Dünya-Sistemi Teorisinin Osmanlı Tarihi Çalışmalarına Yansımaları

Öz

-

Anahtar Kelimeler

• -

Reflections of World-System Theory on Ottoman Studies

Öz

The World-System Theory (WST) has been a source of inspiration for many social scientists. This article aims to explore the reflections of this theory on Ottoman/ Turkish studies. The WST has been used as an explanatory tool in several fields of Ottoman history. First of all, the beginning and the process of Ottoman incorporation into the capitalist world-economy is a matter of discussion, and the leading figures of the theory seem to suggest different turning points. The increase in the volume of trade, especially in the 19th century, has been noted by most scholars as one of the most important factors that were effective in the incorporation process. The developments in the infrastructure of the Ottoman Empire such as the extension of railroads and telegram, the improvement of harbors and the revival of port cities have been emphasized by the proponents of this theory. Finally, the emergence of big-farms and agriculture based on mono-culture drew the attention of those who adopted WST as a framework for their social and historical analysis. The article concludes by questioning the use and convenience of western terms and theories as an explanatory tool in Ottoman studies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• -

Kaynakça

1. Abu-Lughod, Janet, (1989) Before European Hegemony: The World-System AD 1250-1350, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2. Bergesen, Albert, (1990) “Turning World-System Theory on its Head”, Theory, Culture and Society, sayı: 7, ss. 67-81.
3. Ahmet Davutoğlu, (1999) s. 6.
4. Zafer Toprak, (1995) Milli İktisat – Milli Burjuvazi, İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları,
5. s. v; Asım Karaömerlioğlu, (2001/2002) “Bağımlılık Kuramı, Dünya Sistemi Teorisi ve
6. Osmanlı/Türkiye Çalışmaları”, Toplum ve Bilim, Kış, sayı: 91, s. 81.
7. Asım Karaömerlioğlu, (2001/2002) s. 96.
8. Berkes, Niyazi, (1998) The Development of Secularism in Turkey, Londra: Hurst & Company.

9. Bush-Zantner, Richard. (1938) Agrarverfassung und Siedlung im Südost Europa unter Besonders Berücksichtigung der Türken Zeit, Leipzig: Otto Harras- sowitz.
10. Cvijic, J., (1918) La Péninsula Balkanique, Paris.
11. Çizakça, Murat, (1985) “Incorporation of the Middle East into the European World-Economy”, Review, Cilt: 3, Kış, ss. 353-377.
12. Davutoğlu, Ahmet, (1999) “Tarih İdraki Oluşumunda Metodolojinin Rolü: Mede- niyetlerarası Etkileşim Açısından Dünya Tarihi ve Osmanlı”, Dîvân İlmî Araştırmalar, sayı: 7, ss. 1-63.
13. Frank, Andre Gunder ve B.K. Gills, (1993) The World System: Five Hundred years or Five Thousands?, London: Routledge.
14. _____ , (1998) Re-orient: Global Economy in the Asian Age, Berkeley: University of California.
15. İnalcık, Halil, (1998) “Çiftliklerin Doğuşu: Devlet, Toprak Sahipleri ve Kiracılar”, Osmanlı’da Toprak Mülkiyeti ve Ticarî Tarım içinde, (der.) Çağlar Keyder ve Faruk Tabak, İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları.
16. _____ , (1969) “Capital Formation in the Ottoman Empire”, Journal of Economic History, XXIX, 92, Ekim, ss. 97-140.
17. İslamoğlu-İnan, Huricihan, (1983) “Osmanlı Tarihi ve Dünya Sistemi: Bir Değer- lendirme”, Toplum ve Bilim, sayı: 23.
18. _____ , ve Suraiya Faroqhi, (1979) “Crop patterns and agricultural production trends in sixteenth-century Anatolia”, Review, Cilt II, sayı: 3.
19. Jwaideh, Albertine, 1984, “Aspects of Land Tenure and Social Change in Lower Iraq During the Late Ottoman Times”, Tarif Khalidi (ed.,) Land Tenure and Social Transformation in the Middle East içinde, Beirut: American University of Beirut, ss. 333-356.
20. Karaömerlioğlu, Asım, (2001/2002) “Bağımlılık Kuramı, Dünya-Sistemi Teorisi ve Osmanlı/Türkiye Çalışmaları”, Toplum ve Bilim, sayı: 91.
21. Kasaba, Reşat, (1993) “İzmir”, Review, XVI, No: 4, Kış.
22. Kaynak, Muhteşem, (1984) “Osmanlı Ekonomisinin Dünya Ekonomisine Eklem- lenme Sürecinde Osmanlı Demiryollarına bir Bakış”, Yapıt, Sayı 5, Hazi- ran-Temmuz.
23. Keyder, Çağlar, (1998) “Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda Büyük Ölçekli Ticarî Tarım Var mıydı?” Osmanlı’da Toprak Mülkiyeti ve Ticarî Tarım içinde, (der.) Çağlar Keyder ve Faruk Tabak, İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları.
24. _____, Y. Eyüp Özveren ve Donald Quataert, (1993)“Port-Cities in the Ottoman Empire: Some Theoretical and Historical Perspectives”, Review, XVI, No: 4, Kış. (1983) “Osman Tarihi D ü n y Sistem Bir D ğ e r l e n
25. McGowen, Bruce, (1981) Economic Life in Ottoman Europe, Engl.: Cambridge University Press.
26. _____ , (1981a) “The Study of Land Tenure and Agriculture in the Ottoman Pro- vinces Within the Context of an Expanding World Economy in the 17th and 18thCenturies”, International Journal of Turkish Studies, II, 1, ss. 57- 63.
27. Mentzel, Pete, (2000) “Railroads in the Ottoman Empire: Imperialism, Capitalism and the Ottoman State”, Arkeoloji ve Sanat, Cilt: 22, No: 95, ss. 41-45.
28. Owen, Roger, (1993) The Middle East in the World Economy, 1800-1914, London & New York: I. B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. Publishers.
29. _____, Şevket Pamuk, (1998) A History of Middle East Economies in the 20thCen- tury, London: I. B. Tauris Publishers.
30. Pamuk, Şevket, (1987) The Ottoman Empire and European Capitalism, 1820- 1913, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
31. _____ , (1992) “Anatolia and Egypt During the 19thCentury: A Comparison of Fo- reign Trade and Foreign Investment”, New Perspectives on Turkey, Bahar, 41.
32. Pieterse, Jan Nederveen, (1988) “A Critique of World System Theory”, Internati- onal Sociology, Cilt: 3, Sayı: 3, ss. 251-266.
33. Quataert, Donald ve Halil Inalcık (ed.), (1994) An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
34. Stoianovich, Traian, (1953) “Land Tenure and Related Scores of the Balkan Eco- nomy: 1600-1800”, Journal of Economic History, XIII, Güz Sayısı.
35. _____ , (1960) “The Conquering Balkan Orthodox Merchants”, Journal of Econo- mic History, XX, No: 2, ss. 234-313.
36. Toprak, Zafer, (1995) Milli İktisat – Milli Burjuvazi, İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Ya- yınları.
37. Veinstein, Gilles, (1998) “Çiftlik Tartışması Üzerine”, Osmanlı’da Toprak Mülkiye- ti ve Ticarî Tarım içinde, (der.) Çağlar Keyder ve Faruk Tabak, İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları.
38. Wallerstein, Immanuel, (1974) The Modern World-System, Cilt I, New York: Aca- demic Press.
39. _____ , (1980) “The Ottoman Empire and the Capitalist World-Economy: Some Questions for Research”, Türkiye’nin Sosyal ve Ekonomik Tarihi içinde, Osman Okyar ve Halil İnalcık (ed.) Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
40. _____ , Hale Decdeli, Reşat Kasaba, (1983) “Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Dünya Ekonomisi ile Bütünleşme Süreci”, Toplum ve Bilim, 23, Güz, ss. 41-54.
41. _____ , (1989) The Modern World-System, Cilt III, New York: Academic Press.
42. _____ , (1999) “Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ve Kapitalist Dünya-Ekonomi: Bir Kaç Araştırma Sorusu” (Ter: Ebru Afat), Bilim ve Sanat Vakfı, Bülten, 46.
43. Reflections of World-System Theory on Ottoman Studies Ebubekir CEYLAN