Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Yıl 2026, Sayı: 67 , 33 - 59 , 25.04.2026
https://doi.org/10.21563/sutad.1626849
https://izlik.org/JA66XP25EW

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Abû’l-Farac, G. (1999). Abû’l-Farac tarihi (Ö. R. Doğrul, Çev.). (C. I). Ankara: TTK Yayınları.
  • Bede. (1999). The ecclesiastical history of the English people; The greater chronicle; Bede’s letter to Egbert (B. Colgrave, Çev.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Cameron, A., & Herrin, J. (Ed.). (1984). Constantinople in the early eighth century: The Parastaseis Syntomoi Chronikai. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
  • Featherstone, J. M., & Signes-Codoñer, J. (Ed.). (2015). Chronographiae quae Theophanis Continuati nomine fertur libri I-IV. Berlin: De Gruyter.
  • Genesios. (2017). On the reigns of the emperors (A. Kaldellis, Çev.). Leiden: Brill.
  • Halife b. Hayyât. (2019). et-Târîh ilk kronolojik İslam tarihi (Ö. Sabuncu & M. Sabuncu, Çev.). Ankara: Ankara Okulu Yayınları.
  • Hamartolos, G. (1859). Chronicon (E. de Muralto, Ed.). Petropoli: Tipis Academiae Caesareae scientiarum. Erişim adresi: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.50219311&seq=1.
  • Hamartolos, G. (1978). Chronicon (C. de Boor & P. Wirth, Ed.). Stuttgart: Teubner.
  • History of Lewond: The Eminent Vardapet of the Armenians. (1982). (Z. Arzoumanian, Çev.). Pennsylvania: St. Sahag and St. Mesrob Armenian Church.
  • İbn Kesîr. (2017). El-Bidâye ve’n-nihâye (büyük İslâm tarihi) (M. Keskin, Çev.). (C. IX). İstanbul: Çağrı Yayınları.
  • İbnü’l-Esîr. (1986). İslâm tarihi el-kâmil fi’t-tarih tercümesi (Y. Apaydın, Çev.). (C. V). İstanbul: Bahar Yayınları.
  • İbn Kuteybe. (2017). el-İmâme ve’s-siyâse (hilafet ve siyaset) (C. Saylık, Çev.). Ankara: Ankara Okulu Yayınları.
  • Mes’ûdî. (2018). Kitâbü’t-tenbih ve’l-işraf (coğrafya ve tarih) (R. Şeşen, Çev.). İstanbul: Bilgi Yayınevi.
  • Nikephoros Patriarch of Constantinople. (1990). Short history (C. Mango, Çev.). Washington: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Colletion.
  • Paul the Deacon. (2003). History of the Lombards (W. D. Foulke, Çev.). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Skylitzes, J. (2010). A synopsis of Byzantine history, 811-1057 (J. Wortley, Çev.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • The book of pontiffs (Liber Pontificalis): The ancient biographies of first ninety Roman bishops to ad 715. (2010). (R. Davis, Çev.). Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
  • The chronicle of Constantine Manasses. (2018). (L. Yuretich, Çev.). Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
  • The chronicle of the Logothete. (2019). (S. Wahlgren, Çev.). Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
  • The chronicle of Michael the Great, patriarch of the Syrians. (2013). (R. Bedrosian, Çev.). New Jersey: Long Branch.
  • The chronicle of Zuqnin: Parts III and IV A.D. 488-775. (1999). (A. Harrak, Çev.). Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies.
  • The history of al-Tabari: The empire in transition. (1989). (D. S. Powers, Çev.). (C. XXIV). Albany: State University of New York Press.
  • The seventh century in the West-Syrian chronicles. (1993). (A. Palmer, S. Brock, & R. Hoyland, Çev.). Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
  • Theophanes. (1997). The chronicle of Theophanes Confessor: Byzantine and near eastern history, ad 284-813 (C. Mango & R. Scott, Çev.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Theophilus of Edessa’s chronicle and the circulation of historical knowledge in late antiquity and early Islam. (2011). (R. G. Hoyland, Çev.). Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
  • Araştırma ve İnceleme Eserler
  • Ahmetbeyoğlu, A. (1991). Tervel Han (702-718). M. Kütükoğlu (Ed.), Prof. Dr. Bekir Kütükoğlu’na Armağan içinde (s. 563-568). İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Basımevi.
  • Ahmetbeyoğlu, A. (1994). Madara kaya kabartması ve kitâbeleri. Tarih Dergisi, (35), 35-54. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/iutarih/issue/9607/119971.
  • Bazin, L. (2011). Eski Türk dünyasında kronoloji yöntemleri (V. Köken, Çev.). Ankara: TDK Yayınları.
  • Brooks, E. W. (1899). The campaign of 716-718, from Arabic sources. The Journal of Hellenic Studies, 19, 19-31. doi: 10.2307/623841.
  • Browning, R. (1975). Byzantium and Bulgaria: A comparative study across the early medieval frontier. London: Temple Smith.
  • Bury, J. B. (1889). A history of the later Roman empire from Arcadius to Irene (395 A.D. to 800 A.D.) (C. II). London: Macmillan and Co.
  • Bury, J. B. (1910). The Bulgarian treaty of a.d. 814, and the great fence of Thrace. The English Historical Review, 25(98), 276-287. doi:10.1093/ehr/XXV.XCVIII.276.
  • Bury, J. B. (1912). A history of the eastern Roman empire (A.D. 802-867). London: Macmillan and Co.
  • Cankova-Petkova, G. (1963). Bulgarians and Byzantium during the first decades after the foundation of the Bulgarian state. Byzantinoslavica, XXIV, 41-53.
  • Charanis, P. (1970). Kouver, The chronology of his activities and their ethnic effects on the regions around Thessalonica. Balkan Studies, 11(2), 229-247.
  • Crawford, P. (2021). Justinian II: The Roman emperor who lost his nose and his throne and regained both. Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Books Limited.
  • Curta, F. (2006a). Qagan, khan, or king? Power in early medieval Bulgaria (seventh to ninth century). Viator, 37, 1-31. doi: 10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.3017476.
  • Curta, F. (2006b). Southeastern Europe in the middle ages, 500-1250. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Fehér, G. (1984). Bulgar Türkleri tarihi (Heyet, Çev.). Ankara: TTK Yayınları.
  • Fiedler, U. (2008). Bulgars in the lower Danube region, a survey of the archaeological Evidence and of the state of current research. F. Curta & R. Kovalev (Ed.), The other Europe in the middle ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars, and Cumans içinde (s. 151-236). Leiden: Brill.
  • Fine, J. V. A. (1991). The early medieval Balkans. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
  • Grierson, P. (1962). The tombs and obits of the Byzantine emperors (337-1042). Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 16, 3- 63. doi: 10.2307/1291157.
  • Grìgoriou-Ioannidou, M. (1998). Monoxyla, Slavs, Bulgars, and the coup organised by Artemios-Anastasios II (719). Balkan Studies, 39(2), 181-195. Erişim adresi: https://ojs.lib.uom.gr/index.php/BalkanStudies/article/view/3180.
  • Güneş, C. (2021). Bizans imparatorluğu kurumları ve unvanları (IX. ve XI. yüzyıllar). İstanbul: Selenge Yayınları.
  • Head, C. (1969). On the date of Justinian II’s restoration. Byzantion, 39, 104-107. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/44169943.
  • Head, C. (1972). Justinian II of Byzantium. Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Kaegi, W. E. (1981). Byzantine military unrest 471-843: An interpretation. Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert.
  • Kafesoğlu, İ. (1985). Bulgarların kökeni. Ankara: Türk Kültürünü Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınları.
  • Karatay, O. (2001). Kuber Han’ın göçü ve Türk isimli Sırp kralları. Bilig, 18, 27-45.
  • Kardaras, G. (2018). Byzantium and the Avars, 6th-9th century ad: Political, diplomatic and cultural relations. Leiden: Brill.
  • Küskü, O. (2022). Bulgar-Bizans ilişkilerine Ankhialos savaşlarının etkisi. Ortaçağ Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 29-41. doi: 10.48120/oad.1021277.
  • Madgearu, A. (2013). Byzantine military organization on the Danube, 10th-12th centuries. Leiden: Brill.
  • Minaeva, O. (1996). From paganism to Christianity: Formation of medieval Bulgarian art. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
  • Nesbitt, J. & Oikonomides, N. (Ed.). (1991). Catalogue of Byzantine seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art: Italy, North of the Balkans, North of the Black Sea. Washington: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.
  • Obolensky, D. (1971). The Byzantine commonwealth eastern Europe, 500-1453. New York: Praeger Publishers.
  • Oikonomides, N. (1986). A collection of dated Byzantine lead seals. Washington: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.
  • Oikonomides, N. (1988). Tribute or trade? The Byzantine-Bulgarian treaty of 716. Studies on the Slavo-Byzantine and West-European middle ages: Vol. I içinde (s. 29-31). Sofia: Ivan Dujčev Centre for Slavo-Byzantine Studies.
  • Oikonomides, N. (1991). Kommerkiarios. The oxford dictionary of Byzantium, (A. P. Kazhdan, Ed.). (C. 1-2-3, s. 1141). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Ostrogorsky, G. (2019). Bizans devleti tarihi (10. bs; F. Işıltan, Çev.). Ankara: TTK Yayınları.
  • Petkov, K. (2008). The voices of medieval Bulgaria, seventh-fifteenth century: the records of a bygone culture. Leiden: Brill.
  • Pohl, W. (2018). The Avars: A steppe empire in central Europe, 567-822. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Primov, B. (1978). Bulgaria in the eighth century. A general outline. Byzantino Bulgarica, V, 7-40.
  • Runciman, S. (1930). A history of the first Bulgarian empire. London: G. Bell & Sons Ltd.
  • Shepard, J. (2016). Byzantine relations with the outside world in the ninth century: An introduction. L. Brubaker (Ed.), Byzantium in the ninth century: Dead or alive? içinde (s. 167-180). New York: Routledge.
  • Sophoulis, P. (2012). Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775-831. Leiden: Brill.
  • Stepanov, T. (2001). The Bulgar title KANAΣYBIΓI: Reconstructing the notions of divine kingship in Bulgaria, ad 822-836. Early Medieval Europe, 10(1), 1-19. doi: 10.1111/1468-0254.00077.
  • Stratos, A. N. (1980). Byzantium in the seventh century: Justinian II, Leontius and Tiberius 685-711 (C. V). Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert.
  • Treadgold, W. (1984). The Bulgars’ treaty with the Byzantines in 816. Rivista Di Studi Bizantini E Slavi, 4, 213-220.
  • Treadgold, W. (1988). The Byzantine revival 780-842. California: Stanford University Press.
  • Treadgold, W. (1997). A history of the Byzantine state and society. California: Stanford University Press.
  • Vachkova, V. (2008). Danube Bulgaria and Khazaria as part of the Byzantine oikoumene. F. Curta & R. Kovalev (Ed.), The other Europe in the middle ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars, and Cumans içinde (s. 339-362). Leiden: Brill.
  • Vasiliev, A. (1943). An edict of the emperor Justinian II, September, 688. Speculum, 18(1), 1-13. doi: 10.2307/2853636.
  • Zacos, G., & Veglery, A. (1972). Byzantine lead seals. Basel: J. J. Augustin.
  • Ziemann, D. (2021). Goodness and cruelty: The image of the ruler of the first Bulgarian empire in the period of christianisation (ninth century). P. M. Forness, A. Hasse-Ungeheuer, & H. Leppin (Ed.), The good Christian ruler in the first millennium: Views from the wider Mediterranean world in conversation içinde (s. 327-360). Boston: De Gruyter.
  • Elektronik Kaynaklar
  • Suda On Line: Byzantine Lexicography. (t.y.). Βούλγαροι (Bulgars). https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-cgi- bin/search.cgi?login=guest&enlogin=guest&db=REAL&field=adlerhw_gr&searchstr=beta,423. Erişim tarihi: 20.09.2024.

Yıl 2026, Sayı: 67 , 33 - 59 , 25.04.2026
https://doi.org/10.21563/sutad.1626849
https://izlik.org/JA66XP25EW

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Abû’l-Farac, G. (1999). Abû’l-Farac tarihi (Ö. R. Doğrul, Çev.). (C. I). Ankara: TTK Yayınları.
  • Bede. (1999). The ecclesiastical history of the English people; The greater chronicle; Bede’s letter to Egbert (B. Colgrave, Çev.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Cameron, A., & Herrin, J. (Ed.). (1984). Constantinople in the early eighth century: The Parastaseis Syntomoi Chronikai. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
  • Featherstone, J. M., & Signes-Codoñer, J. (Ed.). (2015). Chronographiae quae Theophanis Continuati nomine fertur libri I-IV. Berlin: De Gruyter.
  • Genesios. (2017). On the reigns of the emperors (A. Kaldellis, Çev.). Leiden: Brill.
  • Halife b. Hayyât. (2019). et-Târîh ilk kronolojik İslam tarihi (Ö. Sabuncu & M. Sabuncu, Çev.). Ankara: Ankara Okulu Yayınları.
  • Hamartolos, G. (1859). Chronicon (E. de Muralto, Ed.). Petropoli: Tipis Academiae Caesareae scientiarum. Erişim adresi: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.50219311&seq=1.
  • Hamartolos, G. (1978). Chronicon (C. de Boor & P. Wirth, Ed.). Stuttgart: Teubner.
  • History of Lewond: The Eminent Vardapet of the Armenians. (1982). (Z. Arzoumanian, Çev.). Pennsylvania: St. Sahag and St. Mesrob Armenian Church.
  • İbn Kesîr. (2017). El-Bidâye ve’n-nihâye (büyük İslâm tarihi) (M. Keskin, Çev.). (C. IX). İstanbul: Çağrı Yayınları.
  • İbnü’l-Esîr. (1986). İslâm tarihi el-kâmil fi’t-tarih tercümesi (Y. Apaydın, Çev.). (C. V). İstanbul: Bahar Yayınları.
  • İbn Kuteybe. (2017). el-İmâme ve’s-siyâse (hilafet ve siyaset) (C. Saylık, Çev.). Ankara: Ankara Okulu Yayınları.
  • Mes’ûdî. (2018). Kitâbü’t-tenbih ve’l-işraf (coğrafya ve tarih) (R. Şeşen, Çev.). İstanbul: Bilgi Yayınevi.
  • Nikephoros Patriarch of Constantinople. (1990). Short history (C. Mango, Çev.). Washington: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Colletion.
  • Paul the Deacon. (2003). History of the Lombards (W. D. Foulke, Çev.). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Skylitzes, J. (2010). A synopsis of Byzantine history, 811-1057 (J. Wortley, Çev.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • The book of pontiffs (Liber Pontificalis): The ancient biographies of first ninety Roman bishops to ad 715. (2010). (R. Davis, Çev.). Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
  • The chronicle of Constantine Manasses. (2018). (L. Yuretich, Çev.). Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
  • The chronicle of the Logothete. (2019). (S. Wahlgren, Çev.). Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
  • The chronicle of Michael the Great, patriarch of the Syrians. (2013). (R. Bedrosian, Çev.). New Jersey: Long Branch.
  • The chronicle of Zuqnin: Parts III and IV A.D. 488-775. (1999). (A. Harrak, Çev.). Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies.
  • The history of al-Tabari: The empire in transition. (1989). (D. S. Powers, Çev.). (C. XXIV). Albany: State University of New York Press.
  • The seventh century in the West-Syrian chronicles. (1993). (A. Palmer, S. Brock, & R. Hoyland, Çev.). Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
  • Theophanes. (1997). The chronicle of Theophanes Confessor: Byzantine and near eastern history, ad 284-813 (C. Mango & R. Scott, Çev.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Theophilus of Edessa’s chronicle and the circulation of historical knowledge in late antiquity and early Islam. (2011). (R. G. Hoyland, Çev.). Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
  • Araştırma ve İnceleme Eserler
  • Ahmetbeyoğlu, A. (1991). Tervel Han (702-718). M. Kütükoğlu (Ed.), Prof. Dr. Bekir Kütükoğlu’na Armağan içinde (s. 563-568). İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Basımevi.
  • Ahmetbeyoğlu, A. (1994). Madara kaya kabartması ve kitâbeleri. Tarih Dergisi, (35), 35-54. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/iutarih/issue/9607/119971.
  • Bazin, L. (2011). Eski Türk dünyasında kronoloji yöntemleri (V. Köken, Çev.). Ankara: TDK Yayınları.
  • Brooks, E. W. (1899). The campaign of 716-718, from Arabic sources. The Journal of Hellenic Studies, 19, 19-31. doi: 10.2307/623841.
  • Browning, R. (1975). Byzantium and Bulgaria: A comparative study across the early medieval frontier. London: Temple Smith.
  • Bury, J. B. (1889). A history of the later Roman empire from Arcadius to Irene (395 A.D. to 800 A.D.) (C. II). London: Macmillan and Co.
  • Bury, J. B. (1910). The Bulgarian treaty of a.d. 814, and the great fence of Thrace. The English Historical Review, 25(98), 276-287. doi:10.1093/ehr/XXV.XCVIII.276.
  • Bury, J. B. (1912). A history of the eastern Roman empire (A.D. 802-867). London: Macmillan and Co.
  • Cankova-Petkova, G. (1963). Bulgarians and Byzantium during the first decades after the foundation of the Bulgarian state. Byzantinoslavica, XXIV, 41-53.
  • Charanis, P. (1970). Kouver, The chronology of his activities and their ethnic effects on the regions around Thessalonica. Balkan Studies, 11(2), 229-247.
  • Crawford, P. (2021). Justinian II: The Roman emperor who lost his nose and his throne and regained both. Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Books Limited.
  • Curta, F. (2006a). Qagan, khan, or king? Power in early medieval Bulgaria (seventh to ninth century). Viator, 37, 1-31. doi: 10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.3017476.
  • Curta, F. (2006b). Southeastern Europe in the middle ages, 500-1250. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Fehér, G. (1984). Bulgar Türkleri tarihi (Heyet, Çev.). Ankara: TTK Yayınları.
  • Fiedler, U. (2008). Bulgars in the lower Danube region, a survey of the archaeological Evidence and of the state of current research. F. Curta & R. Kovalev (Ed.), The other Europe in the middle ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars, and Cumans içinde (s. 151-236). Leiden: Brill.
  • Fine, J. V. A. (1991). The early medieval Balkans. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
  • Grierson, P. (1962). The tombs and obits of the Byzantine emperors (337-1042). Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 16, 3- 63. doi: 10.2307/1291157.
  • Grìgoriou-Ioannidou, M. (1998). Monoxyla, Slavs, Bulgars, and the coup organised by Artemios-Anastasios II (719). Balkan Studies, 39(2), 181-195. Erişim adresi: https://ojs.lib.uom.gr/index.php/BalkanStudies/article/view/3180.
  • Güneş, C. (2021). Bizans imparatorluğu kurumları ve unvanları (IX. ve XI. yüzyıllar). İstanbul: Selenge Yayınları.
  • Head, C. (1969). On the date of Justinian II’s restoration. Byzantion, 39, 104-107. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/44169943.
  • Head, C. (1972). Justinian II of Byzantium. Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Kaegi, W. E. (1981). Byzantine military unrest 471-843: An interpretation. Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert.
  • Kafesoğlu, İ. (1985). Bulgarların kökeni. Ankara: Türk Kültürünü Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınları.
  • Karatay, O. (2001). Kuber Han’ın göçü ve Türk isimli Sırp kralları. Bilig, 18, 27-45.
  • Kardaras, G. (2018). Byzantium and the Avars, 6th-9th century ad: Political, diplomatic and cultural relations. Leiden: Brill.
  • Küskü, O. (2022). Bulgar-Bizans ilişkilerine Ankhialos savaşlarının etkisi. Ortaçağ Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 29-41. doi: 10.48120/oad.1021277.
  • Madgearu, A. (2013). Byzantine military organization on the Danube, 10th-12th centuries. Leiden: Brill.
  • Minaeva, O. (1996). From paganism to Christianity: Formation of medieval Bulgarian art. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
  • Nesbitt, J. & Oikonomides, N. (Ed.). (1991). Catalogue of Byzantine seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art: Italy, North of the Balkans, North of the Black Sea. Washington: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.
  • Obolensky, D. (1971). The Byzantine commonwealth eastern Europe, 500-1453. New York: Praeger Publishers.
  • Oikonomides, N. (1986). A collection of dated Byzantine lead seals. Washington: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.
  • Oikonomides, N. (1988). Tribute or trade? The Byzantine-Bulgarian treaty of 716. Studies on the Slavo-Byzantine and West-European middle ages: Vol. I içinde (s. 29-31). Sofia: Ivan Dujčev Centre for Slavo-Byzantine Studies.
  • Oikonomides, N. (1991). Kommerkiarios. The oxford dictionary of Byzantium, (A. P. Kazhdan, Ed.). (C. 1-2-3, s. 1141). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Ostrogorsky, G. (2019). Bizans devleti tarihi (10. bs; F. Işıltan, Çev.). Ankara: TTK Yayınları.
  • Petkov, K. (2008). The voices of medieval Bulgaria, seventh-fifteenth century: the records of a bygone culture. Leiden: Brill.
  • Pohl, W. (2018). The Avars: A steppe empire in central Europe, 567-822. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Primov, B. (1978). Bulgaria in the eighth century. A general outline. Byzantino Bulgarica, V, 7-40.
  • Runciman, S. (1930). A history of the first Bulgarian empire. London: G. Bell & Sons Ltd.
  • Shepard, J. (2016). Byzantine relations with the outside world in the ninth century: An introduction. L. Brubaker (Ed.), Byzantium in the ninth century: Dead or alive? içinde (s. 167-180). New York: Routledge.
  • Sophoulis, P. (2012). Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775-831. Leiden: Brill.
  • Stepanov, T. (2001). The Bulgar title KANAΣYBIΓI: Reconstructing the notions of divine kingship in Bulgaria, ad 822-836. Early Medieval Europe, 10(1), 1-19. doi: 10.1111/1468-0254.00077.
  • Stratos, A. N. (1980). Byzantium in the seventh century: Justinian II, Leontius and Tiberius 685-711 (C. V). Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert.
  • Treadgold, W. (1984). The Bulgars’ treaty with the Byzantines in 816. Rivista Di Studi Bizantini E Slavi, 4, 213-220.
  • Treadgold, W. (1988). The Byzantine revival 780-842. California: Stanford University Press.
  • Treadgold, W. (1997). A history of the Byzantine state and society. California: Stanford University Press.
  • Vachkova, V. (2008). Danube Bulgaria and Khazaria as part of the Byzantine oikoumene. F. Curta & R. Kovalev (Ed.), The other Europe in the middle ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars, and Cumans içinde (s. 339-362). Leiden: Brill.
  • Vasiliev, A. (1943). An edict of the emperor Justinian II, September, 688. Speculum, 18(1), 1-13. doi: 10.2307/2853636.
  • Zacos, G., & Veglery, A. (1972). Byzantine lead seals. Basel: J. J. Augustin.
  • Ziemann, D. (2021). Goodness and cruelty: The image of the ruler of the first Bulgarian empire in the period of christianisation (ninth century). P. M. Forness, A. Hasse-Ungeheuer, & H. Leppin (Ed.), The good Christian ruler in the first millennium: Views from the wider Mediterranean world in conversation içinde (s. 327-360). Boston: De Gruyter.
  • Elektronik Kaynaklar
  • Suda On Line: Byzantine Lexicography. (t.y.). Βούλγαροι (Bulgars). https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-cgi- bin/search.cgi?login=guest&enlogin=guest&db=REAL&field=adlerhw_gr&searchstr=beta,423. Erişim tarihi: 20.09.2024.

Assistance of the Danubian Bulgarian State to the Byzantine Empire

Yıl 2026, Sayı: 67 , 33 - 59 , 25.04.2026
https://doi.org/10.21563/sutad.1626849
https://izlik.org/JA66XP25EW

Öz

Although the Danubian Bulgarian State posed a serious threat to its neighbor, the
Byzantine Empire, from the time of its emergence in the Balkans, it provided
military and political assistance that benefited the Empire during certain events.
After the Danubian Bulgarian khans succeeded in establishing their political
presence against Byzantium during the foundational phase, their primary
objective was to protect and increase the state's political and commercial gains.
Therefore, they closely monitored internal Byzantine developments, seeking
opportunities to intervene once the necessary conditions were met. These
interventions were not typical conflicts between two adversarial states but were
instead based on a relationship of interest, functioning as either voluntary or
forced alliances. This study aims to examine these events in detail in light of
primary sources under three separate headings: throne struggles, external enemies, and internal rebellions. The first of these is the restoration of Justinian II
to the throne in 705 during the reign of Khan Tervel. The second is the
intervention of the Danubian Bulgarians via the Thrace region during the Arab
siege of Constantinople in 717–718. The last is the support provided by Khan
Omurtag in suppressing the internal rebellion led by Thomas the Slav, which
blockaded the capital and lasted from 821 to 823.

Kaynakça

  • Abû’l-Farac, G. (1999). Abû’l-Farac tarihi (Ö. R. Doğrul, Çev.). (C. I). Ankara: TTK Yayınları.
  • Bede. (1999). The ecclesiastical history of the English people; The greater chronicle; Bede’s letter to Egbert (B. Colgrave, Çev.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Cameron, A., & Herrin, J. (Ed.). (1984). Constantinople in the early eighth century: The Parastaseis Syntomoi Chronikai. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
  • Featherstone, J. M., & Signes-Codoñer, J. (Ed.). (2015). Chronographiae quae Theophanis Continuati nomine fertur libri I-IV. Berlin: De Gruyter.
  • Genesios. (2017). On the reigns of the emperors (A. Kaldellis, Çev.). Leiden: Brill.
  • Halife b. Hayyât. (2019). et-Târîh ilk kronolojik İslam tarihi (Ö. Sabuncu & M. Sabuncu, Çev.). Ankara: Ankara Okulu Yayınları.
  • Hamartolos, G. (1859). Chronicon (E. de Muralto, Ed.). Petropoli: Tipis Academiae Caesareae scientiarum. Erişim adresi: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.50219311&seq=1.
  • Hamartolos, G. (1978). Chronicon (C. de Boor & P. Wirth, Ed.). Stuttgart: Teubner.
  • History of Lewond: The Eminent Vardapet of the Armenians. (1982). (Z. Arzoumanian, Çev.). Pennsylvania: St. Sahag and St. Mesrob Armenian Church.
  • İbn Kesîr. (2017). El-Bidâye ve’n-nihâye (büyük İslâm tarihi) (M. Keskin, Çev.). (C. IX). İstanbul: Çağrı Yayınları.
  • İbnü’l-Esîr. (1986). İslâm tarihi el-kâmil fi’t-tarih tercümesi (Y. Apaydın, Çev.). (C. V). İstanbul: Bahar Yayınları.
  • İbn Kuteybe. (2017). el-İmâme ve’s-siyâse (hilafet ve siyaset) (C. Saylık, Çev.). Ankara: Ankara Okulu Yayınları.
  • Mes’ûdî. (2018). Kitâbü’t-tenbih ve’l-işraf (coğrafya ve tarih) (R. Şeşen, Çev.). İstanbul: Bilgi Yayınevi.
  • Nikephoros Patriarch of Constantinople. (1990). Short history (C. Mango, Çev.). Washington: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Colletion.
  • Paul the Deacon. (2003). History of the Lombards (W. D. Foulke, Çev.). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Skylitzes, J. (2010). A synopsis of Byzantine history, 811-1057 (J. Wortley, Çev.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • The book of pontiffs (Liber Pontificalis): The ancient biographies of first ninety Roman bishops to ad 715. (2010). (R. Davis, Çev.). Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
  • The chronicle of Constantine Manasses. (2018). (L. Yuretich, Çev.). Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
  • The chronicle of the Logothete. (2019). (S. Wahlgren, Çev.). Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
  • The chronicle of Michael the Great, patriarch of the Syrians. (2013). (R. Bedrosian, Çev.). New Jersey: Long Branch.
  • The chronicle of Zuqnin: Parts III and IV A.D. 488-775. (1999). (A. Harrak, Çev.). Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies.
  • The history of al-Tabari: The empire in transition. (1989). (D. S. Powers, Çev.). (C. XXIV). Albany: State University of New York Press.
  • The seventh century in the West-Syrian chronicles. (1993). (A. Palmer, S. Brock, & R. Hoyland, Çev.). Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
  • Theophanes. (1997). The chronicle of Theophanes Confessor: Byzantine and near eastern history, ad 284-813 (C. Mango & R. Scott, Çev.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Theophilus of Edessa’s chronicle and the circulation of historical knowledge in late antiquity and early Islam. (2011). (R. G. Hoyland, Çev.). Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
  • Araştırma ve İnceleme Eserler
  • Ahmetbeyoğlu, A. (1991). Tervel Han (702-718). M. Kütükoğlu (Ed.), Prof. Dr. Bekir Kütükoğlu’na Armağan içinde (s. 563-568). İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Basımevi.
  • Ahmetbeyoğlu, A. (1994). Madara kaya kabartması ve kitâbeleri. Tarih Dergisi, (35), 35-54. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/iutarih/issue/9607/119971.
  • Bazin, L. (2011). Eski Türk dünyasında kronoloji yöntemleri (V. Köken, Çev.). Ankara: TDK Yayınları.
  • Brooks, E. W. (1899). The campaign of 716-718, from Arabic sources. The Journal of Hellenic Studies, 19, 19-31. doi: 10.2307/623841.
  • Browning, R. (1975). Byzantium and Bulgaria: A comparative study across the early medieval frontier. London: Temple Smith.
  • Bury, J. B. (1889). A history of the later Roman empire from Arcadius to Irene (395 A.D. to 800 A.D.) (C. II). London: Macmillan and Co.
  • Bury, J. B. (1910). The Bulgarian treaty of a.d. 814, and the great fence of Thrace. The English Historical Review, 25(98), 276-287. doi:10.1093/ehr/XXV.XCVIII.276.
  • Bury, J. B. (1912). A history of the eastern Roman empire (A.D. 802-867). London: Macmillan and Co.
  • Cankova-Petkova, G. (1963). Bulgarians and Byzantium during the first decades after the foundation of the Bulgarian state. Byzantinoslavica, XXIV, 41-53.
  • Charanis, P. (1970). Kouver, The chronology of his activities and their ethnic effects on the regions around Thessalonica. Balkan Studies, 11(2), 229-247.
  • Crawford, P. (2021). Justinian II: The Roman emperor who lost his nose and his throne and regained both. Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Books Limited.
  • Curta, F. (2006a). Qagan, khan, or king? Power in early medieval Bulgaria (seventh to ninth century). Viator, 37, 1-31. doi: 10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.3017476.
  • Curta, F. (2006b). Southeastern Europe in the middle ages, 500-1250. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Fehér, G. (1984). Bulgar Türkleri tarihi (Heyet, Çev.). Ankara: TTK Yayınları.
  • Fiedler, U. (2008). Bulgars in the lower Danube region, a survey of the archaeological Evidence and of the state of current research. F. Curta & R. Kovalev (Ed.), The other Europe in the middle ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars, and Cumans içinde (s. 151-236). Leiden: Brill.
  • Fine, J. V. A. (1991). The early medieval Balkans. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
  • Grierson, P. (1962). The tombs and obits of the Byzantine emperors (337-1042). Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 16, 3- 63. doi: 10.2307/1291157.
  • Grìgoriou-Ioannidou, M. (1998). Monoxyla, Slavs, Bulgars, and the coup organised by Artemios-Anastasios II (719). Balkan Studies, 39(2), 181-195. Erişim adresi: https://ojs.lib.uom.gr/index.php/BalkanStudies/article/view/3180.
  • Güneş, C. (2021). Bizans imparatorluğu kurumları ve unvanları (IX. ve XI. yüzyıllar). İstanbul: Selenge Yayınları.
  • Head, C. (1969). On the date of Justinian II’s restoration. Byzantion, 39, 104-107. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/44169943.
  • Head, C. (1972). Justinian II of Byzantium. Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Kaegi, W. E. (1981). Byzantine military unrest 471-843: An interpretation. Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert.
  • Kafesoğlu, İ. (1985). Bulgarların kökeni. Ankara: Türk Kültürünü Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınları.
  • Karatay, O. (2001). Kuber Han’ın göçü ve Türk isimli Sırp kralları. Bilig, 18, 27-45.
  • Kardaras, G. (2018). Byzantium and the Avars, 6th-9th century ad: Political, diplomatic and cultural relations. Leiden: Brill.
  • Küskü, O. (2022). Bulgar-Bizans ilişkilerine Ankhialos savaşlarının etkisi. Ortaçağ Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 29-41. doi: 10.48120/oad.1021277.
  • Madgearu, A. (2013). Byzantine military organization on the Danube, 10th-12th centuries. Leiden: Brill.
  • Minaeva, O. (1996). From paganism to Christianity: Formation of medieval Bulgarian art. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
  • Nesbitt, J. & Oikonomides, N. (Ed.). (1991). Catalogue of Byzantine seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art: Italy, North of the Balkans, North of the Black Sea. Washington: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.
  • Obolensky, D. (1971). The Byzantine commonwealth eastern Europe, 500-1453. New York: Praeger Publishers.
  • Oikonomides, N. (1986). A collection of dated Byzantine lead seals. Washington: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.
  • Oikonomides, N. (1988). Tribute or trade? The Byzantine-Bulgarian treaty of 716. Studies on the Slavo-Byzantine and West-European middle ages: Vol. I içinde (s. 29-31). Sofia: Ivan Dujčev Centre for Slavo-Byzantine Studies.
  • Oikonomides, N. (1991). Kommerkiarios. The oxford dictionary of Byzantium, (A. P. Kazhdan, Ed.). (C. 1-2-3, s. 1141). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Ostrogorsky, G. (2019). Bizans devleti tarihi (10. bs; F. Işıltan, Çev.). Ankara: TTK Yayınları.
  • Petkov, K. (2008). The voices of medieval Bulgaria, seventh-fifteenth century: the records of a bygone culture. Leiden: Brill.
  • Pohl, W. (2018). The Avars: A steppe empire in central Europe, 567-822. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Primov, B. (1978). Bulgaria in the eighth century. A general outline. Byzantino Bulgarica, V, 7-40.
  • Runciman, S. (1930). A history of the first Bulgarian empire. London: G. Bell & Sons Ltd.
  • Shepard, J. (2016). Byzantine relations with the outside world in the ninth century: An introduction. L. Brubaker (Ed.), Byzantium in the ninth century: Dead or alive? içinde (s. 167-180). New York: Routledge.
  • Sophoulis, P. (2012). Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775-831. Leiden: Brill.
  • Stepanov, T. (2001). The Bulgar title KANAΣYBIΓI: Reconstructing the notions of divine kingship in Bulgaria, ad 822-836. Early Medieval Europe, 10(1), 1-19. doi: 10.1111/1468-0254.00077.
  • Stratos, A. N. (1980). Byzantium in the seventh century: Justinian II, Leontius and Tiberius 685-711 (C. V). Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert.
  • Treadgold, W. (1984). The Bulgars’ treaty with the Byzantines in 816. Rivista Di Studi Bizantini E Slavi, 4, 213-220.
  • Treadgold, W. (1988). The Byzantine revival 780-842. California: Stanford University Press.
  • Treadgold, W. (1997). A history of the Byzantine state and society. California: Stanford University Press.
  • Vachkova, V. (2008). Danube Bulgaria and Khazaria as part of the Byzantine oikoumene. F. Curta & R. Kovalev (Ed.), The other Europe in the middle ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars, and Cumans içinde (s. 339-362). Leiden: Brill.
  • Vasiliev, A. (1943). An edict of the emperor Justinian II, September, 688. Speculum, 18(1), 1-13. doi: 10.2307/2853636.
  • Zacos, G., & Veglery, A. (1972). Byzantine lead seals. Basel: J. J. Augustin.
  • Ziemann, D. (2021). Goodness and cruelty: The image of the ruler of the first Bulgarian empire in the period of christianisation (ninth century). P. M. Forness, A. Hasse-Ungeheuer, & H. Leppin (Ed.), The good Christian ruler in the first millennium: Views from the wider Mediterranean world in conversation içinde (s. 327-360). Boston: De Gruyter.
  • Elektronik Kaynaklar
  • Suda On Line: Byzantine Lexicography. (t.y.). Βούλγαροι (Bulgars). https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-cgi- bin/search.cgi?login=guest&enlogin=guest&db=REAL&field=adlerhw_gr&searchstr=beta,423. Erişim tarihi: 20.09.2024.

Tuna Bulgar Devleti’nin Bizans İmparatorluğu’na Yardımları

Yıl 2026, Sayı: 67 , 33 - 59 , 25.04.2026
https://doi.org/10.21563/sutad.1626849
https://izlik.org/JA66XP25EW

Öz

Tuna Bulgar Devleti, Balkan coğrafyasında ortaya çıktığı tarihten itibaren sınır
komşusu Bizans İmparatorluğu için ciddi bir tehdit oluşturmasına rağmen bazı
olaylarda imparatorluğun faydasına dokunan birtakım yardımlarda bulunmuştur.
Tuna Bulgar hanlarının kuruluş aşamasında Bizans’a karşı siyasi
mevcudiyetlerini kabul ettirmeyi başarmalarından sonraki yegâne amaçları,
devletin siyasi ve ticari kazançlarını korumak ve arttırmaktı. Bundan dolayı
Bizans dâhilinde cereyan eden olayları yakından takip ederek fırsat kollamışlar ve
gerekli şartlar oluştuktan sonra da müdahale etmişlerdir. Söz konusu
yardımlar/müdahaleler iki düşman devlet arasında gerçekleşebilecek çatışmalar
gibi olmayıp daha çok gönüllü veya zoraki bir müttefiklik hâlinde, çıkara dayalı bir
ilişki üzerine kurulmuştur. Bu çalışmada taht çekişmesi, dış düşman ve iç isyan
şeklinde üç ayrı başlık altında ele alınarak ana kaynaklar ışığında detaylıca
incelenmesi hedeflenmiştir. Bunlardan ilki, Tervel Han döneminde 705 yılında II.
Iustinianos’un ikinci kez tahta çıkışının sağlanmasıdır. İkincisi, Müslüman
Arapların 717-718 tarihli Konstantinopolis kuşatmasına Tuna Bulgarların
Trakya bölgesi üzerinden müdahalesidir. Sonuncusu ise Omurtag Han’ın
imparatorluk içerisinde Slav Thomas’ın liderliğini üstlendiği, başkenti abluka
altına almaya kadar giden ve 821-823 yılları arasında süren iç isyanın
bastırılmasındaki yardımıdır.

Kaynakça

  • Abû’l-Farac, G. (1999). Abû’l-Farac tarihi (Ö. R. Doğrul, Çev.). (C. I). Ankara: TTK Yayınları.
  • Bede. (1999). The ecclesiastical history of the English people; The greater chronicle; Bede’s letter to Egbert (B. Colgrave, Çev.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Cameron, A., & Herrin, J. (Ed.). (1984). Constantinople in the early eighth century: The Parastaseis Syntomoi Chronikai. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
  • Featherstone, J. M., & Signes-Codoñer, J. (Ed.). (2015). Chronographiae quae Theophanis Continuati nomine fertur libri I-IV. Berlin: De Gruyter.
  • Genesios. (2017). On the reigns of the emperors (A. Kaldellis, Çev.). Leiden: Brill.
  • Halife b. Hayyât. (2019). et-Târîh ilk kronolojik İslam tarihi (Ö. Sabuncu & M. Sabuncu, Çev.). Ankara: Ankara Okulu Yayınları.
  • Hamartolos, G. (1859). Chronicon (E. de Muralto, Ed.). Petropoli: Tipis Academiae Caesareae scientiarum. Erişim adresi: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.50219311&seq=1.
  • Hamartolos, G. (1978). Chronicon (C. de Boor & P. Wirth, Ed.). Stuttgart: Teubner.
  • History of Lewond: The Eminent Vardapet of the Armenians. (1982). (Z. Arzoumanian, Çev.). Pennsylvania: St. Sahag and St. Mesrob Armenian Church.
  • İbn Kesîr. (2017). El-Bidâye ve’n-nihâye (büyük İslâm tarihi) (M. Keskin, Çev.). (C. IX). İstanbul: Çağrı Yayınları.
  • İbnü’l-Esîr. (1986). İslâm tarihi el-kâmil fi’t-tarih tercümesi (Y. Apaydın, Çev.). (C. V). İstanbul: Bahar Yayınları.
  • İbn Kuteybe. (2017). el-İmâme ve’s-siyâse (hilafet ve siyaset) (C. Saylık, Çev.). Ankara: Ankara Okulu Yayınları.
  • Mes’ûdî. (2018). Kitâbü’t-tenbih ve’l-işraf (coğrafya ve tarih) (R. Şeşen, Çev.). İstanbul: Bilgi Yayınevi.
  • Nikephoros Patriarch of Constantinople. (1990). Short history (C. Mango, Çev.). Washington: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Colletion.
  • Paul the Deacon. (2003). History of the Lombards (W. D. Foulke, Çev.). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Skylitzes, J. (2010). A synopsis of Byzantine history, 811-1057 (J. Wortley, Çev.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • The book of pontiffs (Liber Pontificalis): The ancient biographies of first ninety Roman bishops to ad 715. (2010). (R. Davis, Çev.). Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
  • The chronicle of Constantine Manasses. (2018). (L. Yuretich, Çev.). Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
  • The chronicle of the Logothete. (2019). (S. Wahlgren, Çev.). Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
  • The chronicle of Michael the Great, patriarch of the Syrians. (2013). (R. Bedrosian, Çev.). New Jersey: Long Branch.
  • The chronicle of Zuqnin: Parts III and IV A.D. 488-775. (1999). (A. Harrak, Çev.). Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies.
  • The history of al-Tabari: The empire in transition. (1989). (D. S. Powers, Çev.). (C. XXIV). Albany: State University of New York Press.
  • The seventh century in the West-Syrian chronicles. (1993). (A. Palmer, S. Brock, & R. Hoyland, Çev.). Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
  • Theophanes. (1997). The chronicle of Theophanes Confessor: Byzantine and near eastern history, ad 284-813 (C. Mango & R. Scott, Çev.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Theophilus of Edessa’s chronicle and the circulation of historical knowledge in late antiquity and early Islam. (2011). (R. G. Hoyland, Çev.). Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
  • Araştırma ve İnceleme Eserler
  • Ahmetbeyoğlu, A. (1991). Tervel Han (702-718). M. Kütükoğlu (Ed.), Prof. Dr. Bekir Kütükoğlu’na Armağan içinde (s. 563-568). İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Basımevi.
  • Ahmetbeyoğlu, A. (1994). Madara kaya kabartması ve kitâbeleri. Tarih Dergisi, (35), 35-54. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/iutarih/issue/9607/119971.
  • Bazin, L. (2011). Eski Türk dünyasında kronoloji yöntemleri (V. Köken, Çev.). Ankara: TDK Yayınları.
  • Brooks, E. W. (1899). The campaign of 716-718, from Arabic sources. The Journal of Hellenic Studies, 19, 19-31. doi: 10.2307/623841.
  • Browning, R. (1975). Byzantium and Bulgaria: A comparative study across the early medieval frontier. London: Temple Smith.
  • Bury, J. B. (1889). A history of the later Roman empire from Arcadius to Irene (395 A.D. to 800 A.D.) (C. II). London: Macmillan and Co.
  • Bury, J. B. (1910). The Bulgarian treaty of a.d. 814, and the great fence of Thrace. The English Historical Review, 25(98), 276-287. doi:10.1093/ehr/XXV.XCVIII.276.
  • Bury, J. B. (1912). A history of the eastern Roman empire (A.D. 802-867). London: Macmillan and Co.
  • Cankova-Petkova, G. (1963). Bulgarians and Byzantium during the first decades after the foundation of the Bulgarian state. Byzantinoslavica, XXIV, 41-53.
  • Charanis, P. (1970). Kouver, The chronology of his activities and their ethnic effects on the regions around Thessalonica. Balkan Studies, 11(2), 229-247.
  • Crawford, P. (2021). Justinian II: The Roman emperor who lost his nose and his throne and regained both. Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Books Limited.
  • Curta, F. (2006a). Qagan, khan, or king? Power in early medieval Bulgaria (seventh to ninth century). Viator, 37, 1-31. doi: 10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.3017476.
  • Curta, F. (2006b). Southeastern Europe in the middle ages, 500-1250. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Fehér, G. (1984). Bulgar Türkleri tarihi (Heyet, Çev.). Ankara: TTK Yayınları.
  • Fiedler, U. (2008). Bulgars in the lower Danube region, a survey of the archaeological Evidence and of the state of current research. F. Curta & R. Kovalev (Ed.), The other Europe in the middle ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars, and Cumans içinde (s. 151-236). Leiden: Brill.
  • Fine, J. V. A. (1991). The early medieval Balkans. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
  • Grierson, P. (1962). The tombs and obits of the Byzantine emperors (337-1042). Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 16, 3- 63. doi: 10.2307/1291157.
  • Grìgoriou-Ioannidou, M. (1998). Monoxyla, Slavs, Bulgars, and the coup organised by Artemios-Anastasios II (719). Balkan Studies, 39(2), 181-195. Erişim adresi: https://ojs.lib.uom.gr/index.php/BalkanStudies/article/view/3180.
  • Güneş, C. (2021). Bizans imparatorluğu kurumları ve unvanları (IX. ve XI. yüzyıllar). İstanbul: Selenge Yayınları.
  • Head, C. (1969). On the date of Justinian II’s restoration. Byzantion, 39, 104-107. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/44169943.
  • Head, C. (1972). Justinian II of Byzantium. Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Kaegi, W. E. (1981). Byzantine military unrest 471-843: An interpretation. Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert.
  • Kafesoğlu, İ. (1985). Bulgarların kökeni. Ankara: Türk Kültürünü Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınları.
  • Karatay, O. (2001). Kuber Han’ın göçü ve Türk isimli Sırp kralları. Bilig, 18, 27-45.
  • Kardaras, G. (2018). Byzantium and the Avars, 6th-9th century ad: Political, diplomatic and cultural relations. Leiden: Brill.
  • Küskü, O. (2022). Bulgar-Bizans ilişkilerine Ankhialos savaşlarının etkisi. Ortaçağ Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 29-41. doi: 10.48120/oad.1021277.
  • Madgearu, A. (2013). Byzantine military organization on the Danube, 10th-12th centuries. Leiden: Brill.
  • Minaeva, O. (1996). From paganism to Christianity: Formation of medieval Bulgarian art. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
  • Nesbitt, J. & Oikonomides, N. (Ed.). (1991). Catalogue of Byzantine seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art: Italy, North of the Balkans, North of the Black Sea. Washington: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.
  • Obolensky, D. (1971). The Byzantine commonwealth eastern Europe, 500-1453. New York: Praeger Publishers.
  • Oikonomides, N. (1986). A collection of dated Byzantine lead seals. Washington: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.
  • Oikonomides, N. (1988). Tribute or trade? The Byzantine-Bulgarian treaty of 716. Studies on the Slavo-Byzantine and West-European middle ages: Vol. I içinde (s. 29-31). Sofia: Ivan Dujčev Centre for Slavo-Byzantine Studies.
  • Oikonomides, N. (1991). Kommerkiarios. The oxford dictionary of Byzantium, (A. P. Kazhdan, Ed.). (C. 1-2-3, s. 1141). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Ostrogorsky, G. (2019). Bizans devleti tarihi (10. bs; F. Işıltan, Çev.). Ankara: TTK Yayınları.
  • Petkov, K. (2008). The voices of medieval Bulgaria, seventh-fifteenth century: the records of a bygone culture. Leiden: Brill.
  • Pohl, W. (2018). The Avars: A steppe empire in central Europe, 567-822. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Primov, B. (1978). Bulgaria in the eighth century. A general outline. Byzantino Bulgarica, V, 7-40.
  • Runciman, S. (1930). A history of the first Bulgarian empire. London: G. Bell & Sons Ltd.
  • Shepard, J. (2016). Byzantine relations with the outside world in the ninth century: An introduction. L. Brubaker (Ed.), Byzantium in the ninth century: Dead or alive? içinde (s. 167-180). New York: Routledge.
  • Sophoulis, P. (2012). Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775-831. Leiden: Brill.
  • Stepanov, T. (2001). The Bulgar title KANAΣYBIΓI: Reconstructing the notions of divine kingship in Bulgaria, ad 822-836. Early Medieval Europe, 10(1), 1-19. doi: 10.1111/1468-0254.00077.
  • Stratos, A. N. (1980). Byzantium in the seventh century: Justinian II, Leontius and Tiberius 685-711 (C. V). Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert.
  • Treadgold, W. (1984). The Bulgars’ treaty with the Byzantines in 816. Rivista Di Studi Bizantini E Slavi, 4, 213-220.
  • Treadgold, W. (1988). The Byzantine revival 780-842. California: Stanford University Press.
  • Treadgold, W. (1997). A history of the Byzantine state and society. California: Stanford University Press.
  • Vachkova, V. (2008). Danube Bulgaria and Khazaria as part of the Byzantine oikoumene. F. Curta & R. Kovalev (Ed.), The other Europe in the middle ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars, and Cumans içinde (s. 339-362). Leiden: Brill.
  • Vasiliev, A. (1943). An edict of the emperor Justinian II, September, 688. Speculum, 18(1), 1-13. doi: 10.2307/2853636.
  • Zacos, G., & Veglery, A. (1972). Byzantine lead seals. Basel: J. J. Augustin.
  • Ziemann, D. (2021). Goodness and cruelty: The image of the ruler of the first Bulgarian empire in the period of christianisation (ninth century). P. M. Forness, A. Hasse-Ungeheuer, & H. Leppin (Ed.), The good Christian ruler in the first millennium: Views from the wider Mediterranean world in conversation içinde (s. 327-360). Boston: De Gruyter.
  • Elektronik Kaynaklar
  • Suda On Line: Byzantine Lexicography. (t.y.). Βούλγαροι (Bulgars). https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-cgi- bin/search.cgi?login=guest&enlogin=guest&db=REAL&field=adlerhw_gr&searchstr=beta,423. Erişim tarihi: 20.09.2024.
Toplam 77 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Genel Türk Tarihi (Diğer), Bizans Tarihi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Orhun Küskü 0000-0002-0200-4430

Gönderilme Tarihi 25 Ocak 2025
Kabul Tarihi 17 Kasım 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Nisan 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.21563/sutad.1626849
IZ https://izlik.org/JA66XP25EW
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Sayı: 67

Kaynak Göster

APA Küskü, O. (2026). Tuna Bulgar Devleti’nin Bizans İmparatorluğu’na Yardımları. Selçuk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 67, 33-59. https://doi.org/10.21563/sutad.1626849

Selçuk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.