Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

BABÜRLÜ DEVLETİ’NDE İKTİDARA YÖN VEREN ŞEHİRLER: BAŞKENTLER

Yıl 2021, , 137 - 153, 30.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.21563/sutad.984628

Öz

Hindistan’da 1526’da kurulan Babürlü Devleti’nde zaman zaman siyasi, iktisadi ve sosyal nedenlerden dolayı başkent değişikliğine gidilmiştir. Bu bağlamda Agra, Delhi, Fetihpur Sikri ve Lahor şehirleri farklı zamanlarda başkentlik görevini üstlenmişlerdir. Ancak; başkent değişikliği ya da taşınması durumunda, daha önce başkent olan şehrin yıldızı hiçbir zaman sönmemiş, canlılığı devam etmiştir. Çünkü Agra ve Delhi ticari anlamda cazibe merkezleri olmanın yanı sıra kadim tarih üzerine inşa edilmişlerdir. Fetihpur Sikri, dinî ve ruhanî şahsiyetlere ev sahipliği yapmıştır. Lahor ise jeostratejik konumu ile askerî açıdan önem arz etmenin yanı sıra kara ticaretini Hindistan’ın diğer bölgelerine bağlayan önemli bir kavşak olma görevini üstlenmiştir. Babürlü Devleti’nde başkent olan şehirleri konu alan bu çalışmanın zaman sınırlılığını 1526 ila 1707 yılları arasındaki kesit oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada yararlanılan kaynaklar ise Vekayi (Baburname), Ekbername ve Tüzik-i Cihangiri (Cihangirname) gibi Babürlü padişahlarının ya da yakınlarının kaleme aldığı kaynaklar ile Hindistan’a giden Bernier ve Tavernier gibi seyyah ve tüccarların izlenimlerinin yer aldığı hatırat ve raporlardır. Ayrıca Hindistan ve Babürlü şehir tarihi araştırmalarını konu alan güncel literatürden de faydalanılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Abu'l-Fazl. (1907). The Akbar Nama (C. II). (H. Beveridge, Çev.) Calcutta: The Asiatic Society.
  • Aka, İ. (2012). Timur. İslâm ansiklopedisi (C. 41, s. 173-177). İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yay.
  • Ali, L. H. (2005). The culture of the Mughal capital cities: 1556 to 1658 (PhD Thesis). University of Sydney Department of Indian Studies, Sydney. https://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/4016. Erişim Tarihi: 12. 12. 2020.
  • Aliağaoğlu, A., & Uğur, A. (2016). Osmanlı Şehri. SDÜ Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 38, 203-226.
  • Bernier, F. (1916). Travels in the Mogul Empire A.D. 1656-1668. (A. Constable, Çev.) London: Humphrey Milford Oxford University Press.
  • Blake, S. P. (1991). Shahjahanabad: the sovereign city in Mughal India 1639-1739. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bostan, İ. (1988). Agra. İslâm ansiklopedisi (C. 1, s. 450-451). İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yay.
  • Chaudhuri, K. N. (1978). Some reflections on the town and country in Mughal India. Modern Asian Studies, 12(1), 77-96. https://www.jstor.org/stable/311823 . Erişim Tarihi: 24.08.2020.
  • Demir, H. (2017). Hümayun’un sürgün hayatı. Sosyal ve Kültürel Araştırmalar Dergisi, III(6), 35-62.
  • Exams Daily. (2018). Golden period of the Mughals In India study materials. https://examsdaily.in/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Golden-Period-of-the-Mughals-Pdf.pdf . Erişim Tarihi: 11.03.2021.
  • Fanshawe, H. C. (1902). Delhi past and present. London: John Murray.
  • Gokhale, B. G. (1979). Surat in the seventeenth century: a study in urban history of pre-modern India. Bombay: Popular Prakashan.
  • Grewal, R. (2013). Urban patterns in the Punjab region since protohistoric times. Journal of Punjab Studies, 20(1/2), 273-299.
  • Iftikhar, R. (2018). Urban formation and culture transformation in Mughal India. South Asian Studies: A Research Journal of South Asian Studies, 33(1), 67-83.
  • İbn Haldun. (2004). Mukaddime (C. 2). (S. Uludağ, Çev.). İstanbul: Dergâh Yay.
  • Jahangir. (1999). The Jahangirnama Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India. (W. M. Thackston & W. Thackston, Çev.) New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Kayalı, Y. (2018). Mughal Emperor Akbar and His Capital: The Fatehpur Sīkrī. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11(60), 373-382. http://dx.doi.org/10.17719/jisr.2018.2791. Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2020.
  • Kortel, H. (2009). Sûbedar. İslâm ansiklopedisi (C. 37, s. 448-449). İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yay.
  • Kortel, S. H. (2013). Zemindar. İslâm ansiklopedisi (C. 44, s. 238-239). İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yay.
  • Latif, S. M. (1892). Lahore: its history, architectural remains and antiquities, with an account of its modern institutions, inhabitants, their trade, customs. Lahore: New Imperial Press.
  • Naqvi, H. K. (1964). A study of urban centres and industries in the central provinces of the Uurhal Empire between 1556 and 1803 (Ph.D. Thesis). University of London School of Oriental and African Studies, London. https://search.proquest.com/docview/2184770912?accountid=17396. Erişim Tarihi:21.10.2020.
  • Nizami, K. A. (1994). Delhi. İslâm ansiklopedisi (C. 9, s. 126-128). İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yay.
  • Nizami, K. A. (1998). Hindistan (Din). İslâm ansiklopedisi (C. 18, s. 85-92). İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yay.
  • Özcan, A. (1998). Hindistan (Tarih). İslâm ansiklopedisi (C. 18, s. 75-81). İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yay.
  • Parida, S. (2017). The Zamindari system in Odisha: perspectives on origin, growth & abolition. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 7(8), 733-745.
  • Rızvî, S. A. (1995). Fetihpûr Sikri. İslâm ansiklopedisi (C. 12, s. 473). ). İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yay.
  • Rizvi, S. A. (2002). Fatehpur Sikri. New Delhi: Archeological Survey of India.
  • Rizvi, S. A. (2003). Lahor. İslâm ansiklopedisi (C. 27, s. 57-58). ). İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yay.
  • Sharma, S. (2015). Urbanization and social change in pre Mughal Punjab (Ph.D. Thesis). Kurukshtra University Department of History, Kurukshtra. http://hdl.handle.net/10603/125487. Erişim Tarihi: 29.07.2020.
  • Siddiqi, Z. (2006). City of Agra under the Mughals from 1526-1707 (Ph.D. Thesis). Aligarh Muslim University Department of History Centre of Advance Study, Aligarh. http://ir.amu.ac.in/1387/1/T%206542.pdf . Erişim Tarihi: 13.12.2020.
  • Singh, A. (2018). Spatial Characteristics of Mughal Cities. Urbanisation in Medieval India (C. 2, s. 5-18). içinde IGNOU. http://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/44472/1/Unit-22.pdf . Erişim Tarihi: 07.10.2020.
  • Sinopoli, C. M. (1994). Monumentality and Mobility in Mughal Capitals. Asian Perspectives, 33(2), 293-308. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42928323. Erişim Tarihi: 30.09.2020.
  • Sir Thomas Best. (1934). The Voyage of Thomas Best to the East Indies (1612-1614). (S. W. Foster, Dü.) London: Hakluyt Society.
  • Tanpınar, A. H. (2011). Beş Şehir. İstanbul: Dergâh Yay.
  • Tavernier, J. B. (1925). Travels in India (C. I). (C. L. V. Ball, Çev.) London: Oxford University Press.
  • TDK. (2011). https://sozluk.gov.tr/ . Erişim Tarihi: 24.12.2020.
  • Thelen, E. M. (2018). Intersected communities: urban histories of Rajasthan, c. 1500 – 1800 (Ph.D. Thesis). Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley. https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/etd/ucb/text/Thelen_berkeley_0028E_18061.pdf . Erişim Tarihi: 27.08.2020.
  • Tumbe, C. (2016). Urbanisation, demographic transition, and the growth of cities in India, 1870-2020. London: The International Growth Centre (IGC) Working Paper Reference Number: C-35205-INC-1. https://www.theigc.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Tumbe-2016-Working-paper.pdf . Erişim Tarihi: 24.08.2020.
  • Weber, M. (2015). Şehir, Modern Kentin Doğuşu. (M. Ceylan, Çev.) İstanbul: Yarın Yay.
  • Wheeler, J. T. (1886). India under British rule from the foundation of the east India company. London: Macmillan And Co.
  • Zahîrüddin Muhammed Babur. (1987). Vekayi (C. II). (R. R. Arat, Çev.) Ankara: TTK Yay. Abu'l-Fazl. (1907).

THE CITIES LEADING THE POWER IN THE BABURID STATE: THE CAPITALS

Yıl 2021, , 137 - 153, 30.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.21563/sutad.984628

Öz

In the Baburid State, which was established in 1526 in India, the capital city was changed from time to time due to political, economic and social reasons. In this context, the cities of Agra, Delhi, Fatehpur Sikri and Lahore have assumed capital positions at different times. However, in the event of a change or relocation of the capital, the star of the city, which was previously the capital, never faded and its vitality continued since Agra and Delhi, as well as being commercial attractions, were built on ancient history. Fetihpur Sikri hosted religious and spiritual personalities. Lahore, on the other hand, had the task of being an important intersection connecting land trade with other regions of India, as well as being of military importance with its geostrategic location. The time limitation of this study, which deals with the capital cities in Baburid State, is the cross-section between 1526 and 1707. The sources used in the study are the sources written by the Baburid rulers or their relatives such as Vekayi (Baburnama), Akbarnama and Tuzuk i Jahangiri (Jahangirnama), and the memoirs and reports containing the impressions of travelers and merchants such as Bernier and Tavernier who went to India. In addition, the current literature on Indian and Baburid city history studies was also benefited.

Kaynakça

  • Abu'l-Fazl. (1907). The Akbar Nama (C. II). (H. Beveridge, Çev.) Calcutta: The Asiatic Society.
  • Aka, İ. (2012). Timur. İslâm ansiklopedisi (C. 41, s. 173-177). İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yay.
  • Ali, L. H. (2005). The culture of the Mughal capital cities: 1556 to 1658 (PhD Thesis). University of Sydney Department of Indian Studies, Sydney. https://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/4016. Erişim Tarihi: 12. 12. 2020.
  • Aliağaoğlu, A., & Uğur, A. (2016). Osmanlı Şehri. SDÜ Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 38, 203-226.
  • Bernier, F. (1916). Travels in the Mogul Empire A.D. 1656-1668. (A. Constable, Çev.) London: Humphrey Milford Oxford University Press.
  • Blake, S. P. (1991). Shahjahanabad: the sovereign city in Mughal India 1639-1739. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bostan, İ. (1988). Agra. İslâm ansiklopedisi (C. 1, s. 450-451). İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yay.
  • Chaudhuri, K. N. (1978). Some reflections on the town and country in Mughal India. Modern Asian Studies, 12(1), 77-96. https://www.jstor.org/stable/311823 . Erişim Tarihi: 24.08.2020.
  • Demir, H. (2017). Hümayun’un sürgün hayatı. Sosyal ve Kültürel Araştırmalar Dergisi, III(6), 35-62.
  • Exams Daily. (2018). Golden period of the Mughals In India study materials. https://examsdaily.in/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Golden-Period-of-the-Mughals-Pdf.pdf . Erişim Tarihi: 11.03.2021.
  • Fanshawe, H. C. (1902). Delhi past and present. London: John Murray.
  • Gokhale, B. G. (1979). Surat in the seventeenth century: a study in urban history of pre-modern India. Bombay: Popular Prakashan.
  • Grewal, R. (2013). Urban patterns in the Punjab region since protohistoric times. Journal of Punjab Studies, 20(1/2), 273-299.
  • Iftikhar, R. (2018). Urban formation and culture transformation in Mughal India. South Asian Studies: A Research Journal of South Asian Studies, 33(1), 67-83.
  • İbn Haldun. (2004). Mukaddime (C. 2). (S. Uludağ, Çev.). İstanbul: Dergâh Yay.
  • Jahangir. (1999). The Jahangirnama Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India. (W. M. Thackston & W. Thackston, Çev.) New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Kayalı, Y. (2018). Mughal Emperor Akbar and His Capital: The Fatehpur Sīkrī. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11(60), 373-382. http://dx.doi.org/10.17719/jisr.2018.2791. Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2020.
  • Kortel, H. (2009). Sûbedar. İslâm ansiklopedisi (C. 37, s. 448-449). İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yay.
  • Kortel, S. H. (2013). Zemindar. İslâm ansiklopedisi (C. 44, s. 238-239). İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yay.
  • Latif, S. M. (1892). Lahore: its history, architectural remains and antiquities, with an account of its modern institutions, inhabitants, their trade, customs. Lahore: New Imperial Press.
  • Naqvi, H. K. (1964). A study of urban centres and industries in the central provinces of the Uurhal Empire between 1556 and 1803 (Ph.D. Thesis). University of London School of Oriental and African Studies, London. https://search.proquest.com/docview/2184770912?accountid=17396. Erişim Tarihi:21.10.2020.
  • Nizami, K. A. (1994). Delhi. İslâm ansiklopedisi (C. 9, s. 126-128). İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yay.
  • Nizami, K. A. (1998). Hindistan (Din). İslâm ansiklopedisi (C. 18, s. 85-92). İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yay.
  • Özcan, A. (1998). Hindistan (Tarih). İslâm ansiklopedisi (C. 18, s. 75-81). İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yay.
  • Parida, S. (2017). The Zamindari system in Odisha: perspectives on origin, growth & abolition. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 7(8), 733-745.
  • Rızvî, S. A. (1995). Fetihpûr Sikri. İslâm ansiklopedisi (C. 12, s. 473). ). İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yay.
  • Rizvi, S. A. (2002). Fatehpur Sikri. New Delhi: Archeological Survey of India.
  • Rizvi, S. A. (2003). Lahor. İslâm ansiklopedisi (C. 27, s. 57-58). ). İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yay.
  • Sharma, S. (2015). Urbanization and social change in pre Mughal Punjab (Ph.D. Thesis). Kurukshtra University Department of History, Kurukshtra. http://hdl.handle.net/10603/125487. Erişim Tarihi: 29.07.2020.
  • Siddiqi, Z. (2006). City of Agra under the Mughals from 1526-1707 (Ph.D. Thesis). Aligarh Muslim University Department of History Centre of Advance Study, Aligarh. http://ir.amu.ac.in/1387/1/T%206542.pdf . Erişim Tarihi: 13.12.2020.
  • Singh, A. (2018). Spatial Characteristics of Mughal Cities. Urbanisation in Medieval India (C. 2, s. 5-18). içinde IGNOU. http://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/44472/1/Unit-22.pdf . Erişim Tarihi: 07.10.2020.
  • Sinopoli, C. M. (1994). Monumentality and Mobility in Mughal Capitals. Asian Perspectives, 33(2), 293-308. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42928323. Erişim Tarihi: 30.09.2020.
  • Sir Thomas Best. (1934). The Voyage of Thomas Best to the East Indies (1612-1614). (S. W. Foster, Dü.) London: Hakluyt Society.
  • Tanpınar, A. H. (2011). Beş Şehir. İstanbul: Dergâh Yay.
  • Tavernier, J. B. (1925). Travels in India (C. I). (C. L. V. Ball, Çev.) London: Oxford University Press.
  • TDK. (2011). https://sozluk.gov.tr/ . Erişim Tarihi: 24.12.2020.
  • Thelen, E. M. (2018). Intersected communities: urban histories of Rajasthan, c. 1500 – 1800 (Ph.D. Thesis). Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley. https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/etd/ucb/text/Thelen_berkeley_0028E_18061.pdf . Erişim Tarihi: 27.08.2020.
  • Tumbe, C. (2016). Urbanisation, demographic transition, and the growth of cities in India, 1870-2020. London: The International Growth Centre (IGC) Working Paper Reference Number: C-35205-INC-1. https://www.theigc.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Tumbe-2016-Working-paper.pdf . Erişim Tarihi: 24.08.2020.
  • Weber, M. (2015). Şehir, Modern Kentin Doğuşu. (M. Ceylan, Çev.) İstanbul: Yarın Yay.
  • Wheeler, J. T. (1886). India under British rule from the foundation of the east India company. London: Macmillan And Co.
  • Zahîrüddin Muhammed Babur. (1987). Vekayi (C. II). (R. R. Arat, Çev.) Ankara: TTK Yay. Abu'l-Fazl. (1907).
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Canan Kuş Büyüktaş Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-1621-587X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021

Kaynak Göster

APA Kuş Büyüktaş, C. (2021). BABÜRLÜ DEVLETİ’NDE İKTİDARA YÖN VEREN ŞEHİRLER: BAŞKENTLER. Selçuk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi(51), 137-153. https://doi.org/10.21563/sutad.984628

Selçuk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.