DEVLETLERE ATFEDİLEMEYEN SİLÂHLI SALDIRILARA KARŞI MEŞRU MÜDAFAA: ULUSLARARASI HUKUKTA SINIR ÖTESİ OPERASYONUN HUKUKÎ ZEMİNİ

Yıl 2019, Sayı: 40, 245 - 303, 01.12.2019

Ceren Zeynep Pirim

Öz

BM Şartı’nın 51. maddesi devletlere karşı gerçekleştirilen silâhlı saldırılara karşı meşru müdafaa hakkının doğacağını hükme bağlamakta ancak hakkın doğmasına sebebiyet verecek saldırıların faillerinin kimler olması gerektiği sorusuna yanıt vermemektedir. 21. yüzyıla kadar yalnızca devletlere atfedilebilen silâhlı saldırılara karşı meşru müdafaa hakkını düzenlediği şeklinde yorumlanan 51. maddenin, özellikle 11 Eylül saldırılarının ardından, sınır aşan terörist faaliyetler ile mücadele edilebilmesi için yenilikçi ve dinamik bir biçimde yorumlanması önerilmiş ve bir devletin ülkesi üzerinden başka devletlere saldıran terörist gruplara karşı da meşru müdafaa hakkının bulunduğunun kabul edilmesi gerektiği yönünde görüşler geliştirilmiştir. Bu çerçevede, devlet dışı silâhlı grupların ve düzensiz birliklerin, konuşlandıkları devletin ülkesi üzerinden üçüncü bir devlete karşı gerçekleştirdikleri şiddet eylemlerinin ülke devletine atfedilebilir olmadığı durumlarda saldırıya uğrayan devletin meşru müdafaa hakkının bulunup bulunmadığı meselesi devletleri ve uluslararası hukukçuları ikiye bölmüş durumdadır. Makale, uluslararası hukuk doktrininin, içtihadın ve devlet uygulamalarının devletlere atfedilemeyen silâhlı eylemlere karşı meşru müdafaa hakkı tanıyıp tanımadığını incelemekte ve sınır ötesi operasyon olarak da adlandırılan meşru müdafaa hakkının bu özel görünümünün hukukî zeminini tartışmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Devlet Dışı Aktörler, Kuvvet Kullanma, Meşru Müdafaa, Sınır Ötesi Operasyon, Terörizm, Cross-Border Operations, Non-State Actors, Self-Defence, Terrorism, Use of Force

Kaynakça

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