AVRUPA KOMİSYONU’NUN YAPAY ZEKÂ TÜZÜK TEKLİFİ’NE GENEL BİR BAKIŞ

Öz

21 Nisan 2021 tarihinde Avrupa Komisyonu, kısaca Yapay Zekâ Tüzük Teklifi veya Tüzük Teklifi olarak anacağımız metni (Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Laying Down Harmonised Rules on Artificial Intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) and Amending Certain Union Legislative Acts) yayınlamıştır. Bu metin yapay zekâ alanında hukuki düzenleme yapılması konusunda atılan ilk somut adım olarak değerlendirilebilir. Düzenleme yürürlüğe girdiğinde yapay zekâ alanında faaliyet gösteren şirketleri, girişimleri, müşterileri, devletleri yakından etkileyecektir. Avrupa Birliği’nde yürürlükte bulunan Genel Veri Koruma Tüzüğü’nde (General Data Protection Regulation-Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of The European Parliament and of The Council of 27 April 2016)olduğu gibi Yapay Zekâ Tüzüğü’nün de yürürlüğe girmesiyle birlikte küresel standartların belirlenmesinde öncü olması beklenmektedir. Bu makalede Yapay Zekâ Tüzük Teklifi’nin getirdiği temel hususlara ilişkin ileri sürülen eleştiriler ve değerlendirmeler ele alınmaktadır. Elbette Tüzük Teklifi’nde yer alan tüm hususların etraflıca ve tek tek incelenmesine ihtiyaç vardır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Avrupa Birliği Yapay Zekâ Tüzük Teklifi
• Yapay Zekâ Sistemleri
• Biyometrik Tanıma
• Duygu Tanıma
• Sentetik İçerik

A General Look at the Proposal for a Regulation on Artificial Intelligence of the European Commission

Öz

On the date of April 21st, 2021 The European Commission, which we will refer to as the Proposal for a Regulation on Artificial Intelligence or Proposal for a Regulation in short, released a text (Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Laying Down Harmonised Rules on Artificial Intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) and Amending Certain Union Legislative Acts). This text can be considered as the first concrete step in making legal regulations in the field of artificial intelligence. When this regulation comes into effect, it will closely affect companies, enterprises, customers and governments operating in the field of artificial intelligence. As in the General Data Protection Regulation (General Data Protection Regulation-Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of The European Parliament and of The Council of 27 April 2016) in force in the European Union, with the entry into force of the Regulation on Artificial Intelligence, it is expected to be a pioneer in setting global standards. In this article, the criticisms and evaluations put forward regarding the main issues brought by the Proposal for Regulation on Artificial Intelligence are tried to be discussed. By all means, there is a need for a detailed and individual examination of all the issues mentioned in the Proposal for a Regulation.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• European Union Artificial Intelligence Proposal for a Regulation
• Artificial Intelligence Systems
• Biometric Identification
• Emotion Recognition
• Deepfake

Kaynakça

1. Amnesty International,Out of Control: failing EU Laws for Digital Surveillance Report (UK 2020) erişim 29.11.2021
2. Barrett L ve diğerleri, ‘Emotional Expressions Reconsidered: Challenges to Inferring Emotion From Human Facial Movements’ (2019) 20(1) Psychological Science in the Public Interest 1-68 erişim 23.11.2021
3. Benjamin M ve diğerleri, ‘What the draft European Union AI regulations mean for business’ (10.08.2021) erişim 02.12.2021
4. Bogen M ve Rieke A, ‘Help Wanted – An Examination of Hiring Algorithms, Equity and Bias, Upturn’ (December 2018) erişim 05.12.2021
5. Bozkurt Yüksel AE, Bulut Bilişimde Kişisel Verilerin Korunması(Yetkin Yayınevi 2016)
6. — — Sokak Fotoğrafçılığı ve Kişisel Verilerin Korunması (Aristo Yayınevi 2020)
7. Buehler K ve diğerleri, ‘Getting to Know and Manage Your Biggest AI Risks’ (03.05.2021) erişim 01.12.2021
8. Christakis T ve Becuywe M, ‘Pre-Market Requirements, Prior Authorisation and Lex Specialis: Novelties and Logic in the Facial Recognition-Related Provisions of the Draft AI Regulation’(04.05.2021) erişim 04.10.2021

9. Clarke L,‘The EU’s Leaked AI Regulation is Ambitious But Disappointingly Vague’(15.04.2021) erişim 25.11.2021
10. Cobbe J ve Singh J, ‘Artificial Intelligence as a Service: Legal Responsibilities, Liabilities, and Policy Challenges’ Forthcoming in Computer Law & Security Review erişim 27.11.2021
11. European Commission, Explanatory Memorandum, Proposal For a Regulation of The European Parliament and of The Council Laying Down Harmonised Rules On Artificial Intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) And Amending Certain Union Legislative Acts, {SEC(2021) 167 final} - {SWD(2021) 84 final} - {SWD(2021) 85 final} erişim 07.09.2021 (Explanatory Memorandum)
12. European Commission, White Paper on Artificial Intelligence A European Approach to Excellence and Trust (Brussels 19.2.2020) COM(2020) 65 final erişim 07.09.2021
13. Favre J ve Polater L,‘Artificial Intelligence: A Draft Regulation Aiming to Turn Europe Into The Global Hub for Trustworthy Artifical Intelligence’ erişim 30.11.2021
14. Finlayson-Brown J ve diğerleri, ‘Key Provisions of the Draft AI Regulation’(24 Mayıs 2021) erişim 07.09.2021
15. Gifford C, ‘The problem with emotion-detection technology’ (15.06.2020) erişim 03.12.2021
16. MacCarthy M ve Propp K, ‘Machines Learn That Brussels Writes the Rules: The EU’s New AI Regulation’(04.05.2021) erişim 04.12.2021
17. Rosencrance L, ‘Sandbox (Software Testing and Security)’ erişim 03.12.2021
18. Seaver N, ‘Captivating Algorithms: Recommender Systems as Traps’ Journal of Material Culture (2018) erişim 26.11.2021
19. T.C. Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanlığı/Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı Dijital Dönüşüm Ofisi, Ulusal Yapay Zekâ Stratejisi 2021-2025 (Ağustos 2021) erişim 29.09.2021
20. Veale M ve Borgesius FZ, ‘Demystifying the Draft EU Artificial Intelligence Act’(July 2021) Computer Law Review International, Pre-print Version 1.2. erişim 30.09.2021
21. Yüksel H, İşletmelerde Endüstri 4.0 Risklerinin Yönetimi (Nobel Yayıncılık 2021)