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Cihad Kavramının Çağdaş Yaklaşımlarının Algılanma ve Yorumlanma Sorunları

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 7 - 30, 01.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.37344/talim.2020.5

Öz

Son yıllarda, İslami disiplinlerde ve özellikle İslam hukukunda temel bir kavram olan cihad kavramı, dünya genelinde en çok tartışılan ve konuşulan terimlerden biri haline dönüşmüştür. Cihad kavramı, İslam tarihi boyunca dini, ilmi, askeri ve politik alanlarda canlılığını her zaman korumuştur ancak 11 Eylül olayından sonra dünya genelinde birçok düşünce kuruluşu, üniversite, akademik kurum, siyasi ve askeri kuruluşlar tarafından cihat kavramı üzerinde muazzam ve dikkatçekici çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Yapılan bu çalışmalarda cihad kavramı farklı şekillerde anlaşılmış, analiz edilmiş, kullanılmış; öyle ki ana anlamından uzak bir şekilde tanımlanmış ve yorumlanmıştır. Dolayısıyla bu çalışma, bu çağdaş yorumlamaları ve yaklaşımları tetkik etmeye çalışmıştır. Son yılların yorumları göz önüne alındığında, dört yaklaşımın yaygın olduğu görülmektedir: indirgemeci, radikal, savunmacı ve İslamofobik yaklaşım. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışma beş ana bölümden oluşmaktadır: ilk bölüm, cihad kavramının İslam’ın temel kaynaklarında Kur’an ve Sünnet ve İslami disiplinlerinde kullanımı ele almaktadır. Geri kalan dört bölümde indirgemeci, radikal, savunmacı ve İslamofobik yaklaşımların ana argümanlarına, söylemlerine ve kanıtlarına sırasıyla ve ayrıntılı olarak değinilmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Al-Bukhari, M. I. (2002). Sahihi al-Bukhari. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Ibn Kasir.
  • Almaany. Jihad (2019). In Almaany.com. Retrieved from
  • https://www.almaany.com/ar/dict/ar-ar/%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF/ (06.07.2019).
  • Abu Eid, A. K. (2007). Al-Alaqat al-Duwaliyyah fi-Fıqh al-Islami [International Relations in Islamic Law].
  • Amman, Jordan: Dar al-Nafais.
  • Al-Kasani, A. (1986). Bada’i es-Sana’i fi Tertib eş-Şera’i [Unseen Artistry in the Arrangement of the Religious-Legal Regulations]. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyye.
  • An-Nasafi, A. A. (2011). Kanz ad-Daqa’iq [The Treasure of Minutes]. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al- Başair al-Islamiyya.
  • Al-Waqidi, A. A. (1989). Kitab Al-Maghazi. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-‘Alami.
  • Arabdic. Jahd (2019). In Arabdic.com. Retrieved from
  • https://www.arabdict.com/en/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8 %A8%D9%8A/%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%AF (10.07.2019).
  • Al-Awlaki, A. (no date). 44 Ways to Support Jihad. Retrieved from
  • https://ebooks.worldofislam.info/ebooks/Jihad/Anwar_Al_Awlaki__44_Ways_To_Support_Jihad. pdf (19.07.2019).
  • Al-Filistinli, A. Q. (no date). Al-Jihad wa Al-Ijtihad [Jihad and Judicial Opinion]. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/abbottabadcompound/BA/BAC8CB3E99948203B6EF401549A0C AEDjihad.pdf (25.07.2019).
  • Al-Uyayri, Y. (2001). Haqiqat al-Harab al-Salibiyyah al-Jadid [The Truth of New Crusader Wars]. Minber at-Tawhid wa al-Jihad Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/setsuko_6 (15.07.2019).
  • Aeron, D. (2008). In Their Own Words: Voices of Jihad: Compilation and Commentary. California, US: Rand Cooperation.
  • Bayyah, B, A., & Yusuf, H. [Rismultimedia] (2015, January 9). RISTalks: Shaykh Abdallah Bin Bayyah - “Fiqh of Reality”. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rgBwGmfXi5E (10.07.2019).
  • BBC, (2014). My Jihad. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02ty5wz (14.07.2019).
  • Bremer, K. (2014). My Accidental Jihad: A Love Story. North Carolina, US: Algonquin Books.
  • Chowdhury, M. (2013). Through Ad Campaign, Muslim Activists Want To Redefine ‘Jihad’. National Public Radio. Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2013/01/30/170694966/ through-ad-campaign-muslim-activists-want-to-redefine-jihad (14.07.2019).
  • Din İşleri Yüksek Kurulu (2015). DAEŞ’in Temel Felsefesi ve Dini Referansları [ISIS Basic Philosophy and Religious References]. Retrieved from https://dosya.diyanet.gov.tr/DIYKDosya/ YayinDosya/783591fa-9f88-41b7-ab2f-3d0fa114f500.pdf
  • Fahim, S. (2013). #MyJihad – The ‘Struggle’ to Reclaim Islam. Muslim Matters. Retrieved from https://muslimmatters.org/2013/03/11/myjihad-the-struggle-to-reclaim-islam/ (14.07.2019).
  • Faraj, M. A. (1981). Al-Farida al-Ghaibah [The Absent Obligation]. Retrieved from https:// archive.org/details/faredah.ghaebah (15.07.2019).
  • Haykal, M, H. (1996). Al-Jihad wa al-Qital Fi al-Siyasat al-Shar’iah [Jihad and Warfare in Legitimate Politics].
  • Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Bayareq.
  • Ibn Warraq (2017). The Islam in Islamic Terrorism: The Importance of Beliefs, Ideas, and Ideology. London, UK: New English Review Press.
  • Inançer, Ö, T. [Canberkhan] (2011, August 15). Pazar yerine bomba atmak kancıklıktır. [Throwing Bombs in Bazaar is meanness] [Ömer Tuğrul İnançer]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=3H_i13OXXZ8 (10.07.2019).
  • Ibn Jamaa, B. (2010). Adl’e Boyun Eğmek, Ehl-i İslâm’ın Yönetimi İçin Hükümler [Submitting to the Judiciary, Provisions for the Administration of People of Islam]. (Ö, Kavak, Trans.) Istanbul, Turkey: Klasik Yayınları.
  • Town University Press.
  • Tirmidhi, A. I. (1996). Sunan al-Tirmidhi. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Gharb al-Islami.
  • Türcan, T. (2016). Fıkıhta Cihad. [Jihad in Fiqh]. In Ertürk, A (Ed.). İslam Kaynaklarında, Geleneğinde ve Günümüzde Cihad [Jihad in Islamic Sources, Tradition and Todays] (pp. 281- 308). Istanbul, Turkey: KURAMER.
  • Wilders, G. [PM Dawn] (2013, 30 March). Fitna - Geert Wilders [Full movie with English subtitles]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2HlptyGvlIY&has_ verified=1&bpctr=1544727410 (20.07.2019).
  • Wood, D. [Acts17Apologetics] (2017, 28 March). Understanding Vehicular Jihad (David Wood). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_oFzQSMSVgI (21.07.2019).
  • World Islamic Front Declaration (1998, 23 February). Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved from https://fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/980223-fatwa.htm (15.07.2019).
  • Yaran, C. S. (2016). Dinler ve Cihad [Religions and Jihad]. In Ertürk, A (Ed.). İslam Kaynaklarında, Geleneğinde ve Günümüzde Cihad [Jihad in Islamic Sources, Tradition and Todays] (pp. 49-77). Istanbul, Turkey: KURAMER.

Perception and Interpretation Problems of Contemporary Approaches of the Concept of Jihad

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 7 - 30, 01.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.37344/talim.2020.5

Öz

In recent decades, the concept of jihad, an essential concept in Islamic disciplines, in particular in Islamic jurisprudence, has turned into one of the most discussed and debated terms across the globe. The concept of jihad, though, has always maintained its vitality in the religious, scholarship, military and political spheres throughout Islamic history; however, after the September 11 incident, enormous and remarkable studies have been carried out on the concept of jihad by many thinktanks, universities, academic institutions, political and military organizations across the globe. In these studies, the concept of jihad has been understood, analyzed, defined and interpreted differently, and used, represented and interpreted beyond its context. This study, thus, has attempted to explore these contemporary interpretations and approaches to the concept of jihad. Considering the recent decades’ interpretations, one can observe that four types of approach have been prevalent: reductionist, radical, defensive, and Islamophobic approach. In this context, this study consisted of five main sections: the first section dealt with the use of the concept of jihad in the primary sources of Islam Qur’an and Sunnah , and Islamic disciplines. In the remained four sections; the main arguments, discourses, and shreds of evidence of the reductionist, radical, defensive and Islamophobic approaches have been touched respectively and thoroughly

Kaynakça

  • Al-Bukhari, M. I. (2002). Sahihi al-Bukhari. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Ibn Kasir.
  • Almaany. Jihad (2019). In Almaany.com. Retrieved from
  • https://www.almaany.com/ar/dict/ar-ar/%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF/ (06.07.2019).
  • Abu Eid, A. K. (2007). Al-Alaqat al-Duwaliyyah fi-Fıqh al-Islami [International Relations in Islamic Law].
  • Amman, Jordan: Dar al-Nafais.
  • Al-Kasani, A. (1986). Bada’i es-Sana’i fi Tertib eş-Şera’i [Unseen Artistry in the Arrangement of the Religious-Legal Regulations]. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyye.
  • An-Nasafi, A. A. (2011). Kanz ad-Daqa’iq [The Treasure of Minutes]. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al- Başair al-Islamiyya.
  • Al-Waqidi, A. A. (1989). Kitab Al-Maghazi. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-‘Alami.
  • Arabdic. Jahd (2019). In Arabdic.com. Retrieved from
  • https://www.arabdict.com/en/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8 %A8%D9%8A/%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%AF (10.07.2019).
  • Al-Awlaki, A. (no date). 44 Ways to Support Jihad. Retrieved from
  • https://ebooks.worldofislam.info/ebooks/Jihad/Anwar_Al_Awlaki__44_Ways_To_Support_Jihad. pdf (19.07.2019).
  • Al-Filistinli, A. Q. (no date). Al-Jihad wa Al-Ijtihad [Jihad and Judicial Opinion]. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/abbottabadcompound/BA/BAC8CB3E99948203B6EF401549A0C AEDjihad.pdf (25.07.2019).
  • Al-Uyayri, Y. (2001). Haqiqat al-Harab al-Salibiyyah al-Jadid [The Truth of New Crusader Wars]. Minber at-Tawhid wa al-Jihad Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/setsuko_6 (15.07.2019).
  • Aeron, D. (2008). In Their Own Words: Voices of Jihad: Compilation and Commentary. California, US: Rand Cooperation.
  • Bayyah, B, A., & Yusuf, H. [Rismultimedia] (2015, January 9). RISTalks: Shaykh Abdallah Bin Bayyah - “Fiqh of Reality”. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rgBwGmfXi5E (10.07.2019).
  • BBC, (2014). My Jihad. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02ty5wz (14.07.2019).
  • Bremer, K. (2014). My Accidental Jihad: A Love Story. North Carolina, US: Algonquin Books.
  • Chowdhury, M. (2013). Through Ad Campaign, Muslim Activists Want To Redefine ‘Jihad’. National Public Radio. Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2013/01/30/170694966/ through-ad-campaign-muslim-activists-want-to-redefine-jihad (14.07.2019).
  • Din İşleri Yüksek Kurulu (2015). DAEŞ’in Temel Felsefesi ve Dini Referansları [ISIS Basic Philosophy and Religious References]. Retrieved from https://dosya.diyanet.gov.tr/DIYKDosya/ YayinDosya/783591fa-9f88-41b7-ab2f-3d0fa114f500.pdf
  • Fahim, S. (2013). #MyJihad – The ‘Struggle’ to Reclaim Islam. Muslim Matters. Retrieved from https://muslimmatters.org/2013/03/11/myjihad-the-struggle-to-reclaim-islam/ (14.07.2019).
  • Faraj, M. A. (1981). Al-Farida al-Ghaibah [The Absent Obligation]. Retrieved from https:// archive.org/details/faredah.ghaebah (15.07.2019).
  • Haykal, M, H. (1996). Al-Jihad wa al-Qital Fi al-Siyasat al-Shar’iah [Jihad and Warfare in Legitimate Politics].
  • Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Bayareq.
  • Ibn Warraq (2017). The Islam in Islamic Terrorism: The Importance of Beliefs, Ideas, and Ideology. London, UK: New English Review Press.
  • Inançer, Ö, T. [Canberkhan] (2011, August 15). Pazar yerine bomba atmak kancıklıktır. [Throwing Bombs in Bazaar is meanness] [Ömer Tuğrul İnançer]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=3H_i13OXXZ8 (10.07.2019).
  • Ibn Jamaa, B. (2010). Adl’e Boyun Eğmek, Ehl-i İslâm’ın Yönetimi İçin Hükümler [Submitting to the Judiciary, Provisions for the Administration of People of Islam]. (Ö, Kavak, Trans.) Istanbul, Turkey: Klasik Yayınları.
  • Town University Press.
  • Tirmidhi, A. I. (1996). Sunan al-Tirmidhi. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Gharb al-Islami.
  • Türcan, T. (2016). Fıkıhta Cihad. [Jihad in Fiqh]. In Ertürk, A (Ed.). İslam Kaynaklarında, Geleneğinde ve Günümüzde Cihad [Jihad in Islamic Sources, Tradition and Todays] (pp. 281- 308). Istanbul, Turkey: KURAMER.
  • Wilders, G. [PM Dawn] (2013, 30 March). Fitna - Geert Wilders [Full movie with English subtitles]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2HlptyGvlIY&has_ verified=1&bpctr=1544727410 (20.07.2019).
  • Wood, D. [Acts17Apologetics] (2017, 28 March). Understanding Vehicular Jihad (David Wood). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_oFzQSMSVgI (21.07.2019).
  • World Islamic Front Declaration (1998, 23 February). Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved from https://fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/980223-fatwa.htm (15.07.2019).
  • Yaran, C. S. (2016). Dinler ve Cihad [Religions and Jihad]. In Ertürk, A (Ed.). İslam Kaynaklarında, Geleneğinde ve Günümüzde Cihad [Jihad in Islamic Sources, Tradition and Todays] (pp. 49-77). Istanbul, Turkey: KURAMER.
Toplam 34 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Din Araştırmaları
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Abdulhakim Allahdad Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Allahdad, A. (2019). Cihad Kavramının Çağdaş Yaklaşımlarının Algılanma ve Yorumlanma Sorunları. Talim, 3(1), 7-30. https://doi.org/10.37344/talim.2020.5



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