Kampüs Yapılarında Sürdürülebilirlik Sertifika Sistemleri: Yaşayan Bina Mücadelesi Sertifikasının Uygulanabilirliği

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 136 - 155, 30.12.2024

Esra Keskin , Emine Baydan

https://doi.org/10.53586/susbid.1568263

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Yaşayan Bina Mücadelesi (Living Building Challenge - LBC) sertifikasının Türkiye’deki yükseköğretim kampüs binalarında uygulanabilirliği değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma, Türkiye’de sürdürülebilirlik bilincinin artması ve çevresel etkilerin azaltılması için akademik ve pratik bir çerçeve sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Türkiye’de mevcut sürdürülebilirlik sertifikasyon sistemleri olan LEED ve BREEAM ile LBC kriterleri karşılaştırılarak, LBC sertifikasının sosyal ve çevresel sürdürülebilirlik açısından sağladığı faydalar, özellikle enerji pozitif binalar ve su yönetimi gibi unsurlar ve uygulamadaki maliyet, altyapı eksikliği gibi güçlükler ele alınmıştır. LBC, sosyal ve çevresel sorumlulukları kapsayan en zorlu ve kapsamlı sertifikasyon sistemi olarak öne çıkmaktadır. LBC, süregelen süreçte eğitim yapılarında yaygın olarak kullanılmakta ve peyzaj alanları için de örnek uygulamalar sunmaktadır. Bu sertifikasyonun başarıyla uygulanması, kampüslerin topluma uzun vadeli fayda sağlamasında ve sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedeflerine ulaşılmasında kritik rol oynamaktadır. Bu sebeple, yükseköğretim kampüslerinin uluslararası kabul gören sürdürülebilir sertifikasyon süreçlerini başarı ile tamamlaması önem arz etmektedir. Türkiye’de LBC’nin uygulanabilirliği için yasal düzenlemelerin geliştirilmesi, finansal teşvikler sağlanması ve toplumsal farkındalığın artırılması gerekmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

LBC, LEED, BREEAM, sosyal sürdürülebilirlik

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışmanın hazırlanma sürecinde bilimsel ve etik ilkelere uyulduğu ve yararlanılan tüm çalışmaların kaynakçada belirtildiği beyan olunur (Esra KESKİN ve Emine BAYDAN). Bu çalışmada etik kurul izni gerekmemektedir.

Destekleyen Kurum

Destekleyen kurum bulunmamaktadır.

Sustainability Certification Systems in Campus Buildings: Applicability of the Living Building Challenge Certification

Öz

This study evaluates the applicability of the Living Building Challenge (LBC) certification in higher education campus buildings in Türkiye. The research aims to provide an academic and practical framework for increasing sustainability awareness and reducing environmental impacts in Türkiye. By comparing the existing sustainability certification systems, namely LEED and BREEAM, with LBC criteria, the benefits of the LBC certification in terms of social and environmental sustainability are examined, particularly focusing on elements such as energy-positive buildings and water management, alongside challenges related to costs and infrastructure deficiencies. LBC is the most rigorous and comprehensive certification system encompassing social and environmental responsibilities. It is increasingly applied in educational structures and offers exemplary applications for landscape areas. Successful implementation of this certification plays a crucial role in providing long-term benefits to communities and achieving sustainable development goals. Therefore, higher education campuses need to complete internationally recognized sustainability certification processes successfully. To facilitate the applicability of LBC in Türkiye, it is necessary to develop legal regulations, provide financial incentives, and enhance societal awareness.

Anahtar Kelimeler

LBC, LEED, BRREAM, social sustainability

Kaynakça

• Abejon, R., Laso, J., Rodrigo, M., Ruiz-Salmón, Mañana, M. Margallo, M. & Aldaco, R. (2020). Toward energy savings in campus buildings under a life cycle thinking approach. Applied Sciences, 10(20), 7123, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207123
• Abubakar, I.R., Al-Shihri, F.S. & Ahmed, S.M. (2016). Students’ assessment of campus sustainability at the University of Dammam, Saudi Arabia. Sustainability, 8(1), 59, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8010059
• Adomssent, M., Godemann, J. & Michelsen, G. (2007). Transferability of approaches to sustainable development at universities as a challenge. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 8(4), 385-402. https://doi.org/10.1108/14676370710823564
• AECO. (2024). Türkiye’de LEED Sertifikalı Projeler Listesi. https://www.google.com/url? sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aeco.com.tr%2Fturkiyede-leed-sertifikali- projeler%2F&psig=AOvVaw1lAJGisd8S9YDPOzHMWXPD&ust=1733818757089000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi= 89978449&ved=0CAQQn5wMahcKEwj4w-ipoJqKAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQBA. (Erişim Tarihi: 09.12.2024)
• Alali, M. & Beheiry, S. (2023, May 8-11). Comparative review of the living building challenge certification [Conference presentation]. The Thirteenth International Conference on Construction in the 21st Century (CITC- 13), Arnhem, The Netherlands|, 1-9.
• Alshuwaikhat, H. & Abubakar, I. (2008). An integrated approach to achieving campus sustainability: assessment of the current campus environmental management practices. Journal of Cleaner Production, 16(16), 1777-1785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2007.12.002
• Atherton, A., & Giurco, D. (2011). Campus sustainability: Climate change, transport and paper reduction. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 12(3), 269-279.
• Bae, J. (2019). A study on eco-school design for sustainable education environment in the UK—Focused on BREEAM certification projects. Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design, 35(4), 81-91.
• Baumgärtner, S., & Quaas, M. (2010). What is sustainability economics?. Ecological Economics, 69(3), 445-450.
• Binalarda Enerji Performansı Yönetmeliği. (2010). https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/File/GeneratePdf? mevzuatNo=13594&mevzuatTur=KurumVeKurulusYonetmeligi&mevzuatTertip=5. (Erişim Tarihi: 09.12.2024).
• Boğaziçi Üniversitesi. (2024). Elektrik ihtiyacının tamamını kendi rüzgâr santralinden karşılayan dünyadaki ilk üniversite kampüsü. https://yapiisleri.bogazici.edu.tr/elektrik-ihtiyacinin-tamamini-kendi-ruzgar- santralinden-karsilayan-dunyadaki-ilk-universite-kampusu (Erişim Tarihi: 22.11.2024)
• BREEAM Bespoke. (2008). Scheme Document SD 5067. https://tools.breeam.com/filelibrary/Technical%20Manuals/SD5067_2_1_BREEAM_Bespoke_2008.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 09.12.2024).
• BREEAM. (2021). BREEAM International New Construction Version 6.0. https://files.bregroup.com/breeam/technicalmanuals/sd/international-new-construction-version6/? utm_campaign=2241538_BREEAM%20NEW%20NC%20manual%20downloads&utm_medium=email&utm_sour ce=BRE&dm_i=47CQ,1C1KY,8SVLRU,667EQ,1. (Erişim Tarihi: 09.12.2024).
• BREEAM. (2024a). Explore the data behind BREEAM projects: Certified BREEAM assessments. https://tools.breeam.com/projects/explore/buildings.jsp (Erişim Tarihi: 26.09.2024)
• BREEAM. (2024b). BREEAM and health and social impacts. https://breeam.com/about/health-and-social- impact (Erişim Tarihi: 19.11.2024)
• Brinkhurst, M., Rose, B., Maurice, G., & Ackerman, J. D. (2011). Achieving campus sustainability: Top-down, bottom-up, or neither?. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 12(4), 338-354. https://doi.org/10.1108/14676371111168269.
• Brundtland, G. H. (1987). Our common future: Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development. United Nations General Assembly.
• Cannas da Silva, L., & Heitor, T. V. (2017). Campuses as Sustainable Urban Engines—A Morphological Approach to Campus Social Sustainability. Handbook of Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development in Higher Education: Volume 2, 259-276.
• Chen, Q., Kleinman, L., & Dial, A. (2015). Energy performance of campus LEED® buildings: Implications for green building and energy policy. Journal of Green Building, 10(3), 137-160. https://doi.org/10.3992/jgb.10.3.137.
• Clements, J. S. (2018). Two case studies of acoustical design in new construction using sustainable criteria: The living building challenge and WELL building design at The Georgia Institute of Technology. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 144(3_Supplement), 1661.
• Cole, L. (2003). Assessing sustainability on Canadian university campuses: Development of a campus sustainability assessment framework [Master’s thesis, Royal Roads University].
• College Sustainability Report Card. (2009). A review of campus & endowment institutions https://www.uni- bremen.de/fileadmin/user_upload/sites/umweltmanagementsystem/Dokumente/College_Sustainability_Gr een_Report_Card.pdf (Accessed: August 10, 2024).
• ÇEDBİK. (2023). Yeşil Bina Veri Tabanı. https://www.cedbik.org/items. (Erişim Tarihi: 09.12.2024).
• Çelik, Z., & Öztürk, M. (2022). Sürdürülebilir ve yeşil kampüsler: Türkiye’deki üniversitelerin yeşil vizyonu. İdealkent, 14(Özel Sayı), 315-346.
• Dawodu, A., Dai, H., Zou, T., Zhou, H., Lian, W., Oladejo, J., & Osebor, F. (2022). Campus sustainability research: Indicators and dimensions to consider for the design and assessment of a sustainable campus. Heliyon, 8(12), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11864
• Doloi, H. (2012). Assessing stakeholders’ influence on social performance of infrastructure projects. Facilities, 30, 531-550. https://doi.org/10.1108/02632771211252351
• Duran, Ö., & Zhao, J. (2022). Post-pandemic study spaces: Post-occupancy evaluation of BREEAM excellence rated university building. 55th International Conference of the Architectural Science Association.
• Earl, C., Lawrence, A., Harris, N., & Stiller, S. (2003). The campus community and the concept of sustainability: An assessment of College of Charleston student perceptions. Chrestomathy: Annual Review of Undergraduate Research at the College of Charleston, 2, 85-102.
• Emanuel, R., & Adams, J. N. (2011). College students’ perceptions of campus sustainability. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 12(1), 79-92. https://doi.org/10.1108/14676371111098320.
• Erbıyık, H., Çatal, H., Durukan, S., Topaloğlu, D. G., & Ünver, Ü. (2021). Assessment of Yalova University campus according to LEED V.4 certification system. Environmental Research & Technology, 4(1), 18-28. https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.812339.
• Erdede, S. B., Erdede, B., & Bektaş, S. (2014). Sürdürülebilir yeşil binalar ve sertifika sistemlerinin değerlendirilmesi. Uzaktan Algılama-CBS Sempozyumu (UZAL-CBS 2014), 17-32.
• Farley, H. M., & Smith, Z. A. (2020). Sustainability: If it's everything, is it nothing? Routledge.
• Gardner Haley, M., Hasik, V., Banawi, A., Olinzock, M., & Bilec, M. M. (2020). Whole building life cycle assessment of a living building. Journal of Architectural Engineering, 26(4), 04020039. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AE.1943- 5568.0000436.
• Georgia-Tech. (2024). The Kendeda Building for Innovative Sustainable Design. https://livingbuilding.gatech.edu/key-living-building-details. (Accessed: August 12, 2024).
• Gündem 21. (1992). UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs. https://www.un.org/esa/dsd/agenda21/#:~:text=Agenda21,human%20impacts%20on%20the%20environment (Erişim Tarihi: 12.08.2024).
• Hamedani, A. Z., & Hüber, F. (2012). A comparative study of DGNB, LEED and BREEAM certificate systems in urban sustainability. The Sustainable City VII(1), 121-132.
• Hayati, D., Ranjbar, Z., & Karami, E. (2011). Measuring agricultural sustainability. Biodiversity, biofuels, agroforestry and conservation agriculture, 73-100.
• Helferty, A., & Clarke, A. (2009). Student-led campus climate change initiatives in Canada. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 10(3), 287-300.
• Holdsworth, S. & Caswell, T. (2004). Protecting the future: Stories of sustainability from RMIT University. CSIRO Publishing.
• Hopkins, E. A. (2015). LEED certification of campus buildings: A cost-benefit approach. Journal of Sustainable Real Estate, 7(1), 99-111.
• Horhota, M., Asman, J., Stratton, J. P., & Halfacre, A. C. (2013). Identifying behavioral barriers to campus sustainability: A multi-method approach. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 15(3), 343- 358. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-07-2012-0065.
• International Living Future Institute. (2024a). Socially Just, Culturally Rich, and Ecologically Restorative. https://living-future.org/about/ (Erişim Tarihi: 15.08.2024).
• International Living Future Institute. (2024b). Tyson Living Learning Center. https://living-future.org/case- studies/tyson-living-learning-center/ (Erişim Tarihi: 15.08.2024).
• International Living Future Institute. (2024c). Living Building Challenge 4.1 Program Manual. A Visionary Path to a Regenerative Future. https://cdn.manula.com/user/15331/docs/24-0708-lbc-4-1-manualredux.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 20.08.2024).
• International Living Future Institute. (2024d). Living Building Challenge Basics. https://living- future.org/lbc/basics/ (Erişim Tarihi: 27.08.2024).
• International Living Future Institute. (2024e). Our Living Future Projects Map. https://living-future.org/our-living- future-map/ (Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2024).
• International Living Future Institute. (2024f). 2021 Project Registration Recap.https://trimtab.living- future.org/blog/2021-project-registration-recap/(Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2024).
• International Living Future Institute. (2024g). Living Building Challenge 3.0 A Visionary Path to a Regenerative Future. https://living-future.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Living-Building-Challenge-3.0-Standard.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2024).
• İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi. (2024). Yüzde yüz yenilenebilir enerji kullanan üniversite. https://gelisim.edu.tr/tr/gelisim-duyuru-yuzde-yuz-yenilenebilir-enerji-kullanan-universite (Erişim Tarihi: 22.11.2024)
• James, M., & Card, K. (2011). Factors contributing to institutions achieving environmental sustainability. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 13(2), 166-176.
• Jiménez-Pulido, C., Jiménez-Rivero, A., & García-Navarro, J. (2022). Improved sustainability certification systems to respond to building renovation challenges based on a literature review. Journal of Building Engineering, 45, 103575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103575.
• Koshy, K. C., Md Nor, N., Sibly, S., Rahim, A. A., Jegatesen, G., & Muhamad, M. (2013). An indicator-based approach to sustainability monitoring and mainstreaming at Universiti Sains Malaysia. In Caeiro, S., Filho, W., Jabbour, C. & Azeiteiro, U. (Eds), Sustainability assessment tools in higher education institutions (1st ed., pp. 237-258). Springer.
• Küçükvar, M., Eğilmez, G., & Tatari, Ö. (2016). Life cycle assessment and optimization-based decision analysis of construction waste recycling for a LEED-certified university building. Sustainability, 8(1), 89, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8010089
• Lauder, A., Sari, R. F., Suwartha, N., & Tjahjono, G. (2015). Critical review of a global campus sustainability ranking: GreenMetric. Journal of Cleaner Production, 108, 852-863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.02.080
• Mattar, Y., AlAli, M., & Beheiry, S. (2023, May 8-11). Comparative review of the Living Building Challenge certification. [Conference presentation]. The Thirteenth International Conference on Construction in the 21st Century (CITC-13), Arnhem, The Netherlands. https://www.citcglobal.com/_files/ugd/0d72f4_b6c7fa112e004a08b2328854337dee59.pdf
• Miller, C.L. (2010). Implementing sustainability: the New Zealand experience. Routledge.
• Orhan, İ.H., ve Kaya, L.G. (2016). LEED belgeli yeşil binalar ve iç mekân kalitesinin incelenmesi. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7(Özel (Special) 1), 18-28.
• Packalén, S. (2010). Culture and sustainability. Corporate social responsibility and environmental management, 17(2), 118-121.
• Posner, S. M., & Stuart, R. (2013). Understanding and advancing campus sustainability using a systems framework. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 14(3), 264-277. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-08-2011-0055.
• Rappaport, A., & Creighton, S. H. (2007). Degrees that matter: Climate change and the university. MIT Press.
• Rohde, L., Larsen, T. S., Jensen, R. L., & Larsen, O. K. (2019). Comparison of five leading sustainable building certifications concerning indoor environmental assessment content. Department of Civil Engineering, Aalborg University. DCE Technical Reports No. 269.
• Rohman, M. A., Doloi, H., & Heywood, C. A. (2017). Success criteria of toll road projects from a community societal perspective. Built Environment Project and Asset Management, 7(1), 32-44. https://doi.org/10.1108/BEPAM-12- 2015-0073
• Savelyava, T., & McKenna, J. R. (2010). Campus sustainability: Emerging curricula models in higher education. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 12(1), 55-66. https://doi.org/10.1108/14676371111098302
• Swearingen White, S. (2014). Campus sustainability plans in the United States: Where, what, and how to evaluate? International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 15(2), 228-241. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-08-2012-0075
• Tilton, C., & Asmar, M. (2014). Assessing LEED versus non-LEED energy consumption for a university campus in North America: A preliminary study. ICSI 2014: Creating Infrastructure for a Sustainable World. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784478745.101
• United Nations. (2015). The 17 goals. https://sdgs.un.org/goal (Erişim Tarihi: 09.08.2024).
• US Green Building Council (USGBC). (2018). LEED v4 for Building Operations and Maintenance - current version. https://www.usgbc.org/resources/leed-v4-building-operations-and-maintenance-current-version. (Erişim Tarihi: 09.12.2024).
• US Green Building Council (USGBC). (2023). LEED v4.1 BD+C rating system. https://build.usgbc.org/bdc41. (Erişim Tarihi: 09.12.2024).
• US Green Building Council (USGBC). (2024a). LEED project directory. https://www.usgbc.org/projects (Erişim Tarihi:26.09.2024).
• US Green Building Council (USGBC). (2024b). LEED campus guidance. https://www.usgbc.org/resources/leed- campus-guidance (Erişim Tarihi: 21.08.2024).
• US Green Building Council (USGBC). (2024c). LEED certification for neighborhood development. https://www.usgbc.org/leed/rating-systems/neighborhood-development (Erişim Tarihi: 19.11.2024).
• US Green Building Council (USGBC). (2024d). LEED Campus Guidance For Projects on a Shared Site.https://build.usgbc.org/l/413862/2019-0117/nf5p8m/413862/153042/LEED_Campus_Guidance.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 09.12.2024).
• US Green Building Council (USGBC). (2024e). LEED v4.1 Building Design and Construction. https://build.usgbc.org/bd+c_guide. (Erişim Tarihi: 09.12.2024).
• Velasquez, L., Munguia, L., Platt, A., & Taddei, J. (2006). Sustainable university: What can be the matter? Journal of Cleaner Production, 14(6-7), 810-819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2005.12.008
• Washington University. (2024). The Alberti Program. https://sites.wustl.edu/alberti/ (Erişim Tarihi: 21.08.2024).
• Washington-Ottombre, C., Washington, G. L., & Newman, J. (2018). Campus sustainability in the US: Environmental management and social change since 1970. Journal of Cleaner Production, 196, 564-575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.012
• Zimmermann, R. K., Skjelmose, O., Jensen, K. G., Jensen, K. K., & Birgisdottir, H. (2019). Categorizing building certification systems according to the definition of sustainable building. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 471(9), 092060. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/471/9/092060.