Powdery Mildew of Peas (Pisum sativum L.), Disease Management and Sources of Resistance

Öz

Fabaceae family contains many economically important plant species for human consumption and animal feed worldwide. Pea is the fourth commonly grown legume species in the world and it is a good source of protein. Powdery mildew is a fungal disease of pea and it is caused by Erysiphe pisi. Disease causes important yield and quality losses and the fungus is found wherever peas are grown in the world. Information related to the biology of the fungus, epidemiology of the disease, control measures to combat the disease and sources of resistance present in Pisum was presented.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Disease resistance; powdery mildew; Erysiphe pisi; Pisum sativum

Bezelye (Pisum sativum L.)’de Külleme Hastalığı, Kontrolü ve Dayanıklılık Kaynakları

Öz

Fabaceae familyası dünya çapında insan ve hayvan beslenmesinde önemli ekonomik bitki türlerini ihtiva etmektedir. Bezelye dünyada üretimi yapılan baklagiller içerisinde dördüncü sırada yer almaktadır ve önemli bir bitkisel protein kaynağıdır. Külleme (Erysiphe pisi) bezelyede önemli verim kayıplarına yol açan fungal bir hastalıktır ve Dünya üzerinde bezelye üretimi yapılan tüm bölgelerde yayılım göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada hastalık etmeninin biyolojisi ve hastalığın epidemiyolojisi, hastalığı kontrol metotlarının neler olduğu ve külleme hastalığına karşı Pisum cinsinde mevcut olan dayanıklılık kaynakları hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Dayanıklılık; külleme; Erysiphe pisi; Pisum sativum

Kaynakça

1. Braun, U. 1995. The Powdery Mildews (Erysiphales) of Europe. Gustav Fischer Verlag, New York, N.Y. pp.337.
2. Cook, R.T.A. and R.T.V. Fox, 1992. Erysiphe pisi var. pisi on fababeans and other legumes in Britain. Plant Pathology, 41: 506-512.
3. Cousin, R. 1997. Peas (Pisum sativum L.) Field Crops Research 53: 111-130.
4. Chupp, C. and A.F. Sherf, 1960. Pea Diseases. In :Vegetable Diseases and Their Control. The Ronald Press Company, New York, N.Y. pp:422-453.
5. Dixon, R.A. and M.J. Harrison, 1990. Activation, structure, and organization of genes involved in microbial defense in plants. Adv. Genet., 28: 165-234.
6. Ek, M., Eklund, M., R. von Post, C. Dayteg, T. Henriksson, P. Weibull, A. Ceptilis, P. Issac and S. Tuvesson, 2005. Microsatellite Markers for Powdery Mildew Resistance in Pea (Pisum sativum L.). Hereditas, 142: 86-91.
7. Erskine, W., J. Smartt and F. Muehlbauer, 1994. Mimicry of Lentil and the Domestication of Common Vetch and Grass Pea. Economic Botany, 48: 326-332.
8. FAO, 2007. FAO Production year book. (www.fao.org)

9. Falloon, R.E., P.W. Sutherland and I.C. Hallett, 1989. Morphology of Erysiphe pisi on leaves of Pisum sativum. Can. J. Bot., 67: 3410-3416.
10. Fondevilla, S., A.M. Torres, M.T. Moreno and D. Rubiales, 2007a. Identification of a new gene for resistance to powdery mildew in Pisum fulvum, a wild relative of pea. Breed. Sci., 57: 181-184.
11. Fondevilla, S., T.L.W. Carver, M.T. Moreno and D. Rubiales, 2006. Macroscopic and histological characterisation of genes er1 and er2 for powdery mildew resistance in Pea. Eur. J. Plant Pathol., 115: 309-321.
12. Fondevilla, S., T.L.W. Carver, M.T. Moreno and D. Rubiales, 2007b. Identification and characterisation of sources of resistance to Erysiphe pisi Syd. in Pisum spp. Plant Breed., 126: 113-119.
13. Fondevilla, S., D. Rubiales, M.T. Moreno, A.M. Torres, 2008. Identification and validation of RAPD and SCAR markers linked to the gene Er3 conferring resistance to Erysiphe pisi DC in pea. Mol. Breed., 22: 193-200.
14. Gritton, E.T. 1972. The effect of genetic resistance to powdery mildew on pea. Pisum Newslett., 4: 9-10.
15. Gritton, E.T. and R.D. Ebert, 1975. Interaction of planting date and powdery mildew on pea plant performance. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 100: 137-142.
16. Harland, S.C. 1948. Inheritance of Immunity to Powdery Mildew in Peruvian Forms of Pisum sativum. Heredity, 2: 263-269.
17. Heringa, R.J., A. Vannorel and M.F. Tazelaar, 1969. Resistance to powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni D.C.) in peas (Pisum sativum L.). Euphytica, 18: 163-169.
18. Hoey, B.K., K.R. Crowe, V.M. Jones and N.O. Polans, 1996. A phylogenetic analysis of Pisum based on morphological characters, allozyme and RAPD markers. Theor. Appl. Genet., 92: 92-100.
19. Janila, P. and P. Sharma, 2004. RAPD and SCAR markers for powdery mildew resistance gene in pea. Plant Breed., 123:271-274.
20. Jhooty, J.S. and D.S. Behar, 1972. Control of powdery mildew of pea and pumpkin by seed treatment with benomyl. Indian J. Agri. Sci., 42: 505-508.
21. Kumar, H. and R.B. Singh, 1981. Genetic analysis of adult alant resistance to powdery mildew in pea (Pisum sativum L.). Euphytica, 30: 147-151.
22. Mahmood, T., I. Ahmad, S.H. Quraishi and M. Aslam, 1983. Estimation of yield losses due to powdery mildew in peas. Pak. J. Bot., 15: 113-115.
23. Maheshwari, S.K., P.C. Gupta and L.S. Suhag, 1992. Management of powdery mildew of pea through fungicides. Legume Res., 15: 51-52.
24. Ram, B. and C.S. Prasad, 1994. Assessment of losses by powdery mildew, Erysiphe polygoni (D.C.) on pea. Natl. Acad. Sci. Lett. 17: 175-177.
25. Reiling, T.P. 1984. Powdery Mildew. In Compendium of Pea Diseases. Edited by D.J. Hagedorn. American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, Minnesota pp: 21-22.
26. Singh, H.B. and U.P. Singh, 1988. Powdery mildew of pea (Pisum sativum L.). Int. J. Tropical Plant Dis., 6: 1-18.
27. Singh, U.P. and B. Prithiviraj, 1997. Neemezal, a product of neem (Azadirachta indica), induces resistance in pea (Pisum sativum) against Erysiphe pisi. Physiological Mol. Plant Path., 51: 181-194.
28. Singh, U.P., B. Prithiviraj, K.G. Wagner and K. Plank-Schumacher, 1995. Effect of ajone, a constituent of garlic (Allium sativum), on powdery mildew (Erysiphe pisi) of pea (Pisum sativum). Zeitshrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten Pjlanzenshuts, 102: 399-406.
29. Singh, U.P., B.P. Srivastava, K.P. Singh and G.D. Mishra, 1991. Control of powdery mildew of pea by ginger extract. Indian Phytopath., 44: 55-59.
30. Singh, U.P., A. Bahadur, D.P. Singh and B.K. Sarma, 2003. Non-pathogenic powdery mildews induce resistance in pea (Pisum sativum) Against Erysiphe pisi. J. Phytopathology, 151: 419-424.
31. Timmerman, G.M., T.J. Frew, N.F. Weeden, A.F. Miller and D.S. Goulden, 1994. Linkage analysis of er-1 a Recessive Pisum sativum gene for resistance to powdery mildew fungus (Erysiphe pisi D.C.). Theor. Appl. Genet., 88: 1050-1055.
32. Tiwari, K.R., K.A. Penner, T.D. Warkentin and K.Y. Rashid, 1997a. Pathogenic variation in Erysiphe pisi, the casual organism of powdery mildew of pea. Can. J. Plant Pathol., 19: 267-271.
33. Tiwari, K.R., K.A. Penner and T.D. Warkentin, 1997b. Inheritance of powdery mildew resistance in pea. Can. J. Plant Sci., 77: 307-310.
34. Tiwari, K.R., K.A. Penner and T.D. Warkentin, 1998. Identification of coupling and repulsion phase RAPD markers for powdery mildew resistance gene er-1 in pea. Genome, 41: 440-444.
35. Tiwari, K.R., K.A. Penner and T.D. Warkentin, 1999. Identification of AFLP markers for the powdery mildew resistance gene er2 in pea. Pisum Genet., 31: 27-30.
36. Viljanen-Rollinson, S.L.H., R.E. Gaunt, C.M.A. Frampton, R.E. Falloon and D.L. McNeil, 1998. Components of quantitative resistance to powdery mildew (Erysiphe pisi) in pea (Pisum sativum). Plant Pathology, 47: 137-147.
37. Weeden, N.F., G.M. Timmerman and J. Lu, 1994. Identifying and mapping genes of economic significance. Euphytica, 73: 191-198.