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Social Capital in Arab Countries: A Theoretical Perspective

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1, 15 - 28, 29.04.2024
https://doi.org/10.30976/susead.1405689

Öz

Purpose- This study focuses on social capital, which has gained popularity as a multifaceted concept in economic, political, and social disciplines. There are three social capital dimensions: bonding, bridging, and linking. In this study, we focus on bonding and bridging social capital due to their implications for individuals, the community, and the country. We examine bonding social capital in the Arab Middle East countries, taking the region's economic social, and political composition into account.
Methodology- Building on data from the World Values Survey, we examine different proxies of both social capital dimensions in Arab countries. We aim to facilitate an understanding of different social capital dimensions and comprehend their implications for the social, political, and economic development of Arab countries.
Conclusion- The emphasis of traditional economic theories has shifted from orthodox factors of production to the importance of factors such as an educated workforce, and sociocultural factors such as a country's social development, and cultural structure, in addition to factors such as social interactions, social capital, trust, cooperation, and tolerance.

Kaynakça

  • Afiouni, F. (2014). Women’s Careers in The Arab Middle East. Understanding Institutional Constraints to The Boundaryless Career View. Career Development International, 19(3), 314-336.
  • Al-Shboul, M., Maghyereh, A., Hassan, A., & Molyneux, P. (2020). Political Risk and Bank Stability in the Middle East and North Africa Region. Pacific Basin Finance Journal, 60, 101291.
  • Almutairi, S., Heller, M., & Yen, D. (2021). Reclaiming the Heterogeneity of the Arab States. Cross-Cultural and Strategic Management, 28(1), pp. 158–176.
  • Andriani, L., and Sabatini, F. (2015). Trust and Prosocial Behavior in a Process of State Capacity Building: The Case of The Palestinian Territories. Journal of Institutional Economics, 11 (4), pp. 823-846.
  • Cáceres-Carrasco, F.R., Santos, F.J., & Guzmán, C. (2020). Social Capital, Personal Values, and Economic Development: Effect on Innovation: An International Analysis. The European Journal of Social Science Research, 33:1, pp. 70-95.
  • Christoforou, A. (2011). Social capital Across European Countries Individual and Aggregate Determinants of Group Membership. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Vol. 70 No. 3, pp. 699-728.
  • Coleman, J. S. (1990). Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Colletta, N.J. & Cullen, M.L. (2002). Social Capital and Social Cohesion: Case Studies from Cambodia and Rwanda. In: Grootaert, C and Van Bastelaer, T., (Eds), (pp.279- 309), The Role of Social Capital in Development: An Empirical Assessment. Cambridge University Press.
  • De Oliveira, M. D. (2002). Citizen Participation and Social Capital Formation Resource Mobilization for Social Development. Retrieved September 10, 2021, from http://digital-library.unesco.org/shs/most/gsdl/collect/most/index/assoc/HASH56cc.dir/doc.pdf
  • Dudwick, N., Kuehnast, K., Jones, V. N., & Woolcock, M. 2006). Analyzing Social Capital in Context. The World Bank, Vol. 59, pp. 457–474.
  • Forouharfar, A. (2018). Social Entrepreneurship Strategies by the Middle Eastern Governments: A Review. In: Faghih, N., Zali, M. (Eds) Entrepreneurship Ecosystem in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Contributions to Management Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75913-5_7
  • Fukuyama, F. (1995). Trust: The Social Virtues and The Creation of Prosperity, Free Press.
  • Granovetter, M. (1973). The Strength of Weak Ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78 (6), pp.1360-1380.
  • Growiec, K., & Growiec, J. (2014). Trusting Only Whom You Know, Knowing Only Whom You Trust: The Joint Impact of Social Capital and Trust on Happiness in CEE Countries. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15(5), pp. 1015–1040.
  • Grootaert, C., Narayan, D., Jones, V. N., & Woolcock, M. (2004). Measuring Social Capital: An Integrated Questionnaire. World Bank Working Paper, (18), pp. 1-53.
  • Hanifan, J. L. (1916). The Rural School Community Center. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 67: pp. 130–138.
  • Irwin, K. (2009). Prosocial Behavior Across Cultures: The Effects of Institutional Versus Generalized Trust. Advances in Group Processes, 26, pp.165–198.
  • Kaasa, A. (2019). Determinants of Individual-Level Social Capital: Culture and Personal Values. Journal of International Studies, 12(1), 9-32. doi:10.14254/2071- 8330.2019/12-1/1
  • Kamrava, M. (2012). Structural Impediments to Economic Globalization in the Middle East. Middle East Policy, Xi (4), 96 -112.
  • Krishna, A., & Uphoff, N. (2002). Mapping and Measuring Social Capital Through Assessment of Collective Action to Conserve and Develop Watershed in Rajasthan, India. In Grootaert, C., Van Bastelaer, T (Eds), The Role of Social Capital in Development: An Empirical Assessment, pp. 85–124. Cambridge University Press.
  • Krishna, A. & Shrader, E. (1999). Conference Paper for Conference on Social Capital and Poverty Reduction. The World Bank, 1–21.
  • Li, S., Park, S. H., & Selover, D. D. (2017). The Cultural Dividend: Hidden Source of Economic Growth in Emerging Countries. Cross Cultural and Strategic Management, 24(4), 590–616. https://doi.org/10.1108/CCSM-08-2016-0149
  • Maxwell, H., Taylor, T. (2010). A Culture of Trust: Engaging Muslim Women in Community Sport Organizations. European Sport Management Quarterly, 10(4), 465–483. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2010.502745 Montgomery, J.D. (2000). Social Capital as a Policy Resource. Policy Sciences, 33, pp. 227-243.
  • Narayan, D. (1999). Bonds and Bridges: Social Capital and Poverty (English). Policy, Research Working Paper; No. WPS 2167. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group.
  • Newton, K. (2005). Support for democracy: social capital, civil society, and political performance. (Discussion Papers / Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, Forschungsschwerpunkt Zivilgesellschaft, Konflikte und Demokratie, Forschungsgruppe Zivilgesellschaft, Citizenship und Politische Mobilisierung in Europa, 2005-402). Berlin: Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung gGmbH. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-117120
  • Nicholson, M., & Hoye, R. (2008). Sport and Social Capital, Routledge.
  • Owen, R., & Pamuk, S. (1998). A History of Middle East Economies in the Twentieth Century. London: I.B. Tauris and Co Ltd
  • Oyen, E. (2002). Social Capital Formation as a Poverty Reducing Strategy? UNESCO and Crop. Paper presented at UNESCO/MOST and CROP/ISSC on "Social Capital Formation in Poverty Reduction: Which Role for Civil Society Organizations and the State?" at the UN Summit + 5.
  • Peterson, M., & Barreto, T. S. (2015). Editor’s Introduction: Culture Across Social Sciences. In Peterson, M (Ed.), Cross-cultural Research, pp. 1-4, Vol. 4. London: Sage.
  • Portes, A. (1998). Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, (24), pp. 1-24.
  • Putnam, R. D., Leonardi, R., & Nonetti, R.Y (1993). Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy, Princeton University Press.
  • Sabatini, F. (2009). Social Capital as Social Networks: A New Framework for Measurement and An Empirical Analysis of its Determinants and Consequences. The Journal of Socioeconomics, 38 (3), pp. 429-442.
  • Sabatini, F. (2008). Social Capital and the Quality of Economic Development. Kyklos, 61(3), pp. 466–499.
  • Saleh, D., & Vergil, H. (2022). Religiosity, Personal Values, and Social Capital in Middle East and North African (MENA) Countries. Beykent Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15(2), 7-30. https://doi.org/10.18221/bujss.1190456
  • Samadi, A.H. (2018). Institutions and Entrepreneurship in MENA Countries. In: Faghih N., Zali M. (eds) Entrepreneurship Ecosystem in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Contributions to Management Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75913-5_3
  • Sedeh, A.A., Abootorabi, H., & Zhang, J. (2021). National Social Capital Perceived Entrepreneurial Ability and Entrepreneurial Intentions. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, 27(2), pp. 334–355.
  • Seleim, A., & Bontis, N. (2009). The Relationship Between Culture and Corruption: A Cross-National Study. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 10(1), pp. 165–184.
  • Tabellini, G. (2010). Culture and Institutions: Economic Development in the Regions of Europe. Journal of the European Economic Association, 8(4), 677–716. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-4774.2010.tb00537.x
  • Tausch, A. (2016). The Civic Culture of The Arab World: A Comparative Analysis Based on World Values Survey Data. Middle East Review of International Affairs, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp.35-59.
  • Todaro, M.P., and Smith, S.T. (2014). Economic Development, (12th Edition). Pearson.
  • Ostrom, E. (2000). Social Capital: A Fad or a Fundamental Concept. In P. Dasgupta & I. Serageldin (Eds.), Social Capital: A Multifaceted Perspective (pp. 172–214). The World Bank.
  • Uphoff, N. (2000). Understanding Social Capital: Learning from the Analysis and Experience of Participation. In P. Dasgupta and I. Serageldin (eds.), Social Capital: A Multifaceted Perspective. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • Van Oorschot, W., Arts, W., & Gelissen, J. (2006). Social Capital in Europe: Measurement and Social and Regional Distribution of a Multifaceted Phenomenon. Acta Sociologica, Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 149-167.
  • Viazzo, P.P. (2003). What’s so Special About the Mediterranean? Thirty Years of Research on Household and Family in Italy. Continuity and Change, Vol. 18 No. 1, pp. 111-137.
  • Westlund, H., and Adam, F. (2010). Social Capital and Economic Performance: A Meta-analysis of 65 Studies. European Planning Studies, 18: 6, pp. 893-919.
  • Whiteley, P. F. (2000). Economic Growth and Social Capital. Political Studies, Vol. 48, pp. 443-466.
  • Woolcock, M. (2001). The Place of Social Capital in Understanding Social and Economic Outcomes. Canadian Journal of Policy Research, 2(1), pp. 1-35.
  • Woolcock, M., & Narayan, D. (2000). Social Capital: Implications for Development Theory, Research, and Policy. Vol. 15(2), World Bank Research Observer, pp. 225–249. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/961231468336675195/Social-capital-implications-for-development-theory-research-and-policy

Arap Ülkelerinde Sosyal Sermaye: Teorik Bir Bakış Açısı

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1, 15 - 28, 29.04.2024
https://doi.org/10.30976/susead.1405689

Öz

Amaç- Bu çalışma, ekonomik, siyasi ve sosyal disiplinlerde çok yönlü bir kavram olarak popülerlik kazanan sosyal sermayeye odaklanmaktadır. Bağlama, köprüleme ve bağlantı kurma olmak üzere üç sosyal sermaye boyutu vardır. Bu çalışmada, bireyler, toplum ve ülke için taşıdıkları sonuçlar nedeniyle bağlama ve köprüleme sosyal sermayesine odaklanıyoruz. Bölgenin ekonomik, sosyal ve siyasi yapısını dikkate alarak Arap Ortadoğu ülkelerinde bağlama sosyal sermayesini inceliyoruz.
Metodoloji- Dünya Değerler Araştırması’ndan elde edilen veriler temel alınarak, Arap ülkelerinde her iki sosyal sermaye boyutunun farklı vekilleri incelenmektedir. Farklı sosyal sermaye boyutlarının anlaşılmasını kolaylaştırmayı ve Arap ülkelerinin sosyal, siyasi ve ekonomik gelişimi için taşıdıkları sonuçları anlamayı amaçlıyoruz.
Sonuç- Geleneksel ekonomik teorilerin vurgusu, üretim faktörlerinin ortodoks faktörlerinden eğitimli bir işgücü, bir ülkenin sosyal gelişimi ve kültürel yapısı gibi sosyo-kültürel faktörlere ve sosyal etkileşimlere, sosyal sermayeye, güvene, işbirliğine ve hoşgörüye kadar faktörlere önem veren faktörlere kaymıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Afiouni, F. (2014). Women’s Careers in The Arab Middle East. Understanding Institutional Constraints to The Boundaryless Career View. Career Development International, 19(3), 314-336.
  • Al-Shboul, M., Maghyereh, A., Hassan, A., & Molyneux, P. (2020). Political Risk and Bank Stability in the Middle East and North Africa Region. Pacific Basin Finance Journal, 60, 101291.
  • Almutairi, S., Heller, M., & Yen, D. (2021). Reclaiming the Heterogeneity of the Arab States. Cross-Cultural and Strategic Management, 28(1), pp. 158–176.
  • Andriani, L., and Sabatini, F. (2015). Trust and Prosocial Behavior in a Process of State Capacity Building: The Case of The Palestinian Territories. Journal of Institutional Economics, 11 (4), pp. 823-846.
  • Cáceres-Carrasco, F.R., Santos, F.J., & Guzmán, C. (2020). Social Capital, Personal Values, and Economic Development: Effect on Innovation: An International Analysis. The European Journal of Social Science Research, 33:1, pp. 70-95.
  • Christoforou, A. (2011). Social capital Across European Countries Individual and Aggregate Determinants of Group Membership. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Vol. 70 No. 3, pp. 699-728.
  • Coleman, J. S. (1990). Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Colletta, N.J. & Cullen, M.L. (2002). Social Capital and Social Cohesion: Case Studies from Cambodia and Rwanda. In: Grootaert, C and Van Bastelaer, T., (Eds), (pp.279- 309), The Role of Social Capital in Development: An Empirical Assessment. Cambridge University Press.
  • De Oliveira, M. D. (2002). Citizen Participation and Social Capital Formation Resource Mobilization for Social Development. Retrieved September 10, 2021, from http://digital-library.unesco.org/shs/most/gsdl/collect/most/index/assoc/HASH56cc.dir/doc.pdf
  • Dudwick, N., Kuehnast, K., Jones, V. N., & Woolcock, M. 2006). Analyzing Social Capital in Context. The World Bank, Vol. 59, pp. 457–474.
  • Forouharfar, A. (2018). Social Entrepreneurship Strategies by the Middle Eastern Governments: A Review. In: Faghih, N., Zali, M. (Eds) Entrepreneurship Ecosystem in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Contributions to Management Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75913-5_7
  • Fukuyama, F. (1995). Trust: The Social Virtues and The Creation of Prosperity, Free Press.
  • Granovetter, M. (1973). The Strength of Weak Ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78 (6), pp.1360-1380.
  • Growiec, K., & Growiec, J. (2014). Trusting Only Whom You Know, Knowing Only Whom You Trust: The Joint Impact of Social Capital and Trust on Happiness in CEE Countries. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15(5), pp. 1015–1040.
  • Grootaert, C., Narayan, D., Jones, V. N., & Woolcock, M. (2004). Measuring Social Capital: An Integrated Questionnaire. World Bank Working Paper, (18), pp. 1-53.
  • Hanifan, J. L. (1916). The Rural School Community Center. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 67: pp. 130–138.
  • Irwin, K. (2009). Prosocial Behavior Across Cultures: The Effects of Institutional Versus Generalized Trust. Advances in Group Processes, 26, pp.165–198.
  • Kaasa, A. (2019). Determinants of Individual-Level Social Capital: Culture and Personal Values. Journal of International Studies, 12(1), 9-32. doi:10.14254/2071- 8330.2019/12-1/1
  • Kamrava, M. (2012). Structural Impediments to Economic Globalization in the Middle East. Middle East Policy, Xi (4), 96 -112.
  • Krishna, A., & Uphoff, N. (2002). Mapping and Measuring Social Capital Through Assessment of Collective Action to Conserve and Develop Watershed in Rajasthan, India. In Grootaert, C., Van Bastelaer, T (Eds), The Role of Social Capital in Development: An Empirical Assessment, pp. 85–124. Cambridge University Press.
  • Krishna, A. & Shrader, E. (1999). Conference Paper for Conference on Social Capital and Poverty Reduction. The World Bank, 1–21.
  • Li, S., Park, S. H., & Selover, D. D. (2017). The Cultural Dividend: Hidden Source of Economic Growth in Emerging Countries. Cross Cultural and Strategic Management, 24(4), 590–616. https://doi.org/10.1108/CCSM-08-2016-0149
  • Maxwell, H., Taylor, T. (2010). A Culture of Trust: Engaging Muslim Women in Community Sport Organizations. European Sport Management Quarterly, 10(4), 465–483. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2010.502745 Montgomery, J.D. (2000). Social Capital as a Policy Resource. Policy Sciences, 33, pp. 227-243.
  • Narayan, D. (1999). Bonds and Bridges: Social Capital and Poverty (English). Policy, Research Working Paper; No. WPS 2167. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group.
  • Newton, K. (2005). Support for democracy: social capital, civil society, and political performance. (Discussion Papers / Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, Forschungsschwerpunkt Zivilgesellschaft, Konflikte und Demokratie, Forschungsgruppe Zivilgesellschaft, Citizenship und Politische Mobilisierung in Europa, 2005-402). Berlin: Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung gGmbH. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-117120
  • Nicholson, M., & Hoye, R. (2008). Sport and Social Capital, Routledge.
  • Owen, R., & Pamuk, S. (1998). A History of Middle East Economies in the Twentieth Century. London: I.B. Tauris and Co Ltd
  • Oyen, E. (2002). Social Capital Formation as a Poverty Reducing Strategy? UNESCO and Crop. Paper presented at UNESCO/MOST and CROP/ISSC on "Social Capital Formation in Poverty Reduction: Which Role for Civil Society Organizations and the State?" at the UN Summit + 5.
  • Peterson, M., & Barreto, T. S. (2015). Editor’s Introduction: Culture Across Social Sciences. In Peterson, M (Ed.), Cross-cultural Research, pp. 1-4, Vol. 4. London: Sage.
  • Portes, A. (1998). Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, (24), pp. 1-24.
  • Putnam, R. D., Leonardi, R., & Nonetti, R.Y (1993). Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy, Princeton University Press.
  • Sabatini, F. (2009). Social Capital as Social Networks: A New Framework for Measurement and An Empirical Analysis of its Determinants and Consequences. The Journal of Socioeconomics, 38 (3), pp. 429-442.
  • Sabatini, F. (2008). Social Capital and the Quality of Economic Development. Kyklos, 61(3), pp. 466–499.
  • Saleh, D., & Vergil, H. (2022). Religiosity, Personal Values, and Social Capital in Middle East and North African (MENA) Countries. Beykent Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15(2), 7-30. https://doi.org/10.18221/bujss.1190456
  • Samadi, A.H. (2018). Institutions and Entrepreneurship in MENA Countries. In: Faghih N., Zali M. (eds) Entrepreneurship Ecosystem in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Contributions to Management Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75913-5_3
  • Sedeh, A.A., Abootorabi, H., & Zhang, J. (2021). National Social Capital Perceived Entrepreneurial Ability and Entrepreneurial Intentions. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, 27(2), pp. 334–355.
  • Seleim, A., & Bontis, N. (2009). The Relationship Between Culture and Corruption: A Cross-National Study. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 10(1), pp. 165–184.
  • Tabellini, G. (2010). Culture and Institutions: Economic Development in the Regions of Europe. Journal of the European Economic Association, 8(4), 677–716. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-4774.2010.tb00537.x
  • Tausch, A. (2016). The Civic Culture of The Arab World: A Comparative Analysis Based on World Values Survey Data. Middle East Review of International Affairs, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp.35-59.
  • Todaro, M.P., and Smith, S.T. (2014). Economic Development, (12th Edition). Pearson.
  • Ostrom, E. (2000). Social Capital: A Fad or a Fundamental Concept. In P. Dasgupta & I. Serageldin (Eds.), Social Capital: A Multifaceted Perspective (pp. 172–214). The World Bank.
  • Uphoff, N. (2000). Understanding Social Capital: Learning from the Analysis and Experience of Participation. In P. Dasgupta and I. Serageldin (eds.), Social Capital: A Multifaceted Perspective. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • Van Oorschot, W., Arts, W., & Gelissen, J. (2006). Social Capital in Europe: Measurement and Social and Regional Distribution of a Multifaceted Phenomenon. Acta Sociologica, Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 149-167.
  • Viazzo, P.P. (2003). What’s so Special About the Mediterranean? Thirty Years of Research on Household and Family in Italy. Continuity and Change, Vol. 18 No. 1, pp. 111-137.
  • Westlund, H., and Adam, F. (2010). Social Capital and Economic Performance: A Meta-analysis of 65 Studies. European Planning Studies, 18: 6, pp. 893-919.
  • Whiteley, P. F. (2000). Economic Growth and Social Capital. Political Studies, Vol. 48, pp. 443-466.
  • Woolcock, M. (2001). The Place of Social Capital in Understanding Social and Economic Outcomes. Canadian Journal of Policy Research, 2(1), pp. 1-35.
  • Woolcock, M., & Narayan, D. (2000). Social Capital: Implications for Development Theory, Research, and Policy. Vol. 15(2), World Bank Research Observer, pp. 225–249. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/961231468336675195/Social-capital-implications-for-development-theory-research-and-policy
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Davranışsal İktisat, Ortadoğu Çalışmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Deena Saleh 0000-0003-4628-4064

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Nisan 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 16 Aralık 2023
Kabul Tarihi 17 Nisan 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Saleh, D. (2024). Social Capital in Arab Countries: A Theoretical Perspective. Sosyal Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 24(1), 15-28. https://doi.org/10.30976/susead.1405689