Araştırma Makalesi
The Dilemma of Implementing General Data Protection Principles in the Realm of Artificial Intelligence
Öz
Artificial intelligence has become one of the most intriguing and thought-provoking topics of our time. This is because of its breadth of influence, its diverse disciplines and contexts, from law to psychology, philosophy to mathematics, and economics. Today, artificial intelligence provides benefits in many fields such as health, informatics, trade, logistics and environment, and becomes an element of competitive economy. As a data-fed roof concept that processes large data sets, artificial intelligence, together with machine learning and deep learning methods, raises some concerns about the protection of personal data. Because the widespread use of artificial intelligence brings with it innovations in terms of personal data. Examples where artificial intelligence produces biased or wrong results, on the one hand, cause various concerns, on the other hand, it shakes the fundamental rules regarding data protection, which are accepted as fixtures. In the study, the effect of artificial intelligence on general principles such as transparency, accuracy and data minimization in data protection law was examined by focusing on the GDPR, and the necessity of the transformation of general principles and possible solutions was emphasized. While doing this, the scope of artificial intelligence, machine learning and deep learning, current contradictions caused by general principles against artificial intelligence and some solution suggestions in practice are discussed.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Artificial intelligence machine learning general data protection principles GDPR EU Artificial Intelligence Act black box problem.
Etik Beyan
Bu makale Etik Kurul iznine tabi değildir/This article is not subject to Ethics Committee permission.
Kaynakça
- Arachchige PC M vd, “Local Differential Privacy for Deep Learning” (2020) 7(7) IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 5827-5842.
- Bozkurt Yüksel AE, “Avrupa Komisyonu’nun Yapay Zekâ Tüzük Teklifi’ne Genel Bir Bakış” (2022) 0(51) Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi, 19-46.
- Brody N, “What is Intelligence?” (1999) 11(1) International Review of Psychiatry, 19-25.
- Çağlayan Aksoy P ve Aksoy H C (ed), Kişisel Verilerin Korunmasına Akademik Bakış KVKK Akademi Derleme Çalışması (KVKK Yayınları No 42, Ankara).
- Çekin MS, Yapay Zekâ Teknolojilerinin Hukuki İşlem Teorisine Etkileri (1. Baskı) (İstanbul: onikilevha, 2021).
- Choi RY, Coyner AS, Kalpathy-Cramer J, Chiang MF, Campbell JP, “Introduction to Machine Learning, Neural Networks, and Deep Learning” (2020) 9(2) Trans Vis Sci Tech, 1-14.
- de Manuel A vd, “Ethical Assessments and Mitigation Strategies for Biases in AI-systems Used During the COVID-19 Pandemic” (2023) 10(1) Big Data & Society,1- 11.
- European Parliament, “The Impact of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) on Artificial Intelligence” (2020) European Parliamentary Research Service: PE 641.530.
- Fantin S, Vogiatzoglou P, “Purpose Limitation By Design As A Counter To Function Creep And System Insecurity In Police Artificial Intelligence” (2020) United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute (UNICRI).
- Fuster G G, “The Emergence of Personal Data Protection as a Fundamental Right of the EU” (Springer 2014).
- Glassner A, “Deep Learning: A Visual Approach” (No Starch Press 2021).
- Güçlütürk O G, “Yapay Zekâ ve Verinin Kullanımı” (On İki Levha Yayıncılık 2022).
- Handbook on European Data Protection Law (2018 edt.) (Luxembourg: Publications Office of the EU, 2018).
- Hatipoğlu Aydın D, “Kişisel Verilerin Korunmasına Hukukun Sınırları” (2023) 88(2) İzmir Barosu Dergisi, 141-189.
- Heilinger JC, “The Ethics of AI Ethics. A Constructive Critique” (2022) 35(61) Philos. Technol, 1-20.
- Johnson M, Jain R, Brennan-Tonetta PV, “Impact of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence on Industry: Developing a Workforce Roadmap for a Data Driven Economy” (2021) 22 Glob J Flex Syst Manag.
- Kişisel Verileri Koruma Kurumu, Kişisel Verilerin Korunması Kanununa İlişkin Uygulama Rehberi (KVKK Yayınları No 1, Ankara, Aralık 2019).
- Küzeci E, “Kişisel Verilerin Korunması” (4. baskı, On İki Levha Yayıncılık 2020).
- McCorduck P, “Machines Who Think: A Personal Inquiry into the History and Prospects of Artificial Intelligence” (2nd ed., A.K. Peters, Ltd., 2004).
- Mireshghallah F, vd, “Privacy in Deep Learning: A Survey” (2020) <https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.12254>1-24.
- Ntoutsi E, Fafalios P, Gadiraju U, “Bias in Data-driven Artificial Intelligence Systems: An Introductory Survey” (2020) 10 WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discovery, e1356.
- Paal B, “Artificial Intelligence as a Challenge for Data Protection Law: And Vice Versa” in Voeneky S, Kellmeyer P, Mueller O, Burgard W (eds), The Cambridge Handbook of Responsible Artificial Intelligence: Interdisciplinary Perspectives (Cambridge Law Handbooks, 2022), 290-308.
- Rosenblatt F, “The Perceptron: A Probabilistic Model for Information Storage and Organization in the Brain” (1958) 65(6) Psychological Review.
- Sagiroglu S ve Sinanc D, “Big Data: A Review in Proceedings of International Conference on Collaboration Technologies and Systems” (CTS, 2013).
- Sarker IH, “Deep Learning: A Comprehensive Overview on Techniques, Taxonomy, Applications and Research Directions” (2021) 2 SN Comput Sci, 420.
- Schwartz PM ve Solove DJ, “Reconciling Personal Information in the United States and European Union” (2014) 102 California Law Review, 877-916.
- Soysal T, “Unutulma Hakkının Avrupa Birliği’nin Genel Veri Koruma Tüzüğü Çerçevesinde İncelenmesi”, 0 (2019) Uyuşmazlık Mahkemesi Dergisi, 339-422.
- Turing AM, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence” (1950) 59(236) Mind, New Series, 433-460.
- Ufert F, “AI Regulation Through the Lens of Fundamental Rights: How Well Does the GDPR Address the Challenges Posed by AI?” (2020) 5(2) European Papers, 1094.
- Villaronga EF, Kieseberg P ve Li T, “Humans Forget, Machines Remember: Artificial Intelligence and the Right to Be Forgotten” (2018) 34(2) Computer Law & Security Review, 1-19.
- Wang P, “What Do You Mean by AI?” (2008) 171 Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications.
- Yılmaz OG, “Yargı Uygulamasında Yapay Zekâ Kullanımı- Yapay Zekâ Hâkim Cübbesini Giyebilecek mi?” (2021) 66 Adalet Dergisi, 379-415.
- Yücedağ N, “Kişisel verilerin korunması kanunu kapsamında genel ilkeler” (2019) 1(1) Kişisel Verileri Koruma Dergisi, 47-63.
- Zhang B, Zhu J, Su H, “Toward the Third Generation Artificial Intelligence” (2023) 66(2) Sci China Inf Sci., 1-19.
- Cambridge Dictionary,“intelligence”<https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/intelligence> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- DARPA, Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) (Archived), Dr. Matt Turek. <https://www.darpa.mil/program/explainable-artificial-intelligence> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- EC, “Ethics guidelines for trustworthy AI” <https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/ethics-guidelines-trustworthy-ai> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- Eurostat, “Use of artificial intelligence in enterprises” <https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Use_of_artificial_intelligence_in_enterprises> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- European Commission, “Important milestones” <https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-approach-artificial-intelligence> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- European Commission, “What does grounds of legitimate interest mean?” <https://commission.europa.eu/law/law-topic/data-protection/reform/rules-business-and-organisations/legal-grounds-processing-data/grounds-processing/what-does-grounds-legitimate-interest-mean_en> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- EU Document 52021PC0206, “Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL LAYING DOWN HARMONISED RULES ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ACT) AND AMENDING CERTAIN UNION LEGISLATIVE ACTS” <https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A52021PC0206> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), “Recitals” <https://gdpr-info.eu/recitals/> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023) Harvard Business Review, “You Can Learn Anything Through Reverse Engineering” <https://hbr.org/2021/11/you-can-learn-anything-through-reverse-engineering> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- Heikkila M, “Three ways AI chatbots are a security disaster”, (MIT Technology Review, 03.04.2023), <https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/04/03/1070893/three-ways-ai-chatbots-are-a-security-disaster/> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- Kişisel Verileri Koruma Kurumu, “İşlenme Amacının Gerektirdiğinden Fazla Kişisel Veri İşlenmesi/Aktarılması (Veri Minimizasyonu İlkesine Aykırılık)” <https://www.kvkk.gov.tr/Icerik/5413/Islenme-Amacinin-Gerektirdiginden-Fazla-Kisisel-Veri-Islenmesi-Aktarilmasi-Veri-Minimizasyonu-Ilkesine-Aykirilik-> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- Kişisel Verileri Koruma Kurumu, “Covid-19 ile Mücadele Sürecinde Kişisel Verilerin Korunması Kanunu Kapsamında Bilinmesi Gerekenler” başlıklı kamuoyu duyurusu <https://www.kvkk.gov.tr/Icerik/6721/KAMUOYU-DUYURUSU-Covid-19-ile-Mucadele-Surecinde-Kisisel-Verilerin-Korunmasi-Kanunu-Kapsaminda-Bilinmesi-Gerekenler-> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- Kişisel Verileri Koruma Kurumu, “Yapay Zekâ Alanında Kişisel Verilerin Korunmasına Dair Tavsiyeler” <https://www.kvkk.gov.tr/SharedFolderServer/CMSFiles/25a1162f-0e61-4a43-98d0-3e7d057ac31a.pdf> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- IBM, “What is artificial intelligence (AI)?” <https://www.ibm.com/topics/artificial-intelligence> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023) IBM, “What is deep learning?” <https://www.ibm.com/topics/deep-learning> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- İstanbul Barosu, Bilişim Hukuku Komisyonu, Yapay Zekâ Çalışma Grubu’nun Türkçe tercümesi <https://www.istanbulbarosu.org.tr/files/docs/AvrupaBirligiYapayZekâya%C4%B0liskinTuzukTeklifiTurkceTercumesi.pdf> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- McCarthy J, “What is Artificial Intelligence?” (Computer Science Department, Stanford University, 2007) <http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/>, s.2 (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- Nytimes, “Wrongfully Accused by an Algorithm” <https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/24/technology/facial-recognition-arrest.html> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- OECD, “Tools for trustworthy AI (A framework to compare implementation tools for trustworthy AI systems)” <https://www.oecd.org/science/tools-for-trustworthy-ai-008232ec-en.htm> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- OpenAI, gpt-4 <https://openai.com/research/gpt-4> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023) Oxford English Dictionary, “artificial intelligence” <https://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/271625> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- Precendence Research, “ICT Artificial Intelligence (AI) Market” <https://www.precedenceresearch.com/artificial-intelligence-market> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation) <https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- Stanford University, “State of AI in 10 Charts: Ethics Infiltates Research” <https://hai.stanford.edu/news/state-ai-10-charts> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- The Data Protection Commission (DPC), Principles of Data Protection <https://www.dataprotection.ie/en/individuals/data-protection-basics/principles-data-protection> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- The New York Times, “Using AI to Detect Breast Cancer That Doctors Miss” <https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/05/technology/artificial-intelligence-breast-cancer-detection.html> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- The Royal Society, “Explainable AI: The Basics” (2019) <https://royalsociety.org/ai-interpretability> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- The Washington Post, “ChatGPT invented a sexual harassment scandal and named a real law prof as the accused” <https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/04/05/chatgpt-lies/> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- The White House, “Select Committee on Artificial Intelligence” <https://www.whitehouse.gov/ostp/ostps-teams/nstc/select-committee-on-artificial-intelligence/> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- TR AI, “Yapay Zekâ Zaman Çizelgesi” <https://turkiye.ai/kaynaklar/yapay-zekâ-zaman-cizelgesi/> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023) Türk Dil Kurumu, “zekâ” <https://sozluk.gov.tr/> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- Wired, “How Wrongful Arrests Based on AI Derailed 3 Men’s Lives” <https://www.wired.com/story/wrongful-arrests-ai-derailed-3-mens-lives/> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: YOK Sayı: 57, 247 - 282, 15.01.2024
Öz
Yapay zekâ günümüzün en merak uyandırıcı ve üzerinde en dikkatli düşünülmesi gereken konularından biri haline gelmiştir. Bunun sebebi yapay zekânın etki alanının genişliği, hukuktan psikolojiye, felsefeden matematiğe ve ekonomiye çok çeşitli disiplinler ile ilişkilerinin olmasıdır. Yapay zekâ bugün sağlık, bilişim, ticaret, lojistik, çevre gibi pek çok alanda fayda sağlamakta rekabetçi ekonominin bir unsuru olmaktadır. Büyük veri kümelerini işleyen, veri ile beslenen bir çatı kavram olarak yapay zekâ, makine öğrenmesi ve derin öğrenme yöntemleri ile birlikte kişisel verilerin korunması konusunda bazı endişelere yol açmaktadır. Zira yapay zekânın kullanımının yaygınlaşması, kişisel veriler açısından yenilikleri de beraberinde getirmektedir. Yapay zekânın ön yargılı veya yanlış sonuçlar doğurduğu örnekler, bir taraftan çeşitli kaygılara sebep olurken diğer taraftan veri korumaya ilişkin demirbaş kabul edilen temel kuralları yerinden sarsmaktadır. Çalışmada yapay zekânın veri koruma hukukundaki şeffaflık, doğruluk, veri minimizasyonu gibi genel ilkelere olan etkisi, Avrupa Birliği Genel Veri Koruma Tüzüğü odağa alınarak incelenmiş, genel ilkelerin dönüşümünün ve olası çözümlerin gerekliliği vurgulanmıştır. Bunu yaparken yapay zekânın, makine öğrenmesinin ve derin öğrenmenin kapsamı, genel ilkelerin yapay zekâ karşısında sebep olduğu güncel çelişkiler ile uygulamadaki bazı çözüm önerileri ele alınmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler:
Anahtar Kelimeler
Yapay zekâ makine öğrenmesi genel veri koruma ilkeleri GDPR AB Yapay Zekâ Tüzüğü kara kutu problemi.
Kaynakça
- Arachchige PC M vd, “Local Differential Privacy for Deep Learning” (2020) 7(7) IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 5827-5842.
- Bozkurt Yüksel AE, “Avrupa Komisyonu’nun Yapay Zekâ Tüzük Teklifi’ne Genel Bir Bakış” (2022) 0(51) Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi, 19-46.
- Brody N, “What is Intelligence?” (1999) 11(1) International Review of Psychiatry, 19-25.
- Çağlayan Aksoy P ve Aksoy H C (ed), Kişisel Verilerin Korunmasına Akademik Bakış KVKK Akademi Derleme Çalışması (KVKK Yayınları No 42, Ankara).
- Çekin MS, Yapay Zekâ Teknolojilerinin Hukuki İşlem Teorisine Etkileri (1. Baskı) (İstanbul: onikilevha, 2021).
- Choi RY, Coyner AS, Kalpathy-Cramer J, Chiang MF, Campbell JP, “Introduction to Machine Learning, Neural Networks, and Deep Learning” (2020) 9(2) Trans Vis Sci Tech, 1-14.
- de Manuel A vd, “Ethical Assessments and Mitigation Strategies for Biases in AI-systems Used During the COVID-19 Pandemic” (2023) 10(1) Big Data & Society,1- 11.
- European Parliament, “The Impact of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) on Artificial Intelligence” (2020) European Parliamentary Research Service: PE 641.530.
- Fantin S, Vogiatzoglou P, “Purpose Limitation By Design As A Counter To Function Creep And System Insecurity In Police Artificial Intelligence” (2020) United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute (UNICRI).
- Fuster G G, “The Emergence of Personal Data Protection as a Fundamental Right of the EU” (Springer 2014).
- Glassner A, “Deep Learning: A Visual Approach” (No Starch Press 2021).
- Güçlütürk O G, “Yapay Zekâ ve Verinin Kullanımı” (On İki Levha Yayıncılık 2022).
- Handbook on European Data Protection Law (2018 edt.) (Luxembourg: Publications Office of the EU, 2018).
- Hatipoğlu Aydın D, “Kişisel Verilerin Korunmasına Hukukun Sınırları” (2023) 88(2) İzmir Barosu Dergisi, 141-189.
- Heilinger JC, “The Ethics of AI Ethics. A Constructive Critique” (2022) 35(61) Philos. Technol, 1-20.
- Johnson M, Jain R, Brennan-Tonetta PV, “Impact of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence on Industry: Developing a Workforce Roadmap for a Data Driven Economy” (2021) 22 Glob J Flex Syst Manag.
- Kişisel Verileri Koruma Kurumu, Kişisel Verilerin Korunması Kanununa İlişkin Uygulama Rehberi (KVKK Yayınları No 1, Ankara, Aralık 2019).
- Küzeci E, “Kişisel Verilerin Korunması” (4. baskı, On İki Levha Yayıncılık 2020).
- McCorduck P, “Machines Who Think: A Personal Inquiry into the History and Prospects of Artificial Intelligence” (2nd ed., A.K. Peters, Ltd., 2004).
- Mireshghallah F, vd, “Privacy in Deep Learning: A Survey” (2020) <https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.12254>1-24.
- Ntoutsi E, Fafalios P, Gadiraju U, “Bias in Data-driven Artificial Intelligence Systems: An Introductory Survey” (2020) 10 WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discovery, e1356.
- Paal B, “Artificial Intelligence as a Challenge for Data Protection Law: And Vice Versa” in Voeneky S, Kellmeyer P, Mueller O, Burgard W (eds), The Cambridge Handbook of Responsible Artificial Intelligence: Interdisciplinary Perspectives (Cambridge Law Handbooks, 2022), 290-308.
- Rosenblatt F, “The Perceptron: A Probabilistic Model for Information Storage and Organization in the Brain” (1958) 65(6) Psychological Review.
- Sagiroglu S ve Sinanc D, “Big Data: A Review in Proceedings of International Conference on Collaboration Technologies and Systems” (CTS, 2013).
- Sarker IH, “Deep Learning: A Comprehensive Overview on Techniques, Taxonomy, Applications and Research Directions” (2021) 2 SN Comput Sci, 420.
- Schwartz PM ve Solove DJ, “Reconciling Personal Information in the United States and European Union” (2014) 102 California Law Review, 877-916.
- Soysal T, “Unutulma Hakkının Avrupa Birliği’nin Genel Veri Koruma Tüzüğü Çerçevesinde İncelenmesi”, 0 (2019) Uyuşmazlık Mahkemesi Dergisi, 339-422.
- Turing AM, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence” (1950) 59(236) Mind, New Series, 433-460.
- Ufert F, “AI Regulation Through the Lens of Fundamental Rights: How Well Does the GDPR Address the Challenges Posed by AI?” (2020) 5(2) European Papers, 1094.
- Villaronga EF, Kieseberg P ve Li T, “Humans Forget, Machines Remember: Artificial Intelligence and the Right to Be Forgotten” (2018) 34(2) Computer Law & Security Review, 1-19.
- Wang P, “What Do You Mean by AI?” (2008) 171 Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications.
- Yılmaz OG, “Yargı Uygulamasında Yapay Zekâ Kullanımı- Yapay Zekâ Hâkim Cübbesini Giyebilecek mi?” (2021) 66 Adalet Dergisi, 379-415.
- Yücedağ N, “Kişisel verilerin korunması kanunu kapsamında genel ilkeler” (2019) 1(1) Kişisel Verileri Koruma Dergisi, 47-63.
- Zhang B, Zhu J, Su H, “Toward the Third Generation Artificial Intelligence” (2023) 66(2) Sci China Inf Sci., 1-19.
- Cambridge Dictionary,“intelligence”<https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/intelligence> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- DARPA, Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) (Archived), Dr. Matt Turek. <https://www.darpa.mil/program/explainable-artificial-intelligence> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- EC, “Ethics guidelines for trustworthy AI” <https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/ethics-guidelines-trustworthy-ai> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- Eurostat, “Use of artificial intelligence in enterprises” <https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Use_of_artificial_intelligence_in_enterprises> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- European Commission, “Important milestones” <https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-approach-artificial-intelligence> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- European Commission, “What does grounds of legitimate interest mean?” <https://commission.europa.eu/law/law-topic/data-protection/reform/rules-business-and-organisations/legal-grounds-processing-data/grounds-processing/what-does-grounds-legitimate-interest-mean_en> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- EU Document 52021PC0206, “Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL LAYING DOWN HARMONISED RULES ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ACT) AND AMENDING CERTAIN UNION LEGISLATIVE ACTS” <https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A52021PC0206> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), “Recitals” <https://gdpr-info.eu/recitals/> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023) Harvard Business Review, “You Can Learn Anything Through Reverse Engineering” <https://hbr.org/2021/11/you-can-learn-anything-through-reverse-engineering> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- Heikkila M, “Three ways AI chatbots are a security disaster”, (MIT Technology Review, 03.04.2023), <https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/04/03/1070893/three-ways-ai-chatbots-are-a-security-disaster/> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- Kişisel Verileri Koruma Kurumu, “İşlenme Amacının Gerektirdiğinden Fazla Kişisel Veri İşlenmesi/Aktarılması (Veri Minimizasyonu İlkesine Aykırılık)” <https://www.kvkk.gov.tr/Icerik/5413/Islenme-Amacinin-Gerektirdiginden-Fazla-Kisisel-Veri-Islenmesi-Aktarilmasi-Veri-Minimizasyonu-Ilkesine-Aykirilik-> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- Kişisel Verileri Koruma Kurumu, “Covid-19 ile Mücadele Sürecinde Kişisel Verilerin Korunması Kanunu Kapsamında Bilinmesi Gerekenler” başlıklı kamuoyu duyurusu <https://www.kvkk.gov.tr/Icerik/6721/KAMUOYU-DUYURUSU-Covid-19-ile-Mucadele-Surecinde-Kisisel-Verilerin-Korunmasi-Kanunu-Kapsaminda-Bilinmesi-Gerekenler-> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- Kişisel Verileri Koruma Kurumu, “Yapay Zekâ Alanında Kişisel Verilerin Korunmasına Dair Tavsiyeler” <https://www.kvkk.gov.tr/SharedFolderServer/CMSFiles/25a1162f-0e61-4a43-98d0-3e7d057ac31a.pdf> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- IBM, “What is artificial intelligence (AI)?” <https://www.ibm.com/topics/artificial-intelligence> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023) IBM, “What is deep learning?” <https://www.ibm.com/topics/deep-learning> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- İstanbul Barosu, Bilişim Hukuku Komisyonu, Yapay Zekâ Çalışma Grubu’nun Türkçe tercümesi <https://www.istanbulbarosu.org.tr/files/docs/AvrupaBirligiYapayZekâya%C4%B0liskinTuzukTeklifiTurkceTercumesi.pdf> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- McCarthy J, “What is Artificial Intelligence?” (Computer Science Department, Stanford University, 2007) <http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/>, s.2 (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- Nytimes, “Wrongfully Accused by an Algorithm” <https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/24/technology/facial-recognition-arrest.html> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- OECD, “Tools for trustworthy AI (A framework to compare implementation tools for trustworthy AI systems)” <https://www.oecd.org/science/tools-for-trustworthy-ai-008232ec-en.htm> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- OpenAI, gpt-4 <https://openai.com/research/gpt-4> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023) Oxford English Dictionary, “artificial intelligence” <https://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/271625> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- Precendence Research, “ICT Artificial Intelligence (AI) Market” <https://www.precedenceresearch.com/artificial-intelligence-market> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation) <https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- Stanford University, “State of AI in 10 Charts: Ethics Infiltates Research” <https://hai.stanford.edu/news/state-ai-10-charts> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- The Data Protection Commission (DPC), Principles of Data Protection <https://www.dataprotection.ie/en/individuals/data-protection-basics/principles-data-protection> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- The New York Times, “Using AI to Detect Breast Cancer That Doctors Miss” <https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/05/technology/artificial-intelligence-breast-cancer-detection.html> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- The Royal Society, “Explainable AI: The Basics” (2019) <https://royalsociety.org/ai-interpretability> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- The Washington Post, “ChatGPT invented a sexual harassment scandal and named a real law prof as the accused” <https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/04/05/chatgpt-lies/> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- The White House, “Select Committee on Artificial Intelligence” <https://www.whitehouse.gov/ostp/ostps-teams/nstc/select-committee-on-artificial-intelligence/> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- TR AI, “Yapay Zekâ Zaman Çizelgesi” <https://turkiye.ai/kaynaklar/yapay-zekâ-zaman-cizelgesi/> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023) Türk Dil Kurumu, “zekâ” <https://sozluk.gov.tr/> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
- Wired, “How Wrongful Arrests Based on AI Derailed 3 Men’s Lives” <https://www.wired.com/story/wrongful-arrests-ai-derailed-3-mens-lives/> (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2023)
Toplam 62 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Hukuk (Diğer) |
| Bölüm | Research Article |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 12 Ocak 2024 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 15 Ocak 2024 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2024 Cilt: YOK Sayı: 57 |
