Araştırma Makalesi
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“ANATOLIAN” WOMAN AND CHILD WORKERS (KURTASHS) OF PERSEPOLIS AND ITS SURROUNDING AREAS: 509-458 B.C.

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 37 Sayı: 63, 17 - 48, 01.05.2018
https://doi.org/10.1501/Tarar_0000000676

Öz

During the Achaemenid/Persian Empire (ca. 550-330 BC) Persepolis, as a royal house, was one of the most important centers of Persian "Great Kings". About 30,000 Araştırma Görevlisi, A.Ü. Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi, Tarih Bölümü, Eskiçağ Tarihi Anabilim Dalı, farizoncu@gmail.com clay tablets were obtained in excavations conducted in the region in the 1930s. The texts called "Persepolis Treasury Tablets" and "Persepolis Fortification Tablets” keep records of daily and monthly rations or payments made to people from various social strata over foodstuffs, animals and silver in Persepolis and surrounding areas. Thousands of dependent workers who came from different regions of the empire and labeled kurtaš were also given rations. An important part of these workers varied in age, gender and ability came from different regions of Anatolia. Nearly half of the workers consisted of Sardians, Ionians, Carians, Lycians and Cappadocians were women and children. The Persepolis texts shows that these dependent women and children from Anatolia were not different from other women and children workers in Persepolis and its surrounding areas in terms of the rate of ration they received and the bureaucratic practices they were subjected to

Kaynakça

  • Briant, P., “From the Indus to the Mediterranean: The Administrative Organization and Logistics of the Great Roads of the Achaemenid Empire”, in: Susan E. Alcock, John Bodel, and Richard J.A. Talbert. Chichester (edd.)., Highways, Byways, and Road Systems in the Pre-Modern World, John Wiley& Sons, Inc., 2012, s. 185-201.
  • Briant, P., From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire, transl. by Peter T.Daniels, Eisenbrauns 2002.
  • Cameron, G.G., Persepolis Treasury Tablets, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1948.
  • Colburn, H.P., “Connectivity and Communication in the Achaemenid Empire”, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 56 (2013) 29-52, Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden 2013, s. 29-52..
  • Dusinberre, E. R. M., Empire, Authority, and Autonomy in Achaemenid Anatolia, Cambridge University Press, New York 2013.
  • Garrison, M. B. & Root, M. C., Seals on the Persepolis Fortification Tablets Volume I: Images of Heroic Encounter Part 1: Text, Oriental Institute Publications, Volume 117, Chicago 1984.
  • Graf, D. F., “The Persian Royal Road System”, in: Heleen Sancisi-Weerdenburg, Amélie Kuhrt, and Margaret Cool Root (edd)., Achaemenid History VIII. Continuity and Change. Proceedings of the Last Achaemenid History Workshop, April 6-8 1990, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, Leiden 1994, s. 167-189.
  • Hallock, R.T., Persepolis Fortification Tablets, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1969.
  • Henkelman, W. F. M.,“Xerxes, Atossa, and the Persepolis Fortification Archive”, The Netherlands Institute in Turkey, İstanbul 2010a, s. 27-33.
  • Henkelman, W. F. M., “ ‘Consumed by the King’. The Table of Darius, that of Irdabama and Irtaštuna, and that of his Satrap, Karkiš”, in: B. Jacobs-R. Rollinger (edd.), Der Achämenidenhof. The Achaemenid Court Akten des 2. Internationalen Kolloquiums zum Thema »Vorderasien im Spannungsfeld klassischer und altorientalischer Überlieferungen« Landgut Castelen bei Basel, 23.–25. Mai 2007, Wiesbaden 2010b, s. 666-775.
  • Herzfeld, E. E., Iran in the Ancient East, Oxford University Press, London-New York 1941.
  • Kent , R. G., Old Persian: Grammar, Texts, Lexion, American Oriental Society, New Haven 1953.
  • Kuhrt, A., The Persian Empire. A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period,Vol. 2, Routledge, New York 2007.
  • Lewis, D. M.“The Persepolis Fortification Texts”, Achaemenid History IV: Centre and Periphery, Leiden 1990, s. 1-6.
  • Nylander, C., Ionians in Pasargadae. Studies in Old Persian Architecture, Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis Boreas. Upsela Studies in Ancient Mediterranean Civilizations.1, Upsala 1970.
  • Olmstead, A.T., History of the Persian Empire, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago-London 1948.
  • Rollinger, R.,- Henkelman, W.F.M. “New Observations on ‘Greeks’ in the Achaemenid Empire According to Cuneiform Texts from Babylonia and Persepolis” In: P. Briant und M. Chauveau, Organisation des pouvoirs et contacts culturels dans les pays de l´empire achéménide, Paris 2009, s. 331-351.
  • Schmidt, E.F., Persepolis I: Structures, Reliefs, Inscriptions,The University of Chicago Oriental Institute Publications, Vol. LXVIII.,Chicago/Illinois 1953.
  • Stolper, M. W., - Tavernier, J., “From the Persepolis Fortification Archive Project, 1: An Old Persian Administrative Tablet from the Persepolis Fortification”, ARTA 2007.001, 2007, s. 1-28.
  • Tavernier, J., “ Multilingualism in the Fortification and Treasury archives” in: P. Briant, W.F.M. Henkelman, M. W. Stolper (edd.), L’archaive des Fortifications de Persépolis. État des questions et perspectives de recherches. Actes du colloque organisé au Collège de Francepar la et le (GDR 2538 CNRS), 3-4 novembre 2006, Persika 12, Paris 2008, s. 59-86.
  • Tavernier, J., “Des Lyciens à Persépolis et en Mésopotamie durant la période achéménide (ca 521-331 avant J.-C.)”, in: R. Lebrun, É. Raimond, J. Vos (edd.), Bibliothèque des Cahiers de Linguistique de Louvain 136, Hethitica XVII, Studia de Lycia antiqua, Leuven – Paris – Bristol 2015, s. 147-174.
  • Tuplin, C., “The Administration of the Achaemenid Empire”, I.Carradice (ed.), Coinage and Administration in the Athenian and Persian Empires, Oxford 1987, 109-166.
  • Waters , M., Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550-330 BCE, Cambridge University Press, New York 2014.
  • Wiesehöfer, J., Antik Pers Tarihi, Çev. Mehmet Ali İnci, Telos Yayıncılık, İstanbul 2003. Ekler Tablo I Tablet No 1946( 14) 1947( 1947( 66) PF 1947(
  • K PF Yıl ay / 22. PF PF PF PF PF PF PF 9.,1Ayla PF 3. a y/ 23. 6. a y/ 23. 6. v 2.,3 Ayla 23 . Ve 3 PF PF Tablo II Persepolis Arşivle Tablet No PF PF PF PF Tablo III Tablet No Tablo IV No PF PT Tablo V PF 84-2072( PF PT

Persepolis ve çevresinin “Anadolulu” kadın ve çocuk işçileri (kurtaš’lar): M.Ö. 509-458

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 37 Sayı: 63, 17 - 48, 01.05.2018
https://doi.org/10.1501/Tarar_0000000676

Öz

Persepolis, Akhaemenid/Pers İmparatorluğu döneminde Pers krallarının ikamet ettikleri en önemli merkezlerden biriydi. 1930’larda yapılan kazı çalışmalarıyla bu bölgede 30.000 civarında tablet bulunmuştur. Bu tabletler, Persepolis ve çevresindeki bölgelerde yaşayan çeşitli sosyal tabakalara mensup insanlara gıda ürünleri, hayvanlar ve gümüş üzerinden yapılan günlük ve aylık tayınların ya da ödemelerin kaydıdır. İmparatorluğun değişik bölgelerinden gelmiş ve kurtaš olarak bilinen binlerce bağımlı işçinin de tablet metinlerinde tayın alanlar arasında olduğu görülür. Farklı yaş, cinsiyet ve yetenekte olan bu bağımlı işçilerin önemli bir bölümü Anadolu’nun farklı bölgelerinden Persepolis’e gelmektedir. Sardeisli, Ionialı, Karialı, Lykialı ve Kappadokialılardan oluşan bu işçilerin yaklaşık yarısı kadın ve çocuklardan meydana gelir. Persepolis’e gelen “Anadolulu” kadın ve çocuk bağımlı işçiler, Persepolis ve çevresindeki diğer kadın ve çocuk işçiler ile aynı tayın oranları alır

Kaynakça

  • Briant, P., “From the Indus to the Mediterranean: The Administrative Organization and Logistics of the Great Roads of the Achaemenid Empire”, in: Susan E. Alcock, John Bodel, and Richard J.A. Talbert. Chichester (edd.)., Highways, Byways, and Road Systems in the Pre-Modern World, John Wiley& Sons, Inc., 2012, s. 185-201.
  • Briant, P., From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire, transl. by Peter T.Daniels, Eisenbrauns 2002.
  • Cameron, G.G., Persepolis Treasury Tablets, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1948.
  • Colburn, H.P., “Connectivity and Communication in the Achaemenid Empire”, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 56 (2013) 29-52, Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden 2013, s. 29-52..
  • Dusinberre, E. R. M., Empire, Authority, and Autonomy in Achaemenid Anatolia, Cambridge University Press, New York 2013.
  • Garrison, M. B. & Root, M. C., Seals on the Persepolis Fortification Tablets Volume I: Images of Heroic Encounter Part 1: Text, Oriental Institute Publications, Volume 117, Chicago 1984.
  • Graf, D. F., “The Persian Royal Road System”, in: Heleen Sancisi-Weerdenburg, Amélie Kuhrt, and Margaret Cool Root (edd)., Achaemenid History VIII. Continuity and Change. Proceedings of the Last Achaemenid History Workshop, April 6-8 1990, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, Leiden 1994, s. 167-189.
  • Hallock, R.T., Persepolis Fortification Tablets, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1969.
  • Henkelman, W. F. M.,“Xerxes, Atossa, and the Persepolis Fortification Archive”, The Netherlands Institute in Turkey, İstanbul 2010a, s. 27-33.
  • Henkelman, W. F. M., “ ‘Consumed by the King’. The Table of Darius, that of Irdabama and Irtaštuna, and that of his Satrap, Karkiš”, in: B. Jacobs-R. Rollinger (edd.), Der Achämenidenhof. The Achaemenid Court Akten des 2. Internationalen Kolloquiums zum Thema »Vorderasien im Spannungsfeld klassischer und altorientalischer Überlieferungen« Landgut Castelen bei Basel, 23.–25. Mai 2007, Wiesbaden 2010b, s. 666-775.
  • Herzfeld, E. E., Iran in the Ancient East, Oxford University Press, London-New York 1941.
  • Kent , R. G., Old Persian: Grammar, Texts, Lexion, American Oriental Society, New Haven 1953.
  • Kuhrt, A., The Persian Empire. A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period,Vol. 2, Routledge, New York 2007.
  • Lewis, D. M.“The Persepolis Fortification Texts”, Achaemenid History IV: Centre and Periphery, Leiden 1990, s. 1-6.
  • Nylander, C., Ionians in Pasargadae. Studies in Old Persian Architecture, Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis Boreas. Upsela Studies in Ancient Mediterranean Civilizations.1, Upsala 1970.
  • Olmstead, A.T., History of the Persian Empire, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago-London 1948.
  • Rollinger, R.,- Henkelman, W.F.M. “New Observations on ‘Greeks’ in the Achaemenid Empire According to Cuneiform Texts from Babylonia and Persepolis” In: P. Briant und M. Chauveau, Organisation des pouvoirs et contacts culturels dans les pays de l´empire achéménide, Paris 2009, s. 331-351.
  • Schmidt, E.F., Persepolis I: Structures, Reliefs, Inscriptions,The University of Chicago Oriental Institute Publications, Vol. LXVIII.,Chicago/Illinois 1953.
  • Stolper, M. W., - Tavernier, J., “From the Persepolis Fortification Archive Project, 1: An Old Persian Administrative Tablet from the Persepolis Fortification”, ARTA 2007.001, 2007, s. 1-28.
  • Tavernier, J., “ Multilingualism in the Fortification and Treasury archives” in: P. Briant, W.F.M. Henkelman, M. W. Stolper (edd.), L’archaive des Fortifications de Persépolis. État des questions et perspectives de recherches. Actes du colloque organisé au Collège de Francepar la et le (GDR 2538 CNRS), 3-4 novembre 2006, Persika 12, Paris 2008, s. 59-86.
  • Tavernier, J., “Des Lyciens à Persépolis et en Mésopotamie durant la période achéménide (ca 521-331 avant J.-C.)”, in: R. Lebrun, É. Raimond, J. Vos (edd.), Bibliothèque des Cahiers de Linguistique de Louvain 136, Hethitica XVII, Studia de Lycia antiqua, Leuven – Paris – Bristol 2015, s. 147-174.
  • Tuplin, C., “The Administration of the Achaemenid Empire”, I.Carradice (ed.), Coinage and Administration in the Athenian and Persian Empires, Oxford 1987, 109-166.
  • Waters , M., Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550-330 BCE, Cambridge University Press, New York 2014.
  • Wiesehöfer, J., Antik Pers Tarihi, Çev. Mehmet Ali İnci, Telos Yayıncılık, İstanbul 2003. Ekler Tablo I Tablet No 1946( 14) 1947( 1947( 66) PF 1947(
  • K PF Yıl ay / 22. PF PF PF PF PF PF PF 9.,1Ayla PF 3. a y/ 23. 6. a y/ 23. 6. v 2.,3 Ayla 23 . Ve 3 PF PF Tablo II Persepolis Arşivle Tablet No PF PF PF PF Tablo III Tablet No Tablo IV No PF PT Tablo V PF 84-2072( PF PT
Toplam 25 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Fariz Öncü Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Mayıs 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 37 Sayı: 63

Kaynak Göster

APA Öncü, F. (2018). Persepolis ve çevresinin “Anadolulu” kadın ve çocuk işçileri (kurtaš’lar): M.Ö. 509-458. Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 37(63), 17-48. https://doi.org/10.1501/Tarar_0000000676
AMA Öncü F. Persepolis ve çevresinin “Anadolulu” kadın ve çocuk işçileri (kurtaš’lar): M.Ö. 509-458. TAD. Mayıs 2018;37(63):17-48. doi:10.1501/Tarar_0000000676
Chicago Öncü, Fariz. “Persepolis Ve çevresinin ‘Anadolulu’ kadın Ve çocuk işçileri (kurtaš’lar): M.Ö. 509-458”. Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 37, sy. 63 (Mayıs 2018): 17-48. https://doi.org/10.1501/Tarar_0000000676.
EndNote Öncü F (01 Mayıs 2018) Persepolis ve çevresinin “Anadolulu” kadın ve çocuk işçileri (kurtaš’lar): M.Ö. 509-458. Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 37 63 17–48.
IEEE F. Öncü, “Persepolis ve çevresinin ‘Anadolulu’ kadın ve çocuk işçileri (kurtaš’lar): M.Ö. 509-458”, TAD, c. 37, sy. 63, ss. 17–48, 2018, doi: 10.1501/Tarar_0000000676.
ISNAD Öncü, Fariz. “Persepolis Ve çevresinin ‘Anadolulu’ kadın Ve çocuk işçileri (kurtaš’lar): M.Ö. 509-458”. Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 37/63 (Mayıs 2018), 17-48. https://doi.org/10.1501/Tarar_0000000676.
JAMA Öncü F. Persepolis ve çevresinin “Anadolulu” kadın ve çocuk işçileri (kurtaš’lar): M.Ö. 509-458. TAD. 2018;37:17–48.
MLA Öncü, Fariz. “Persepolis Ve çevresinin ‘Anadolulu’ kadın Ve çocuk işçileri (kurtaš’lar): M.Ö. 509-458”. Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, c. 37, sy. 63, 2018, ss. 17-48, doi:10.1501/Tarar_0000000676.
Vancouver Öncü F. Persepolis ve çevresinin “Anadolulu” kadın ve çocuk işçileri (kurtaš’lar): M.Ö. 509-458. TAD. 2018;37(63):17-48.