobinin Yaşam Kalitesi, Akademik Başarı ve Kimlik Oluşumu Üzerine Etkileri. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 22(3), 150-158.
  • Hakami, Z., Khanagar, S. B., Vishwanathaiah, S., Hakami, A., Bokhari, A. M., Jabali, A. H., Alasmari, D., & Aldrees, A. M. (2021). Psychological impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic on dental students: a nationwide study. Journal of dental education, 85(4), 494-503. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jdd.12470
  • Hossain, S., Anjum, A., Uddin, M. E., Rahman, M. A., & Hossain, M. F. (2019). Impacts of socio-cultural environment and lifestyle factors on the psychological health of university students in Bangladesh: a longitudinal study. Journal of affective disorders, 256, 393-403. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.06.001
  • Hunt, J., & Eisenberg, D. (2010). Mental health problems and help-seeking behavior among college students. Journal of adolescent health, 46(1), 3-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.08.008
  • Husky, M. M., Kovess-Masfety, V., & Swendsen, J. D. (2020). Stress and anxiety among university students in France during Covid-19 mandatory confinement. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 102, 152191. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152191
  • Ikizer, G., Karanci, A. N., Gul, E., & Dilekler, I. (2021). Post-traumatic stress, growth, and depreciation during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from Turkey. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1), 1872966. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1872966
  • Islam, M. A., Barna, S. D., Raihan, H., Khan, M. N. A., & Hossain, M. T. (2020). Depression and anxiety among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh: A web-based cross-sectional survey. PloS one, 15(8), e0238162. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238162
  • Khoshaim, H. B., Al-Sukayt, A., Chinna, K., Nurunnabi, M., Sundarasen, S., Kamaludin, K., Baloch, G. M., & Hossain, S. F. A. (2020). Anxiety level of university students during COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia. Frontiers in psychiatry, 11, 579750. https://doi.org/https://doi.org./10.3389/fpsyt.2020.579750
  • Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
  • Konkan, R., ŞenormancıI, Ö., Güçlü, O., Aydın, E., & Sungur, M. Z. (2013). Validity and Reliability Study for the Turkish Adaptation of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7)Scale. Archives of Neuropsychiatry 50, 53-58. https://doi.org/10.4274/npa.y6308
  • Lee, S. A. (2020). Coronavirus Anxiety Scale: A brief mental health screener for COVID-19 related anxiety. Death Stud, 44(7), 393-401. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020.1748481
  • Lee, S. A., Jobe, M. C., Mathis, A. A., & Gibbons, J. A. (2020). Incremental validity of coronaphobia: Coronavirus anxiety explains depression, generalized anxiety, and death anxiety. Journal of anxiety disorders, 74, 102268. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102268
  • Mahfud, I., & Gumantan, A. (2020). Survey of student anxiety levels during the covid-19 pandemic. Jp. Jok (Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani, Olahraga Dan Kesehatan), 4(1), 86-97. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33503/jp.jok.v4i1.1103
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Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Gelişim Düzeylerine Kaygının Etkisi: Pandemi Döneminde Kesitsel Bir Çalışma

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 54, 1 - 14, 30.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.52642/susbed.1350387

Öz

Bütün dünya, etkisi azalarak da olsa halen devam eden bir pandemi sürecinden geçmiştir. 2019 yılının sonlarında Çin’de ortaya çıkan ve yeni tip korona virüs (COVİD-19) olarak adlandırılan bu salgın hastalık, taşıdığı ölümcül risk yüzünden dünya üzerinde yer alan tüm toplumlarda büyük bir endişe ve kaygının yaşanmasına neden olmuştur. Covid-19 süreci herkesi aynı düzeyde etkilememekle birlikte bazı insanlar bu süreç içerisinde fazla kaygılanmakta ve panik yapmaktadır. Bu çalışma da üç farklı bölümde öğrenim gören üniversite öğrencilerinin Covid-19 pandemisi sürecinde yaşadıkları kaygının başarı düzeylerine etkisini incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Kesitsel türdeki bu çalışma 01.01.2022-28.01.2022 tarihleri arasında Acil Yardım ve Afet Yönetimi, Sosyal Hizmet ve Sağlık Yönetimi bölümlerinden 571 öğrencinin katılımı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma verileri, sınıflarda görev yapan öğretim üyeleri tarafından yüz yüze ölçek uygulanarak toplanmıştır. Katılımcılara ait veriler SPSS 26 yazılımıyla analiz edilmiştir. Öğrencilerde yaşanan kaygının gelişme durumlarını etkisi Yaygın Anksiyete Bozukluğu ve Gelişim ölçeği kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Kaygı, öğrencilerin gelişme durumu üzerinde önemli bir etkiye sahiptir. Öğrencilerin kaygı puanları ile değişkenler arasında istatiksel açıdan önemli farklılık tespit edilememiştir. Son sınıf öğrencilerin öğrenme ve gelişme düzeylerinin 2. ve 3. sınıf öğrencilerine göre daha yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Öğrenciler orta düzeyde kaygı yaşamıştır ve kaygı düşük bir seviyede öğrencilerin gelişmesine etki etmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Abdallah, A. R., & Gabr, H. M. (2014). Depression, anxiety and stress among first year medical students in an Egyptian public university. Int Res J Med Med Sci, 2(1), 11-19.
  • Arslan, G., Yıldırım, M., & Aytaç, M. (2022). Subjective vitality and loneliness explain how coronavirus anxiety increases rumination among college students. Death studies, 46(5), 1042-1051. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/0748187.2020.1824204
  • Aslan, H., & Pekince, H. (2021). Nursing students' views on the COVID‐19 pandemic and their percieved stress levels. Perspectives in psychiatric care, 57(2), 695-701. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12597
  • Bernaras Iturrioz, E., Insúa Cerretani, P., & Bully Garay, P. (2018). Prevalence and severity of psychological problems in university students. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 46(4), 418-428. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2017.1286633
  • Bilge, Y., & Bilge, Y. (2020). Investigation of the effects of corona virus pandemic and social isolation on psychological symptoms in terms of psychological resilience and coping styles (tur). TURKISH JOURNAL CLINICAL PSYCHIATRY, 23(Supp: 1), 38-51. https://doi.org/Doi:10.5505/kpd.2020.66934
  • Brown, D. J., Arnold, R., Fletcher, D., & Standage, M. (2017). Human thriving. European Psychologist. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000294
  • Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry research, 287, 112934. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
  • Carifio, J., & Perla, R. (2008). Resolving the 50-year debate around using and misusing. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2008.03172.x
  • Charan, J., & Biswas, T. (2013). How to calculate sample size for different study designs in medical research? Indian journal of psychological medicine, 35(2), 121-126. https://doi.org/https://odi.org/10.4103/0253-7176.11623
  • Cleary, M., Horsfall, J., Baines, J., & Happell, B. (2012). Mental health behaviours among undergraduate nursing students: Issues for consideration. Nurse Education Today, 32(8), 951-955. https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2011.11.016
  • Çelebi, G. Y. (2020). Covid 19 salgınına ilişkin tepkilerin psikolojik sağlamlık açısından incelenmesi. IBAD Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi(8), 471-483. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21733/ibad.737406
  • Debowska, A., Horeczy, B., Boduszek, D., & Dolinski, D. (2020). A repeated cross-sectional survey assessing university students' stress, depression, anxiety, and suicidality in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland. Psychological Medicine, 1-4. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329172000392X
  • Deng, J., Zhou, F., Hou, W., Silver, Z., Wong, C. Y., Chang, O., Drakos, A., Zuo, Q. K., & Huang, E. (2021). The prevalence of depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms and sleep disturbance in higher education students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry research, 301, 113863. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113863
  • Duraku, Z. H. (2017). Factors influencing test anxiety among university students. The European Journal of Social & Behavioural Sciences. https://doi.org/10.15405/ejsbs.206
  • Durgun, H., Tayfur, C., Avcı, A. B., & Kalyoncuoğlu, B. (2021). Covid-19 sürecinde hemşirelik öğrencilerinin uzaktan eğitime yönelik görüşleri ve kaygı düzeyleri. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 14(2), 141-147. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.46483/deuhfed.824109
  • Elmer, T., Mepham, K., & Stadtfeld, C. (2020). Students under lockdown: Comparisons of students’ social networks and mental health before and during the COVID-19 crisis in Switzerland. Plos one, 15(7), e0236337. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236337
  • García-González, J., Ruqiong, W., Alarcon-Rodriguez, R., Requena-Mullor, M., Ding, C., & Ventura-Miranda, M. I. (2021). Analysis of anxiety levels of nursing students because of e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Healthcare,
  • Giacalone, M., Panarello, D., & Mattera, R. (2018). Multicollinearity in regression: an efficiency comparison between L p-norm and least squares estimators. Quality & Quantity, 52, 1831-1859. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0571-y
  • Gritsenko, V., Skugarevsky, O., Konstantinov, V., Khamenka, N., Marinova, T., Reznik, A., & Isralowitz, R. (2021). COVID 19 fear, stress, anxiety, and substance use among Russian and Belarusian university students. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19(6), 2362-2368. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00330-z
  • Gültekin, B. K., & Dereboy, F. (2011). Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Sosyal Fobinin Yaygınlığı ve Sosyal Fobinin Yaşam Kalitesi, Akademik Başarı ve Kimlik Oluşumu Üzerine Etkileri. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 22(3), 150-158.
  • Hakami, Z., Khanagar, S. B., Vishwanathaiah, S., Hakami, A., Bokhari, A. M., Jabali, A. H., Alasmari, D., & Aldrees, A. M. (2021). Psychological impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic on dental students: a nationwide study. Journal of dental education, 85(4), 494-503. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jdd.12470
  • Hossain, S., Anjum, A., Uddin, M. E., Rahman, M. A., & Hossain, M. F. (2019). Impacts of socio-cultural environment and lifestyle factors on the psychological health of university students in Bangladesh: a longitudinal study. Journal of affective disorders, 256, 393-403. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.06.001
  • Hunt, J., & Eisenberg, D. (2010). Mental health problems and help-seeking behavior among college students. Journal of adolescent health, 46(1), 3-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.08.008
  • Husky, M. M., Kovess-Masfety, V., & Swendsen, J. D. (2020). Stress and anxiety among university students in France during Covid-19 mandatory confinement. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 102, 152191. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152191
  • Ikizer, G., Karanci, A. N., Gul, E., & Dilekler, I. (2021). Post-traumatic stress, growth, and depreciation during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from Turkey. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1), 1872966. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1872966
  • Islam, M. A., Barna, S. D., Raihan, H., Khan, M. N. A., & Hossain, M. T. (2020). Depression and anxiety among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh: A web-based cross-sectional survey. PloS one, 15(8), e0238162. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238162
  • Khoshaim, H. B., Al-Sukayt, A., Chinna, K., Nurunnabi, M., Sundarasen, S., Kamaludin, K., Baloch, G. M., & Hossain, S. F. A. (2020). Anxiety level of university students during COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia. Frontiers in psychiatry, 11, 579750. https://doi.org/https://doi.org./10.3389/fpsyt.2020.579750
  • Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
  • Konkan, R., ŞenormancıI, Ö., Güçlü, O., Aydın, E., & Sungur, M. Z. (2013). Validity and Reliability Study for the Turkish Adaptation of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7)Scale. Archives of Neuropsychiatry 50, 53-58. https://doi.org/10.4274/npa.y6308
  • Lee, S. A. (2020). Coronavirus Anxiety Scale: A brief mental health screener for COVID-19 related anxiety. Death Stud, 44(7), 393-401. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020.1748481
  • Lee, S. A., Jobe, M. C., Mathis, A. A., & Gibbons, J. A. (2020). Incremental validity of coronaphobia: Coronavirus anxiety explains depression, generalized anxiety, and death anxiety. Journal of anxiety disorders, 74, 102268. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102268
  • Mahfud, I., & Gumantan, A. (2020). Survey of student anxiety levels during the covid-19 pandemic. Jp. Jok (Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani, Olahraga Dan Kesehatan), 4(1), 86-97. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33503/jp.jok.v4i1.1103
  • Martela, F., & Ryan, R. M. (2016). Prosocial behavior increases well-being and vitality even without contact with the beneficiary: Causal and behavioral evidence. Motivation and emotion, 40, 351-357. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-016-9552-z
  • Ozcan, N. A., Sahin, S., & Cankir, B. (2023). The validity and reliability of thriving scale in academic context: Mindfulness, GPA, and entrepreneurial intention among university students. Current Psychology, 42(7), 5200-5211.
  • Özkul, B., & Günüşen, N. P. (2021). Stressors and Coping Methods of Turkish Adolescents With High and Low Risk of Depression: A Qualitative Study. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 27(6), 458-470. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078390319895088
  • Persaud, U. D., Manning, K. J., Wu, R., Springate, B. A., & Steffens, D. C. (2024). The Role of State Versus Trait Anxiety on Cognition in Older Adults With Major Depressive Disorder. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry.
  • Porath, C., Spreitzer, G., Gibson, C., & Garnett, F. G. (2012). Thriving at work: Toward its measurement, construct validation, and theoretical refinement. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(2), 250-275. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/job.756
  • Quillen, A. (2020). College Students Juggle Anxiety, Stress and Online Classes in Coronavirus Reality https://www.nbcdfw.com/news/coronavirus/college-students-juggle-anxiety-stress-and-online-classes-in-coronavirus-reality/2338426/
  • Savitsky, B., Findling, Y., Ereli, A., & Hendel, T. (2020). Anxiety and coping strategies among nursing students during the covid-19 pandemic. Nurse Education in Practice, 46, 102809. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2020.102809
  • Schreiner, L. A. (2014). Different pathways to thriving among students of color: An untapped opportunity for success. About Campus, 19(5), 10-19. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/abc.21169
  • Shafiq, S., Nipa, S. N., Sultana, S., Rahman, M. R.-U., & Rahman, M. M. (2021). Exploring the triggering factors for mental stress of university students amid COVID-19 in Bangladesh: A perception-based study. Children and Youth Services Review, 120, 105789. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105789
  • Shamsuddin, K., Fadzil, F., Ismail, W. S. W., Shah, S. A., Omar, K., Muhammad, N. A., Jaffar, A., Ismail, A., & Mahadevan, R. (2013). Correlates of depression, anxiety and stress among Malaysian university students. Asian journal of psychiatry, 6(4), 318-323. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2013.01.014
  • Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006). A Brief Measure for Assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder: The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092-1097. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
  • Toussaint, A., Hüsing, P., Gumz, A., Wingenfeld, K., Härter, M., Schramm, E., & Löwe, B. (2020). Sensitivity to change and minimal clinically important difference of the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire (GAD-7). Journal of affective disorders, 265, 395-401. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.032
  • Wang, Y., Di, Y., Ye, J., & Wei, W. (2021). Study on the public psychological states and its related factors during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in some regions of China. Psychology, health & medicine, 26(1), 13-22. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2020.1746817
  • Weinberg, S. L., & Abramowitz, S. K. (2016). Statistics using IBM SPSS: An integrative approach. Cambridge university press.
  • Yavuzer, H. (2005). Ana-Baba ve Çocuk. Remzi Kitapevi.
  • Yılmaz, R., Sezer, B., & Yurdugül, H. (2019). Investigation of university students e-learning readiness: Example Of Bartın University. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 20(1), 180-195. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.12984/egeefd.424614
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Bilim ve Teknoloji Sosyolojisi ve Sosyal Bilimler
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Kemal Baş 0000-0003-0881-9793

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Ağustos 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Sayı: 54

Kaynak Göster

APA Baş, K. (2024). Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Gelişim Düzeylerine Kaygının Etkisi: Pandemi Döneminde Kesitsel Bir Çalışma. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(54), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.52642/susbed.1350387


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