2011 AVRUPA YEŞİL BAŞKENTİ HAMBURG: EKO-KENT KRİTERLERİ VE PERFORMANS GÖSTERGELERİ AÇISINDAN İNCELENMESİ
Öz
Çevre sorunlarının yıkıcı etkilerini birebir hissettiğimiz günümüzde, bu sorunların en önemli kaynağının insan aktiviteleri ve kentleşme olduğu bir gerçektir. Dolayısıyla, çok geç olmadan, mevcut kentleşme formlarından, doğa ve insan ilişkisini ön plana çıkaran, çevre dostu kent formlarına geçilmesi kaçınılmazdır. Bu amaçla, bu çalışmada sürdürülebilir kentler, eko-kentler, yeşil kent gibi çeşitli isimler verilen bu kent formları için Avrupa Birliği’nde ve dünyada uygulanan mevcut değerlendirme ölçütlerinin incelenmesi ve karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Ayrıca, Avrupa 2011 Yeşil Başkenti seçilen Hamburg şehri, bu ölçütlerde verilen parametreler bazında incelenerek değerlendirilmiştir.
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EXAMINING HAMBURG, EUROPEAN GREEN CAPITAL OF 2011, IN TERMS OF ECO-CITY CRITERIA AND PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
Öz
Nowadays, destructive impacts of environmental problems are heavily felt and it is
well known that human activities and urbanization are the main reasons behind those
environmental problems. Cities are consuming for around two thirds of all energy used,
60 percent of all water consumed and 70 percent of all greenhouse gases produced
worldwide.Therefore, it is necessary the challenge of urban design forms towards
environmental friendly cities in which nature-human mutual relations have a primary
importance. Becausecities and metropolitan areas are the motors of economic growth and
home to most jobs. They play a key role as centers of innovation and the knowledge
economy. At the same time, urban areas are the frontline in the battle for social cohesion
and environmental sustainability. Several terms are used to define cities where human-nature relations are in balance:
eco-city, green city, silent city, sustainable city, etc. Whatever it is called, the city needs
to meet both ecological and social requirements in an integrative approach. This includes
optimum solutions for transport, energy, water management, waste management and thus
creating a balance of natural, rural and urban development. Ecocity Builders (nonprofit
organization founded in 1992 and dedicated to reshaping cities for the long-term health of
human and natural systems) developed International Ecocity Framework and Standards
(IEFS) initiative in 2010 to understand cities in their wholeness. They scaled cities from
“unhealthy” through multiple levels of “greener city”, “ecocity” and the whole earth level
“gaia”. The highest level (gaia or whole earth) describes a city that is in harmony socially
and biophysically with its surrounding region and globally. Similarly, Ecocity Builders
and associates’ definition of “ecocity” is conditional upon a healthy relationship of the
city’s parts and functions, similar to the relationship of organs in living complex
organism. We are concerned with city design, planning, building, and operations in an
integral way and in relation to the surrounding environment and natural resources of the
region, utilizing organic, ecological and whole-systems lessons to actually reverse the
negative impacts of climate change, species extinction and the destruction of the
biosphere. The ecocity model seeks to provide a practical vision for a sustainable and
restorative human presence on this planet and suggests a path towards its achievement
through the rebuilding of cities, towns and villages in balance with living systems.
The Commission's European Sustainable Cities Report (EC 1996a) recognises the
need for sustainability indicators as tools for quantifying sustainability performance.
Along that line, there exist several performance indicators to evaluate city’s sustainability.
In this paper, four of them are examined. Namely; European Urban Sustainability
Indicators, Green City Index (Siemens), Ecocity Framework and Standards (IEFS) and
ECOCITY criteria.
First, European criteria for the evaluation of the cities' efforts is based upon the
following 10 environmental indicator areas: Local contribution to global climate change,
local mobility and passenger transportation, availability of local public open areas, quality
of local ambient air, noise pollution, waste production and management, water
consumption, waste water management, environmental management of the local authority
and sustainable land use.
Second, ‘Green City Index’ is sponsored by Siemens AG and developed by The
Economist Intelligence Unit, ranked 30 major cities across Europe relative to one another
in eight categories with 30 underlying qualitative and quantitative indicators. Green City
Index seeks to measure and rate the environmental performance of 30 leading European
cities both overall and across a range of specific areas. In so doing, it offers a tool to
enhance the understanding and decision-making abilities of all those interested in
environmental performance, from individual citizens through to leading urban
policymakers.
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