Past, Present and Future of Transgenic Crops

Öz

After obtaining the first genetically modified crop through modern DNA recombination techniques in 1982
and testing under field conditions in 1986, commercially growing of the genetically modified crops began in
1996 on an area of 1.7 million ha. Growing areas of genetically modified crops in 2014 reached to an area
of 181.5 million ha by an increase of 107 fold. While growing areas of genetically modified crops increased
very rapidly in a short time, discussions on the commercially growing of genetically modified crops are going
on. There are some doubts on the possibility of negative effects of genetically modified crops on human,
animal and environment. Number of the countries commercially growing the genetically modified crops
changed from year to year, and it did not exceed 30 during the years of 1996-2014. In this review
presentation, past, present and future of the genetically modified crops was discussed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• genetically modified crop,benefit,risk

Transgenik Bitkilerin Dünü, Bugünü ve Geleceği

Öz

1982 yılında ilk transgenik bitkinin elde edilmesi ve 1986 yılında tarlaya aktarılmasından sonra istatistik
kayıtlarına giren transgenik bitki tarımı 1996 yılında 1.7 milyon ha alanda başlamış ve aradan geçen 18 yıl
içinde 107 katına çıkarak 2014 yılında 181.5 milyon ha alanda transgenik bitki tarımı yapılmıştır. Transgenik
bitki tarımında kısa süredeki hızlı artışa karşılık bu bitkilerin tarımı ve ticaretiyle ilgili tartışmalar devam
etmektedir. Söz konusu bitkilerin insan, hayvan ve çevre üzerinde bazı olumsuz etkileri olabileceği ile ilgili
kuşkular bulunmaktadır. Bu tartışmalar nedeniyle , 1996-2014 yılları arasında transgenik bitki tarımı yapan
ülke sayısı yıldan yıla değişmiş ve 30 ülkeyi geçmemiştir. Bu bildiride transgenik bitkilerin geçmişi ve bugünü
ortaya konularak geleceği tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Transgenik bitki,avantaj,dezavantaj

Kaynakça

1. Anonim, 2015. Biyogüvenlik Kurumu. http://www.tbbdm.gov.tr/
2. Brookes G. and Barfoot P., 2015 a. GM crops: global socio-economic and environmental impacts 1996-2013. PG Economics Ltd, UK. Dorchester, UK. www.pgeconomics.co.uk.
3. Brookes G. and Barfoot P., 2015 b. Global income and production impacts of using GM
4. crop technology 1996–2013, GM Crops & Food: Biotechnology in Agriculture and the Food Chain, 6:1, 13-46.
5. Chilton M.D., Drummond M.H., Merio D.J., Sciaky D., Montoya A.L., Gordon M.P. and Nester W., 1977. Stable incorporation of plasmid DNA into higher plant cells: the molecular basisi of crown gall tumurigenesis. Cell 11: 263-271.
6. Daniel H., Datta R., Varma S., Gray S. and Lee S.B., 1998. Contianment of herbicide resistance through genetic engineering of the chloroplast genome. Nature Biotechnol. 16: 345-348. Wang Y, Cheng XC, Zhang Y, Liu J, Gao C, and Qui JL, 2014. Simultaneous editing of three homoeoalleles in hexaploid bread wheat confers heritable resistance to powdery mildew. Nature Biotechnology 32:947-951.
7. Espin F.M.I. and Santamaria J.M., 2014. An overall viewpoint of 30 years of genetically modified crops on the South Amrican perspective. Theor. Exp. Plant Physiol 26: 127-134.
8. Fraley R.T., Rogers S.G., Horsch R.B., Sanders P.R., Flick J.S., Adams S.P., Bittner M.L., Brand L.A., Fink C.L., Fry J.S., Galluppi G.R., Goldberg S.B., Hoffmann N.L. and Woos C., 1983. Expression of bacterial genes in plant cells. Proc. NatL. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 80, pp. 4803-4807.

9. Huang J., Hu R., Pray C., Qiao F., and Rozelle S., 2003. Biotechnology as an alternative to chemical pesticides: a case study of Bt cotton in China. Agricultural Economics 29 55-68.
10. Jacobsen S.E., Sorensen M., Pedersen S. and Weiner J., 2013. Feeding the world: genetically modified crops versus agricultural biodiversity. Agron. Sustain. Dev. DOI 10.1007/s13593-013-0138-9.
11. James C., 1996. Global Review of the Field Testing and Commercialization of Transgenic Plants: 1986 to 1995. www.isaaa.org. James C., 1997. Global Status of Transgenic Crops in 1997 . ISAAA Briefs No. 5.: 31. James C., 2012. Global Status of Transgenic Crops in 2012 . ISAAA Briefs No. 44. James C., 2014.. Global Status of Transgenic Crops in 2014 . ISAAA Briefs No. 49.
12. Khan M.H., Lone A.A. and Wani S.H., 2013. Genetic engineering for crop ımprovement. Jour Pl Sci Res 29 (1) : 5- 13
13. Klümper W. and Qaim M., 2014. A meta-analysis of the ımpacts of genetically modified crops. PLoS ONE 9(11): e111629.
14. Koziel M.G., Beland G.L., Bowman C., Carozzi N.B., Crenshaw R., Crossland L., Dawson J., Desai N., Hill M., Kadwell S., Launis K., Lewis K., Maddox D., McPherson K., Meghi R.M., Merlin E., Rhodes R., Warren W.G., Wright M. and Evola S.V., 1993. Field performance of elite transgenic maize plants expressing an insecticidal protein derived from Bacillus thuringiensis. Nat Biotechnol 11:194–200
15. Krishna V.V. and Qaim M., 2008. Potential impacts of Bt eggplant on economic surplus and farmers’ health in India . Agricultural Economics 38 167-180.
16. Kulikov A.M., 2005. Genetically Modified Organisms and Risks of Their Introduction. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, 52 (1): 99–111.
17. Liana P.D., 2012. Transgenic Plants – Advantages Regarding Their Cultivation, Potentially Risks
18. and Legislation Regarding GMO’s. In: Transgenıc Plants –Advances And Lımıtatıons, Y.Ö. Ciftci (ed), PP: 409-426.
19. Moloney M.M., Walker J.M. and Sharma K.K., 1989. High efficiency transformation of Brassica napus using Agrobacterium vectors. Plant Cell Rep 8(4):238–242.
20. Padgette S.R., Kolacz K.H., Delannay X., Re D.R., LaVallee B.J., Tinius C.N., Rhodes W.K., Otero Y.I., Barry G.F., Eichholtz D.A., Peschke V.M., Nida D.L., Taylorand N.B. and Kishore G.M., 1995. Development, identification, and characterization of a glyphosate-tolerant soybean line. Crop Sci 35:1451-1461.
21. Paine J.A., Shipton C.A., Chaggar S., Howells R.M., Kennedy M.J., Vernon G., Wright S.Y., Hinchliffe E. and Adams J.L., 2005. Improving the nutritional value of Golden Rice through increased pro-vitamin A content. Nature Biotechnology 23 (4): 482–7.
22. Perlak F.J., Deaton R.W., Armstrong T.A., Fuchs R.L., Sims S.R., Greenplate J.T. and Fischhoff D.A., 1990. Insect resistant cotton plants. Bio/Technology 8:939–943
23. Thomison P., 2013. What’s Enogen Corn? Corn Newsletter 40. http://agcrops.osu.edu/ corn/ newsletters
24. Tsaftaris A.S, Polidoros A.N., Karavangeli M., Nianiou-Obeidat I., Madesis P. and Goudoula C. 2000. Transgenıc crops: Recent developments and prospects. In: Biological Resource Management-Connecting Science and Policy, Balazs, E., Galante, E., Lynch, J.M., Schepers, J.S., Toutant, J.-P., Werner, D., Werry, P.A.T.J. (eds), pp: 187-203, Springer, Berlin
25. Vaeck M., Reynaerts A., Höfte H., Jansens S., De Beuckeleer M., Dean C., Zabeau M., Van Montagu M. and Leemans J., 1987. Transgenic plants protected from insect attack. Nature328, 33–37.
26. Van Lıjsebettens M., Angenon G. and De Block M., 2013. Transgenic plants: from first successes to future applications. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 57: 461-465.