Biliş Kavramının Gelişim Psikolojisi Perspektifinden Tartışılması: Literatür Taraması

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, “biliş”, “Vygotsky”, “Bronfenbrenner”, “Piaget”, “Tomasello” anahtar kelimeleri kullanılarak gelişim psikolojisi ile ilişkili faktörleri incelemektir. Bu çalışmada biliş ve gelişim psikolojisi kavramları üzerine literatürde yer alan diğer çalışmaların bulguları bir araya getirilerek literatür taraması şeklinde okuyucuya sunulmuştur. Biliş kavramı üzerine yapılan çalışmalar psikoloji, gelişim psikolojisi, klinik psikoloji, psikiyatri ve diğer disiplinlerle ortak çalışılabilecek bir boyutta yer almıştır. Konunun multidisipliner bir yaklaşımla ele alınmasının, kapsamlı ve bilgilendirici bir içerik oluşturacağı düşünülmektedir. Araştırmanın yöntemi YÖK Ulusal Tez Merkezi, Google Scholar, ProQuest, ResearchGate, Semantic Scholar veri tabanlarında “Bronfenbrenner”, “Piaget”, “Vygotsky”, “Tomasello”, “biliş” anahtar kelimeleri ile 1929-2021 yılları arasında Türkiye'de ve dünyada biliş ve gelişim psikolojisi üzerine yapılan taramalarla bulunmuş ve araştırmanın örneklemi için seçilen 58 makale, kitap ve lisansüstü tez materyali ifade edilmiştir. En genel haliyle biliş; algı, dikkat, bellek, dil, problem çözme, akıl yürütme ve karar vermede rol oynayan bilişsel süreçlerin işlediği bir kavram olarak tanımlanabilir. Bilişsel süreçler ise bireyin düşünce, zeka ve dilindeki değişimler olarak ifade edilmektedir. Bir şiiri ezberlemek, bir bulmacayı çözmek, iki kelimeyi bir araya getirmek ve bir cümle kurmak bilişsel süreçlere örnek olarak verilebilir. Üç temel gelişimsel süreçten biyolojik, bilişsel ve sosyo-duygusal süreçler olarak bahsedilebilir. Gelişim psikolojisi alanında önemli olan sosyal bilişsel kuram, davranış, çevre ve bilişe vurgu yapan görüş olarak ifade edilmektedir. Piaget'nin bilişsel gelişim kuramı, Vygotsky'nin sosyokültürel kuramı, zihin kuramı (ZK), Bronfenbrenner'in ekolojik modeli, Tomasello’nun görüşleri çerçevesinde biliş kavramı tartışılmaktadır. Sosyal bilimlerde multidisipliner bir kavram olan biliş, gelişim psikolojisi alanında popüler olan kuramcıların perspektifinden ele alınarak değerlendirildiği bu çalışmanın, gelecek araştırmalar için önemli bir kaynak olması beklenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• gelişim psikolojisi
• biliş
• piaget
• vygotsky
• tomasello
• bronnfenbrenner

Discussion of the Concept of Cognition from a Developmental Psychology Perspective: A Literature Review

Öz

The aim of this study is to examine factors related to developmental psychology using the keywords “cognition”, “Vygotsky”, “Bronfenbrenner”, “Piaget”, and “Tomasello”. This study presents a literature review by bringing together the findings of other studies in the literature on the concepts of cognition and developmental psychology. Studies on the concept of cognition have been found to be interconnected across psychology, developmental psychology, clinical psychology, psychiatry, and other disciplines. It is believed that a multidisciplinary approach to the subject will create a comprehensive and informative content. The research methodology consisted of searches conducted in Turkey and worldwide between 1929 and 2021 on cognitive and developmental psychology using the keywords “Bronfenbrenner”, “Piaget”, “Vygotsky”, “Tomasello”, and “cognition” in the YOK National Thesis Center, Google Scholar, ProQuest, ResearchGate, and Semantic Scholar databases. The sample consisted of 58 articles, books, and postgraduate thesis materials selected for the research. In its most general form, cognition can be defined as a concept involving cognitive processes that play a role in perception, attention, memory, language, problem-solving, reasoning, and decision-making. Cognitive processes are expressed as changes in an individual's thought, intelligence, and language. Memorizing a poem, solving a puzzle, putting two words together, and forming a sentence can be given as examples of cognitive processes. Three basic developmental processes can be mentioned: Biological, cognitive, and socio-emotional processes. Social cognitive theory, which is important in the field of developmental psychology, is expressed as a perspective that emphasizes behavior, environment, and cognition. The concept of cognition is discussed within the framework of Piaget's theory of cognitive development, Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, theory of mind (ToM), Bronfenbrenner's ecological model, and Tomasello's views. This study, which evaluates cognition—a multidisciplinary concept in the social sciences—from the perspective of theorists popular in the field of developmental psychology, is expected to serve as an important resource for future research.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• developmental psychology
• cognition
• piaget
• vygotsky
• bronnfenbrenner
• tomasello

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