DOĞAL HAKLAR LİBERTERYENİZMİNDE VERGİLENDİRME: BİR VERGİ SİSTEMİ İÇERİSİNDE LİBERTERYEN VERGİ NASIL OLMALI?

Öz

Liberteryenizm, bireysel özgürlüklere, öz-sahiplik ve mülkiyet haklarına dayanan, devletin müdahalesinin asgari düzeyde tutulması gerektiğini savunan kapsamlı bir siyasal düşünce geleneğidir. Bu gelenek, anarko-kapitalizm, minimal devlet liberteryenizmi (minarşizm) ve liberteryen klasik liberalizm gibi farklı yaklaşımları bünyesinde barındırmaktadır. Her bir yaklaşım, bireysel hakların önceliğini tanımakla beraber, özellikle devletin kapsamı ve meşruiyeti, vergilendirme gibi konularda önemli ölçüde farklılaşmaktadır. Bu farklı yaklaşımların ortak teorik zemini ise doğal haklar doktrinidir. Doğal haklar liberteryenizmi, bireyin bedenine ve emeğine ilişkin öz-sahiplik hakkı ile bu emeğin ürünü olan mülkiyet hakkını dokunulmaz ve öncelikli olarak kabul eder. Devletin varlığını ancak bu haklara saygı gösterildiği ve bunlar güvence altına alındığı ölçüde meşru sayar. Bu çerçevede vergilendirme konusu, liberteryen düşünce içerisinde önemli bir tartışma konusunu oluşturur. Zira vergilendirme, birçok liberteryen için bireysel mülkiyet hakkına yapılan bir müdahale anlamına gelir. Anarko-kapitalistler, bu müdahaleyi kategorik olarak reddeder ve her türlü vergilendirme biçimini mülkiyet hakkının ihlali olarak görür. Minimal devlet liberteryenleri yalnızca bireylerin haklarını dış tehditlere karşı korumak amacıyla sınırlı bir devletin varlığını ve bu devlete yönelik asgari vergilendirmeyi meşru kabul eder. Öte yandan, liberteryen klasik liberaller ise daha pragmatik bir yaklaşım benimseyerek sınırlı düzeyde yeniden dağıtımı içeren vergilendirme biçimlerini, sosyal adaleti ve toplumsal istikrarı gözeten çerçevede kabul eder. Bu çalışma, doğal haklar liberteryenizmi ekseninde vergilendirmenin hangi sınırlar dahilinde meşru kabul edilebileceğini tartışmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda öz-sahiplik ve mülkiyet haklarının dokunulmazlığı ilkesi göz önünde bulundurularak vergilendirmenin, zorlayıcı niteliğine rağmen, bireysel haklarla çelişmeden nasıl yapılandırılabileceği sorusu ele alınacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Doğal haklar
• mülkiyet hakları
• liberteryenizm
• vergilendirme
• liberteryen vergi

Taxation in Natural Rights Libertarianism: How Should Libertarian Taxation Work in a Tax System?

Öz

Libertarianism is a political philosophy grounded in individual liberty, self-ownership, and property rights, advocating for minimal state intervention. It encompasses various strands such as anarcho-capitalism, minarchism, and classical liberalism. Natural rights libertarianism constitutes the common foundation of these approaches, emphasizing property rights and self-ownership as natural rights. These approaches diverge in terms of the scope and legitimacy of the state, particularly regarding taxation. While anarcho-capitalists reject all forms of taxation as illegitimate, minarchists view taxation as justifiable solely for protective functions; classical liberals, on the other hand, accept broader taxation and limited redistribution. This study aims to explore how a libertarian tax should be structured within the framework of natural rights libertarianism. Libertarianism is a comprehensive political philosophy grounded in individual liberties, self-ownership, and property rights, asserting for minimal state intervention. This philosophy encompasses various approaches, including anarcho-capitalism, minimal state libertarianism (minarchism), and libertarian classical liberalism. While each of these approaches recognizes the primacy of individual rights, they diverge significantly on key issues such as the scope and legitimacy of the state and taxation. The common theoretical background uniting these differing perspectives is the doctrine of natural rights. Natural rights libertarianism treats the right to self-ownership and the right to property as inviolable and fundamental. Within this framework, the legitimacy of the state is contingent upon its recognition and protection of these rights. Consequently, taxation emerges as a central point of contention within libertarian thought, as it is often perceived by many libertarians as an infringement upon individual property rights. Anarcho-capitalists categorically reject such interference and view all forms of taxation as violations of property rights. Minimal state libertarians, by contrast, justify the existence of a limited state and accept minimal taxation solely for that purpose. On the other hand, libertarian classical liberals adopt a more pragmatic stance, allowing for limited taxation that involves a degree of redistribution. This study aims to explore the question of under what conditions taxation can be considered legitimate within the framework of natural rights libertarianism.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Natural rights
• property rights
• libertarianism
• taxation
• libertarian tax

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