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Filipinler'deki İspanyol Sömürgeciliği: Moro’nun Siyasi ve Kültürel Sorunları (1521-1898)

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 5, 1503 - 1516, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.30622/tarr.1016896

Öz

Bu makale, İspanyol sömürge idaresi sırasında Filipinler Mindanao'daki Moro halkının sorunlarının tarihî kökenlerinin izini sürüyor, sömürgecilerin Moro halkının sosyo-politik, ekonomik ve kültürel yaşamını nasıl etkilediğini ele alıyor. Çalışmada, İspanyolların Moro Müslümanlarına karşı acımasız davrandıkları, hatta onları Hristiyanlaştırmaya çalıştıkları ve anavatanlarından göçe zorladıkları, Moroların ise kendilerine yapılan dayatmaları kabul etmeyip ve işgalcilerle uzun soluklu bir mücadeleye giriştikleri vurgulanıyor. Bilindiği üzere, tarihte Morolar ve Hıristiyanlar arasındaki çatışma, esas olarak farklı dini kimliklere dayandırılmaktadır. Makalede ise İspanyolların sadece Moro Müslümanları değil, aynı zamanda Filipinli Hıristiyanlar için de büyük yaralar ve acılara sebep oldukları iddia edilmektedir. 300 yıllık uzun İspanyol sömürge yönetimi esnasında meydana gelen Moro-İspanyol savaşları ve Moro-Filipinli Hıristiyan savaşları sonucunda Moroların sosyal faaliyetleri, ekonomisi ve siyasi düzenlerinin alt üst oluşu, bölgenin uzun zamandır "medenileşmemiş" bir yer olarak görülmesine sebep oldu. Bununla birlikte bu çalışmada, söz konusu olgunun, bölgenin komşu ülkelerle olan ticaret yollarının İspanyollar tarafından önünün tıkanmasının doğal bir sonucu olduğu öne sürülmüştür. Moro halkının, vatanlarını ve dinlerini savunmak için gösterdiği azim ve kararlılığın nedenini anlamak ve şimdiye kadar arzuladıkları haklar için verdikleri mücadelelerinin arkasındaki bilgeliği kavramak için Moroların tarihi kökenlerini incelemek şarttır. Bu makalede Moro tarihi de ilgili bağlamda mercek altına alınmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Abinales, Patricio, ve Donna Amoroso. State and Society of the Philippines. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2005.
  • Abubakar, Carmen A. Moro Ethno-Nationalist Movement. In Ethnicity, Identity. HongKong: Arena Press, 1989.
  • Aniel, Krishna. U.S. Policy Against the Abu Sayyaf Terrorist Group in the Post 9/11 World. Georgetown: Georgetown University, 2009.
  • Björkdahl, Annika, Kristine Höglund, Gearoid Millar, Jaïr van der Lijn, and Willemijn Verkoren. Peacebuilding and Friction Global and Local Encounters in Post Conflict Societies. England: Routledge, 2016.
  • Brown, Graham K. “The Long and Winding Road: The Peace Process in Mindanao, Philippines. Dublin: Institute for British-Irish Studies Discussion Papers, 2010.
  • Francia, Luis. A History of the Philippines: From Indios Bravos to Filipinos. New York: The Overlook Press, Peter Mayer Publishers, Inc., 2010.
  • Hernandez, Mary Beatrice. THE PHILIPPINES’ MORO CONFLICT: THE PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS IN THE QUEST FOR A SUSTAINABLE PEACE. Washington DC: Georgetown University, 2017.
  • Hunt, Chester. The Society and Its Environment. In Philippines: A Country Study. Washington DC: Library of Congress, 1993.
  • IN, Inquirer.net. Waves of Migration, Old and New. 9 Ekim 2019. https://opinion.inquirer.net/124482/waves-of-migration-old-and-new (erişildi: Ekim 27, 2021).
  • Jr., E. San Juan. U.S. Imperialism and Revolution in the Philippines. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
  • HL, History Learning The Austronesian Exğansion Theory. 2018. https://historylearning.com/history-of-the-philippines/pre-history/population-theories/the-austronesian-expansion-theory/ (erişildi: Ekim 27, 2021).
  • Magdalena, Federico V. The Peace Process in Mindanao. 29 September 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27912181.
  • Majul, Cesar Adib. Contemporary Muslim Movement in the Philippines. Berkeley: Mizan Press, 1985. —. Muslims in the Philippines. Quezon City: University of Philippines Press, 1973.
  • Makol-Abdul, Pute Rahimah. «Colonialism and Change: The Case of Muslims in the Philippines.» Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs Volume 1997 17/2 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1080/13602009708716379 (Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs), 2007: 311-323.
  • Man, Kadir Che. The Moros of Southern Philippines and the Malays of Southern Thailand. England: Oxford University Press, 1990.
  • Mastura, Michael. Moro Problem: An Approach through Constitutional Reforms. Manila, 1971.
  • McCoy, Alfred. Anarchy of Families: State and Family in the Philippines. Madison: University of Wisconsin, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, 1993.
  • McKenna, Thomas. Muslim Rulers and Rebels: Everyday Politics and Armed Separatism in the Southern Philippines. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.
  • Nadeau, Kathleen. The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations: The History of the Philippines. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2008.
  • Niksch, Larry. Abu Sayyaf: Target of Philippine-US Anti-Terrorism Cooperation. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2004.
  • Saleeby, Najeeb M. The Moro Problem: An Academic Discussion of the History and Solution of the Problem of the Government of the Moros of the Philippine Islands. Philippines: Press of E. C. McCollough and Co., 1913.
  • Seekins, Donald. Historical Setting: In Philippines: A Country Study. Washington DC: Library of Congress, 1993.
  • Stead, Roderick, ve Dr. E Dizon. A National Cultural Treasure Revisited – Re-assessing the ‘Balangay’ Boat Discoveries. tarih yok. http://www.themua.org/collections/items/show/1240 (erişildi: Ekim 27, 2021).
  • Tan, Samuel. A History of the Philippines. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 1987.

The Spanish Colonialism in the Philippines; Moro’s Political and Cultural Problems (1521-1898)

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 5, 1503 - 1516, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.30622/tarr.1016896

Öz

This article examines the historical origins of the problems of the Moro people in Mindanao, Philippines during Spanish colonial rule. It discusses how the colonialists affected the socio-political, economic and cultural life of the Moro people. It is a fact that the Spaniards were cruel to the Muslim Moro people, even trying to convert them to Christianity and forcing them to emigrate from their homeland. The Moro people, on the other hand, did not accept the impositions on them and engaged in a long-term struggle with the invaders. As it is known, the conflict between Moros and Christians in history is mainly based on different religious identities. The article claims that the Spaniards have caused great wounds and suffering not only to Moro Muslims but also to Filipino Christians. During the 300-year long Spanish colonial rule, the Moro-Spanish wars and Moro-Filipino Christian wars devastated the Moro social activities, economy, and political order. The region has long been seen as an "uncivilized" place. However, this is a natural consequence of the Spaniards blocking the region's trade routes with other neighbouring countries such as Malaysia, Indonesia, China and Vietnam. Examining their historical origins is essential to understand why the Moro people are determined to defend their homeland and religion and to grasp the wisdom behind their struggle for the rights they so far have sought. In this study, Moro history is also examined in the relevant context.

Kaynakça

  • Abinales, Patricio, ve Donna Amoroso. State and Society of the Philippines. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2005.
  • Abubakar, Carmen A. Moro Ethno-Nationalist Movement. In Ethnicity, Identity. HongKong: Arena Press, 1989.
  • Aniel, Krishna. U.S. Policy Against the Abu Sayyaf Terrorist Group in the Post 9/11 World. Georgetown: Georgetown University, 2009.
  • Björkdahl, Annika, Kristine Höglund, Gearoid Millar, Jaïr van der Lijn, and Willemijn Verkoren. Peacebuilding and Friction Global and Local Encounters in Post Conflict Societies. England: Routledge, 2016.
  • Brown, Graham K. “The Long and Winding Road: The Peace Process in Mindanao, Philippines. Dublin: Institute for British-Irish Studies Discussion Papers, 2010.
  • Francia, Luis. A History of the Philippines: From Indios Bravos to Filipinos. New York: The Overlook Press, Peter Mayer Publishers, Inc., 2010.
  • Hernandez, Mary Beatrice. THE PHILIPPINES’ MORO CONFLICT: THE PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS IN THE QUEST FOR A SUSTAINABLE PEACE. Washington DC: Georgetown University, 2017.
  • Hunt, Chester. The Society and Its Environment. In Philippines: A Country Study. Washington DC: Library of Congress, 1993.
  • IN, Inquirer.net. Waves of Migration, Old and New. 9 Ekim 2019. https://opinion.inquirer.net/124482/waves-of-migration-old-and-new (erişildi: Ekim 27, 2021).
  • Jr., E. San Juan. U.S. Imperialism and Revolution in the Philippines. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
  • HL, History Learning The Austronesian Exğansion Theory. 2018. https://historylearning.com/history-of-the-philippines/pre-history/population-theories/the-austronesian-expansion-theory/ (erişildi: Ekim 27, 2021).
  • Magdalena, Federico V. The Peace Process in Mindanao. 29 September 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27912181.
  • Majul, Cesar Adib. Contemporary Muslim Movement in the Philippines. Berkeley: Mizan Press, 1985. —. Muslims in the Philippines. Quezon City: University of Philippines Press, 1973.
  • Makol-Abdul, Pute Rahimah. «Colonialism and Change: The Case of Muslims in the Philippines.» Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs Volume 1997 17/2 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1080/13602009708716379 (Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs), 2007: 311-323.
  • Man, Kadir Che. The Moros of Southern Philippines and the Malays of Southern Thailand. England: Oxford University Press, 1990.
  • Mastura, Michael. Moro Problem: An Approach through Constitutional Reforms. Manila, 1971.
  • McCoy, Alfred. Anarchy of Families: State and Family in the Philippines. Madison: University of Wisconsin, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, 1993.
  • McKenna, Thomas. Muslim Rulers and Rebels: Everyday Politics and Armed Separatism in the Southern Philippines. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.
  • Nadeau, Kathleen. The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations: The History of the Philippines. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2008.
  • Niksch, Larry. Abu Sayyaf: Target of Philippine-US Anti-Terrorism Cooperation. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2004.
  • Saleeby, Najeeb M. The Moro Problem: An Academic Discussion of the History and Solution of the Problem of the Government of the Moros of the Philippine Islands. Philippines: Press of E. C. McCollough and Co., 1913.
  • Seekins, Donald. Historical Setting: In Philippines: A Country Study. Washington DC: Library of Congress, 1993.
  • Stead, Roderick, ve Dr. E Dizon. A National Cultural Treasure Revisited – Re-assessing the ‘Balangay’ Boat Discoveries. tarih yok. http://www.themua.org/collections/items/show/1240 (erişildi: Ekim 27, 2021).
  • Tan, Samuel. A History of the Philippines. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 1987.
Toplam 24 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Mohammad Raveen Anwar 0000-0002-2093-3276

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 5

Kaynak Göster

APA Anwar, M. R. (2021). Filipinler’deki İspanyol Sömürgeciliği: Moro’nun Siyasi ve Kültürel Sorunları (1521-1898). Turkish Academic Research Review, 6(5), 1503-1516. https://doi.org/10.30622/tarr.1016896

Turkish Academic Research Review 
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