Özelleştirmenin tehlikeleri: Principalis’lerin özellikleri Roma Cumhuriyeti ve İmparatorluğu’ndaki iltizam sistemini nasıl etkiledi

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 34 Sayı: 58, 715 - 738, 01.10.2015

Edgar Kıser Danielle Kane Ayşen Sina

https://doi.org/10.1501/Tarar_0000000625

Öz

1 Principalis, Latince’de “esas, ana, baş, başlıca, en önemli, belli başlı, hukuk, müvekkil, okul müdürü, sermaye, işveren” ve daha birçok anlamı olan sözcüktür. Söz konusu makalede “işletme yöneticileri” anlamındadır. Sosyal bilimler alanında, özellikle sosyoloji ve işletme alanlarında işletme yöneticileri, işletmenin birer vekili olarak kabul edilmektedir. Vekil bir başkası adına onun verdiği yetki ile çalışan kimsedir. Vekâlet teorisi, Roma’da vergilerin toplanmasıyla ilgili işletme yöneticilerinin bir vekil gibi hissedarların adına hareket ederken, hissedarlar ile çıkarlarının zaman zaman çakıştığını öne sürmektedir. Doğal olarak işletme yöneticileri de kendi çıkarları peşinde koşmakta ve daha yüksek kazançlar elde etmeyi istemektedirler (ç.n.)

Anahtar Kelimeler

Özelleştirmenin tehlikeleri, Principalis, Roma Cumhuriyeti

Kaynakça

• Adams, Julia (1996) “Principals and agents, colonialists and company men: The decay of colonial control in the Dutch East Indies.” American Sociological Review 61: 12–28.
• Adcock, F. E. (1964) Roman Political Ideas and Practice. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
• Alston, R. (1998) Aspects of Roman History, AD 14–117. New York: Routledge.
• Andreau, Jean (1999) Banking and Business in the Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Austin, A. E. (1989) “Roman government and politics, 200–134 BC,” in A. E. Austin, F. W. Walbank, M. W. Frederickson, and R. M. Ogilve (eds.) Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 8. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 163–96.
• Badian, Ernst (1968) Roman Imperialism in the Late Republic. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• ——— (1972) Publicans and Sinners. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
• Banfield, Edward (1975) “Corruption as a feature of governmental organization.” Journal of Law and Economics 18: 587–605.
• Bowman, Alan (1996) “Egypt,” in Alan Bowman, Edward Champlin, and Andrew Lintott (eds.) Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 10. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 676–702.
• Brunt, P. A. (1975) “The administrators of Roman Egypt.” Journal of Roman Studies65: 124–47.
• ——— (1990) Roman Imperial Themes. Oxford: Clarendon.
• Casson, L. (1994) Travel in the Ancient World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
• Che, Yeon-Koo (1995) “Revolving doors and the optimal tolerance for agency collusion.” RAND Journal of Economics 26: 378–97.
• Coleman, James (1970) “Political money.” American Political Science Review 64: 1074–87.
• Crawford, Michael (1977) “Rome and the Greek world: Economic relationships.” Economic History Review 30: 42–52.
• ——— (1978) The Roman Republic. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
• Duncan-Jones, Richard (1990) Structure and Scale in the Roman Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• ——— (1994) Money and Government in the Roman Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Ferejohn, John, and Charles Shipan (1990) “Congressional influence on bureaucracy.” Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 6: S1–S20.
• Finer, Samuel (1997) The History of Government. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Finley, M. I. (1978) “Empire in the Greco-Roman world.” Greece and Rome 25: 1– 15.
• Frank, Tenny (1927) An Economic History of Rome. London: Cape.
• ——— (1940) An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome. Vol. 5. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
• Garnsey, Peter, and Richard Saller (1987) The Roman Empire. Berkeley: University of California Press.
• Goldstone, Jack (1991) Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World. Berkeley: University of California Press.
• Goodman, M. (1997) The Roman World, 44 BC–AD 180. New York: Routledge.
• Grant, M. (1978) History of Rome. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
• Gromley, William (1979) “A test of the revolving door hypothesis at the FCC.” American Journal of Political Science 23: 665–83.
• Gruen, E. S. (1968) Roman Politics and the Criminal Courts, 149–68 BC. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
• ——— (1995) The Last Generation of the Roman Republic. Berkeley: University of California Press.
• Harris, W. V. (1971) “On war and greed in the second century BC.” American Historical Review 76: 1371–85.
• Hopkins, Keith (1980) “Taxes and trade in the Roman Empire (200 BC–AD 400).” Journal of Roman Studies70: 101–25.
• Jones, A. H. M. (1974) The Roman Economy. Totowa, NJ: Row man and Little field.
• Kiser, Edgar (1994) “Markets and hierarchies in early modern fiscal systems: A principal agent analysis.” Politics and Society 22: 284–315.
• ——— (1999) “Comparing varieties of agency theory in economics, political science, and sociology: An illustration from state policy implementation.” Sociological Theory 17: 146–70.
• Kiser, Edgar, and Joshua Kane (2001) “Revolution and state structure: The bureaucratization of tax administration in early modern England and France.” American Journal of Sociology 107: 183–223.
• Lendon, J. E. (1997) Empire of Honor: The Art of Government in the Roman World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Levi, Margaret (1988) Of Rule and Revenue. Berkeley: University of California Press.
• Lintott, Andrew (1993) Imperium Romanum. London: Routledge.
• ——— (1999) The Constitution of the Roman Republic. Oxford: Clarendon.
• Love, J. R. (1991) Antiquity and Capitalism. New York: Routledge.
• Mann, Michael (1986) Sources of Social Power. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Millar, Fergus (1977) The Emperor in the Roman World: 31 BC–AD 337. London: Duckworth.
• ——— (1984) “The political character of the classical Roman Republic, 200–151 B.C.” Journal of Roman Studies 74: 1–19.
• Perrow, Charles (1990) “Economic theories of organization,” in Sharon Zukin and Paul Dimaggio (eds.) Structures of Capital. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 121–52.
• Potter, David (2004) The Roman Empire at Bay, A.D. 180–395. London: Routledge.
• Rathbone, D. W. (1996) “The imperial finances,” in Alan Bowman, Edward Champlin, and Andrew Lintott (eds.) Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 10. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 309–23.
• Richardson, John (1976) “The Spanish mines and the development of provincial taxation in the second century BC.” Journal of Roman Studies 66: 139–52.
• ——— (1994) “The administration of the empire,” in J. A. Clark, Andrew Lintott, and Elizabeth Rawson (eds.) Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 9. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 564–98.
• Saller, R. P. (1982) Personal Patronage under the Early Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Schwartz, R. (1998) The Roman Empire. New York: University Press of America.
• Scullard, H. H. (1973) Roman Politics, 220–150 B.C. Oxford: Clarendon.
• Shelton, J. (1988) As the Romans Did: A Sourcebook in Roman Social History. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Stevenson, G. H. (1975 [1939]) Roman Provincial Administration. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
• Talbert, Richard (1996) “The senate and senatorial and equestrian posts,” in Alan Bowman, Edward Champlin, and Andrew Lintott (eds.) Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 10. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 324–43.
• Temin, Peter (2004) “Financial intermediation in the early Roman Empire.” Journal of Economic History 64: 705–33.
• Vishnia, Rachel Feig (1996) State, Society, and Popular Leaders in Mid-Republican Rome, 241–167 B.C. London: Routledge.
• Wachter, J. (1987) The Roman Empire. London: Dent.
• Weber, Max (1968 [1922]) Economy and Society. Berkeley: University of California Press.
• ——— (1976 [1909]) The Agrarian Sociology of Ancient Civilizations. London: New Left Books.
• Wells, C. (1992) The Roman Empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
• Williams, Stephen (1985) Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. New York: Methuen.
• Yakobsen, Alexander (1999) Elections and Electioneering in Rome. Stuttgart: Steiner.