Bioethanol Production from Sugar Beet

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 25 Sayı: ÖZEL SAYI-2, 334 - 339, 31.12.2016

Süreyya Gülfem Altunbay Ayşe Kangal Songül Gürel

Öz

Today,
gradually running out of fossil fuels, the destruction of ecosystems, efforts
to avoid being dependant on foreign countries for energy and to increase energy
diversity have increased the importance of fuels such as bioethanol. Biomass
production of bioethanol from sugar beet molasses will lead to open a new
market for beet producers, to widespread the crop rotation, to create an energy
farming culture and lead to an increase in sugar beet growing areas. Bioethanol
also contributes favorable support to the
ecology by providing diversity in agricultural production and it is important
for creating sustainable agricultural structure and supporting rural
development. Bioethanol in general is obtained by fermentation of plants
containing sugar and starch. Sugar beet molasses is used for the production of
bioethanol from sugar beet. Production of bioethanol from molasses is carried
out at three stages such as yeast reproduction, fermentation and distillation.
The alcohol obtained in %96 purity during ethanol production process is not
used as biofuel. In order to be used as biofuel it should be in %99.5 purity.
Therefore, in alcohol plants the purification and distillation units are needed
in addition to fermentation unit. Attention should be paid to alternative
energy sources such as bioethanol since the oil reserves are decreasing and
environment problems are increasing.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sugar Beet, bioethanol, energy

Şeker Pancarından Biyoetanol Üretimi

Öz

Günümüzde fosil yakıtların giderek tükeniyor olması, ekosistemin tahrip
edilmesi, ülkelerin enerjide dışa bağımlı olmaktan kurtulma ve enerji
çeşitliliğini arttırma çabaları biyoetanol gibi yakıtların önemini
arttırmıştır. Biyokütle olarak şeker pancarı melasından biyoetanol üretimi
pancar üreticileri için yeni bir piyasanın açılmasına, ekim nöbetinin
yaygınlaşmasına, enerji tarımı kültürünün oluşması ve şeker pancarı ekim
alanlarının artmasına sebep olacaktır. Biyoetanol aynı zamanda tarımsal
üretimde çeşitliliği sağlayarak ekolojiye olumlu katkıda bulunması,
sürdürülebilir tarımsal yapı oluşturması, kırsal kalkınmayı desteklemesi
bakımından da önemlidir. Biyoetanol, genel olarak şeker ve nişasta içeren
bitkilerden fermantasyon yoluyla elde edilir. Şeker pancarında biyoetanol
üretiminde melas kullanılmaktadır. Melastan biyoetanol üretimi; mayanın
çoğaltılması, fermantasyon, distilasyon olmak üzere üç aşamada
gerçekleştirilmektedir. Etanol üretiminde elde edilen alkol %96 saflıkta olup
yakıt alkolü olarak kullanılamaz. Etil alkolün yakıt olarak kullanabilmesi için
en az %99.5 saflıkta olması gerekir. Bu nedenle alkol fabrikalarında
fermantasyon ünitesinden sonra saflaştırma ve susuzlaştırma ünitelerine ihtiyaç
vardır. Günümüzde petrol rezervlerinin azalması ve çevre sorunları yüzünden
biyoetanol gibi alternatif enerji kaynaklarına önem verilmelidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Şeker pancarı, biyoetanol, enerji

Kaynakça

• Anonim 2013. Türkiye’de biyoetanol üretimi. http://www.seker.biz.tr
• Anonim 2014. State-of-the-Industry-Report. www.epure.org/sites/default/files/publication/140612-222.pdf.
• Antoni D., Zverlov V. and Schwarz W., 2007. Biofuels from microbes. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 77: 23-35.
• Cassman K.G. and Liska A.J., 2007. Food and fuel for all: Realistic or foolish? Biofuels Bioproducts and Biorefining, 1: 18-23.
• DeWit M. and Faaj A., 2010. European biomass resource potential and costs. Biomass and Bioenergy, 34: 188-202.
• De Vries S.C., van de Ven G.W.J., Van lttersum M.K. and Giller K.E., 2010. Resource use efficiency and environmental performance of nine major biofuel crops, processed by first­generation conversion techniques. Biomass and Bioenergy 34: 588-601.
• Doney D.L. and Theurer J.C., 1984. Potential of breeding for ethanol fuel in sugar beet. Crop Science 24: 255-257.
• Eggleston G., Tew T., Panella L., Klasson T., 2010. Ethanol from sugar crops. In: Industrial Crops and Uses (Editör: Singh BP), pp. 60–83. CABI, Chippenham, UK.
• Harland, J.I., Jones C.K. and Hufford C., 2006. Co-products. In the sugar beet, Draycott (ed. A.P.), 443-463. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing, Ltd.
• HLPE, 2013. Biofuels and food security. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome 2013.
• Hoffman C.M., 2008. Bioenergy from sugar beet-physiological aspects of yield formation. Proceedings of the 71st International Institute of Beet Research Congress. IIRB, Brussels, pp. 117-124.
• Hoogeveen J., Fauros J.M. and van de Giessen N., 2009. Increased biofuel production in the coming decade: To what extent will it affect global freshwater resourses? Irrigation and Drainage 58: Sl60
• Jacobs J., 2006. Ethanol from sugar: What are the prospects for U.S. sugar crops? Pp:5. http://www .rurdev.usda.gov/rbs/pub/sep06/ethanol.html
• Kenter C., Hoffmann C.M. and Märländer B., 2006. Effects of weather variables on sugar beet yield development (Beta vulgaris L.). European Journal of Agronomy, Vol.: 24, 1:62-69.
• Klocke M., Mahnert P., Mundt K., Souidi K. and Linke B., 2007. Microbial community analysis of a biogas-producing completely stirred tank reactor fed continuously with fodder beet silage as mono-substrate. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 30: 139-151.
• Kozak R. and Laufer C.S., 2009. Addition of a thermostabilized pectin methylesterase signifteanlly enhances the rate of saccharification of sugar beet pulp by the commercial pectinase preparation Pectinex® Ultra SPL,Journal of Sugar Beet Research 46: 7 1-72.
• Milford G.F., 2006. Plant structure and crop physiology. In: Draycott AP.(Ed). Sugar Beet. Blackwell Publishing Ltd Oxford UK. pp. 30-49.
• Nigarn P.S. and Singh A., 2010. Production of liquid biofuels from renewable resources. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science. doi:10.1016/j.pecs.2010.01.003
• Panella L., 2010. Sugar Beet as an Energy Crop. Sugar Tech (September and December 2010). 12(3-4): 288-293.
• Panella L. and Kaffka S.R., 2010. Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L) as a biofuel feedstock in the United States. In Sustainability of the sugar and sugar-ethanol industries, ed. ed. G. Eggleston, pp.163- 175.
• Sachs J., Remans R. and Smukler S., 2010. Monitoring the world's agriculture. Nature 466: 558-560
• Scott R.K. and Jaggard K.W.1993. Crop physiology and agronomy. In the sugar beet crop: Science into practice, ed. D.A. Cooke, ll179-237. London: Chapman and Hall.
• Shapouri H., Salassi M., Fairhanks J.N., 2006. The economic feasibility of ethanol production from sugar in the United States. www.usda.gov/oce/reports/energy/EthanolSugar FeasibilityReport3.pdf.
• Searchinger T., Heimlich R. and Houghton R.A., 2008. Use of U.S. croplands for biofuels increases greenhouse gases through emissions from land-use change. Science 319: 1238-1240.
• Sektör Raporu 2015. Türkiye Şeker Fabrikaları A.Ş. Sektör Raporu 2014. Ankara
• Şeker Kurumu 2015. T.C. Şeker Kurumu Faaliyet raporu 2014. Ankara.
• Theurer J.C., Doney D.L. ve Smith G.A., 1987. Potential ethanol production from sugar beet and fodder beet. Crop Science 27: 1034-1040
• USDA-ERS, 2010. http://www.ers.usda.gov/briefing/sugar/data.html