BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Guilt and Shame in Religious Education

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 5 - 22, 01.06.2018
https://doi.org/10.12738/talim.2018.1.0100

Öz

Learning self-control is an important component of religious education. However, the relation between religion and psychological well-being is controversial. While some findings indicate religiosity to be associated with mental disorders, other findings show it provides people with calm and hope. The manner in which guilt forms, which is important for both religious and psychological studies, can shed some light on this controversy. Guilt appears as a cognitive-emotional experience when people breach their believed religious and moral standards. The two concepts of guilt and shame should be distinguished. While guilt refers to behavior, shame deals with the person’s whole self. Thus, guilt can be associated with taking responsibility for one’s behavior whereas shame undermines the whole personality of a person and targets one’s self-esteem. In addition, shame is profoundly dependent on others’ judgments and leads to rumination and feeling worthless. Distinguishing between guilt and shame can explain this controversy. The positive association between religiosity and psychological disturbances results from the feeling of shame, whereas feeling of guilt can explain the negative correlation between religiosity and psychological disorders. This differentiation is important in Islamic education. According to Islamic teachings, people should retain their self-esteem even when they commit negative actions. The negative action itself should be the aim of critique and blame rather than the spirit of the person, which has a divine origin. Thus, distinguishing between action and agent should be taken as a strategy in Islamic religious education so that only the bad action is taken at issue, whether for blame or change. On the other hand, the whole personality of the person should be taken as a respected entity. This is why Islam views despair as a supreme fault because associates a person with basically being worthless.

Kaynakça

  • Albertsen, E. J., O’Connor, L. E., & Berry, J. W. (2006). Religion and interpersonal guilt: Variations across ethnicity and spirituality. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 9(1), 67‒84.
  • Exline, J. J., Yali, A. M., & Sanderson, W. C. (2000). Guilt, discord, and alienation: The role of religious strain in depression and suicidality. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56(12), 1481‒1496.
  • Hunter, D. (2013). Examining the relationship between guilt and religiosity: Does state anxiety contribute? (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, IL.
  • Koenig, H. G. (2000). Religion and medicine I: Historical background and reasons for separation. The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 30(4), 385‒398.
  • Koenig, H. G. (2001). Religion and medicine III: Developing a theoretical model. The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 31(2), 199‒216.
  • Koenig, H. G. (2009). Research on religion, spirituality, and mental health: A review. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 54(5), 283‒291.
  • Luyten, P., Corveleyn, J., & Fontaine, J. R. (1998). The relationship between religiosity and mental health: Distinguishing between shame and guilt. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 1(2), 165‒184.
  • Maltby, J. (2005). Protecting the sacred and expressions of rituality: Examining the relationship between extrinsic dimensions of religiosity and unhealthy guilt. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 78(1), 77‒93.
  • Moreira-Almeida, A., Lotufo-Neto, F., & Koenig, H. G. (2006). Religiousness and mental health: A review. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 28(3), 242‒250.
  • Murray, K., & Ciarrocchi, J. W. (2007). The dark side of religion, spirituality and the moral emotions: Shame, guilt, and negative religiosity as markers for life dissatisfaction. Journal of Pastoral Counseling, 42.
  • Neeleman, J., & Persaud, R. (1995). Why do psychiatrists neglect religion? Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 68(2), 169‒178.
  • Njus, M., D., & Okerstom, K. (2016). Anxious and avoidant attachment to God predict moral foundations beyond adult attachment. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 44(3), 230‒243.
  • Spears, L. (2014). An examination of magical beliefs as predictors of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions (unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS.
  • Tangney, J. P., Wagner, P., & Gramzow, R. (1992). Proneness to shame, proneness to guilt, and psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101(3), 469.

Din Eğitiminde Suçluluk ve Utanç

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 5 - 22, 01.06.2018
https://doi.org/10.12738/talim.2018.1.0100

Öz

Öz denetimin öğrenilmesi din eğitiminin önemli bir bileşenidir. Bununla birlikte, din ve psikolojik iyi oluş arasındaki ilişki tartışmalıdır. Bazı bulgular, dindarlığı mental bozukluklarla ilişkilendirirken diğer bazı bulgular ise dindarlığın insanlara sükûnet ve umut verdiğini göstermektedir. Hem dinî hem de psikolojik çalışmalar için önemli olan suçluluk biçimleri, bu tartışmalara ışık tutabilir. Suçluluk; insanlar, inandıkları dinî ve ahlaki standartları ihlal ettiklerinde ortaya çıkan bilişsel-duygusal bir deneyimdir. İki tür suçluluk ve utanma kavramı ayırt edilmelidir. Suçluluk davranışa atıfta bulunurken utanç kişinin kendi benliğiyle ilgilidir. Bu kapsamda suçluluk, kişinin yaptığı davranışın sorumluluğunu almasıyla ilişkilendirilebilirken utanç, bir kişinin bütün kişiliğini zayıflatır ve kişinin öz saygısını hedefler. Ayrıca, utanç büyük ölçüde diğerlerinin yargılarına bağlıdır ve kişinin değersiz hissetmesine ya da kendisi hakkında süreklilik kazanmış olumsuz düşünceler geliştirmesine yol açar. Suçluluk ve utanç arasında yapılacak bir ayrım, bu tartışmayı aydınlatabilir. Dindarlık ve psikolojik rahatsızlıklar arasındaki pozitif ilişki, utanç duygusundan kaynaklanırken suçluluk duygusu, dindarlık ve psikolojik bozukluklar arasındaki negatif ilişkiyi açıklayabilir. Bu farklılaşma İslami eğitimde önemlidir zira İslami öğretilere göre insanlar, olumsuz davranışlarda bulundukları zaman bile öz saygılarını korumalıdırlar. Olumsuz eylemin kendisi, ilahi bir kaynağa sahip olduğu bilinen ruh yerine eleştirinin yöneltileceği yer olmalıdır. Bu nedenle amel ve faili arasındaki ayrım, İslam din eğitiminde bir strateji olarak ele alınmalıdır. Kötü ameller söz konusu olduğunda suçlama veya değişim talebi faille değil kötü amellerle ilişkilendirilmelidir. Öte yandan, ferdin tüm kişiliği muteber bir varlık sayılmalıdır. İşte bu yüzden İslam, ümitsizliği büyük bir kusur olarak görmektedir çünkü ümitsizlik kişiyi temelde değersiz olmakla ilişkilendirmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Albertsen, E. J., O’Connor, L. E., & Berry, J. W. (2006). Religion and interpersonal guilt: Variations across ethnicity and spirituality. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 9(1), 67‒84.
  • Exline, J. J., Yali, A. M., & Sanderson, W. C. (2000). Guilt, discord, and alienation: The role of religious strain in depression and suicidality. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56(12), 1481‒1496.
  • Hunter, D. (2013). Examining the relationship between guilt and religiosity: Does state anxiety contribute? (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, IL.
  • Koenig, H. G. (2000). Religion and medicine I: Historical background and reasons for separation. The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 30(4), 385‒398.
  • Koenig, H. G. (2001). Religion and medicine III: Developing a theoretical model. The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 31(2), 199‒216.
  • Koenig, H. G. (2009). Research on religion, spirituality, and mental health: A review. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 54(5), 283‒291.
  • Luyten, P., Corveleyn, J., & Fontaine, J. R. (1998). The relationship between religiosity and mental health: Distinguishing between shame and guilt. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 1(2), 165‒184.
  • Maltby, J. (2005). Protecting the sacred and expressions of rituality: Examining the relationship between extrinsic dimensions of religiosity and unhealthy guilt. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 78(1), 77‒93.
  • Moreira-Almeida, A., Lotufo-Neto, F., & Koenig, H. G. (2006). Religiousness and mental health: A review. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 28(3), 242‒250.
  • Murray, K., & Ciarrocchi, J. W. (2007). The dark side of religion, spirituality and the moral emotions: Shame, guilt, and negative religiosity as markers for life dissatisfaction. Journal of Pastoral Counseling, 42.
  • Neeleman, J., & Persaud, R. (1995). Why do psychiatrists neglect religion? Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 68(2), 169‒178.
  • Njus, M., D., & Okerstom, K. (2016). Anxious and avoidant attachment to God predict moral foundations beyond adult attachment. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 44(3), 230‒243.
  • Spears, L. (2014). An examination of magical beliefs as predictors of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions (unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS.
  • Tangney, J. P., Wagner, P., & Gramzow, R. (1992). Proneness to shame, proneness to guilt, and psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101(3), 469.
Toplam 14 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Zohreh Khosravi Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Khosravi, Zohreh. “Guilt and Shame in Religious Education”. Talim 2/1 (Haziran 2018), 5-22. https://doi.org/10.12738/talim.2018.1.0100.



17973        17974     İLAHİYAT ATIF DİZİNİ20831