Aphidofagous syrphids (Diptera: Syrphidae) from the Çardak Lagoon area, a non-agricultural habitat in Çanakkale Province, Türkiye

Öz

The present study aimed to determine the aphidophagous syrphids (Diptera: Syrphidae) in the Çardak Lagoon area, which is close to agricultural areas in Çanakkale Province, Turkiye. Sampling was done during the spring and summer in 2020. Five syrphid species belonging to five genera were associated with seven aphid species (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on eight host plants were collected. Episyrphus balteatus (de Geer) was the most polyphagous syrphid, being associated with the five host aphid species, whereas Eupeodes corollae (Fabricius) was associated with only one host aphid species. These results revealed that non-agricultural habitats such as a lagoon and wetland, which are close to agricultural fields, are an important refuge for aphidophagous syrphids, and highly likely for other predators and parasitoids. Consequently, this study suggests that the Çardak Lagoon and associated wetland constitute an important biodiversity resource and their protection should be a high priority, including as a refuge for fauna that can contribute to the biological control of pests in nearby agricultural areas.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Syrphid
• aphid
• interaction
• non-agricultural
• lagoon
• Çanakkale

Çanakkale İli’nde tarım dışı bir habitat olan Çardak Lagünü’ndeki afidofag syrphidler (Diptera: Syrphidae)

Öz

Bu çalışma ile Çanakkale İli’nde tarım alanlarına yakın olan Çardak Lagünü’ndeki afidofag syrphidlerin (Diptera: Syrphidae) belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Örneklemeler 2020 yılının bahar ve yaz ayları boyunca gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, sekiz farklı konukçu bitki üzerindeki Hemiptera takımı Aphididae familyasından yedi afit türü ile ilişkili, Syrphidae familyasındaki beş cins içerisinde toplam beş afidofag syrphid tespit edilmiştir. Tespit edilen türler arasında, beş konukçu afit türü ile ilişki olan Episyrphus balteatus (de Geer) en yaygın bulunan Syrphidae türü olmuştur. Diğer taraftan, Eupeodes corollae (Fabricius)’nin sadece bir konukçu afit türü ile ilişkili olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu sonuçlar, tarım alanlarına oldukça yakın konumda olan lagün ve sulak alanlar gibi tarım dışı habitatların afidofag syrphidlerin varlığı açısından zengin bir potansiyele sahip olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Sonuç olarak, bu verilerin afidofag syrphidlerin korunmasına ve tarımsal ürünlerdeki zararlı afitlerin biyolojik mücadelesinde daha etkin kullanımına katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Syrphid
• afit
• etkileşim
• tarım dışı
• lagün
• Çanakkale

Kaynakça

1. Amoabeng B. W., P. C. Stevenson, B. M. Mochiah, K. P. Asare & G. M. Gurr, 2020. Scope for non-crop plants to promote conservation biological control of crop pests and serve as sources of botanical insecticides. Scientific Reports, 10: 6951.
2. Bayrak N. & R. Hayat, 2008. Faunistic studies on the species of Syrphidae (Diptera) in Kayseri province. Plant Protection Bulletin, 48(4): 35-49.
3. Blackman R. L. & V. F. Eastop, 2006. Aphid’s on the world’s herbaceous plants and shrubs: an identification and information guide. Vol. 1. Host Lists and Keys. Vol. 2. The Aphids. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester, West Sussex, 1456 p.
4. Blackman R. L. & V. F. Eastop, 2023. Aphids on the world’s plants. An online identification and information guide. URL:http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/ (Erişim tarihi: 10 Ekim 2023).
5. Dib H., S. Simon, B. Sauphanor & Y. Capowiez, 2010. The role of natural enemies on the population dynamics of the rosy apple aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea Passerini (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in organic apple orchards in south-eastern France. Biological Control, 55: 97-109.
6. Djellab S., A. Van Eck & B. Samraoui, 2013. A survey of the hoverflies of northeastern Algeria (Diptera: Syrphidae). Egyptian Journal of Biology, 15: 1-12.
7. Doğan B. & Ş. Kök, 2023. The diversity and host interactions of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on different plant communities in an urban ecosystem. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 47(4): 459-470.
8. Dunn L., M. Lequerica, C. R. Reid & T. Latty, 2020. Dual ecosystem services of syrphid flies (Diptera: Syrphidae): pollinators and biological control agents. Pest management science, 76(6): 1973-1979.

9. Gontijo L. M., E. H. Beers & W. E. Snyder, 2015. Complementary suppression of aphids by predators and parasitoids. Biological Control, 90: 83-91.
10. Hille Ris Lambers D., 1950. On mounting aphids and other soft skinned insects. Entomologische Berichten, 13: 55-58.
11. Iturralde-García R. D., J. Riudavets & C. Castañé, 2020. Biological control of Callosobruchus chinensis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in stored chickpeas through the release of natural enemies. Biological Control, 149, 104322.
12. Janković M., M. Plećaš, D. Sandić, A. Popović, A. Petrović, O. Petrović-Obradović, Ž. Tomanović & V. Gagić, 2017. Functional role of different habitat types at local and landscape scales for aphids and their natural enemies. Journal of Pest Science, 90: 261-273.
13. Jonsson M., S. D. Wratten, D. A. Landis, J. M. L. Tompkins & R. Cullen, 2010. Habitat manipulation to mitigate the impacts of invasive arthropod pests. Biological Invasions, 12 (9): 2933-2945.
14. Kaser J. M. & G. E. Heimpel, 2018. Impact of the parasitoid Aphelinus certus on soybean aphid populations. Biological Control, 127: 17-24.
15. Katis N. I., J. A. Tsitsipis, M. Stevens & G. Powell, 2007. Transmission of plant viruses (Eds. van Emden H. F. & R. Harrington, Aphids as Crop Pests). CABI Publishing, London, 353-390.
16. Kök Ş., Ž. Tomanović, Z. Nedeljković, D. Şenal & İ. Kasap, 2020. Biodiversity of the natural enemies of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Northwest Turkey. Phytoparasitica, 48(1): 51-61.
17. Landis D. A., S. D. Wratten & G. M. Gurr, 2000. Habitat management to conserve natural enemies of arthropod pests in agriculture. Annual Review of Entomology, 45: 175-201.
18. Lefebvre V., C. Fontaine, C. Villemant & C. Daugeron, 2014. Are empidine dance flies major flower visitors in alpine environments? A case study in the Alps, France. Biology Letters, 10(11): 20140742.
19. Medeiros H. R., A. T. Hoshino, M. C. Ribeiro, M. N. Morales, F. Martello, O. C. P. Neto, D. W. Carstensen & A. O. Menezes Junior, 2018. Non‑crop habitats modulate alpha and beta diversity of fower fies (Diptera, Syrphidae) in Brazilian agricultural landscapes. Biodiversity and Conservation, 27: 1309-1326.
20. Mohammed A. A. & P. E. Hatcher, 2017. Combining entomopathogenic fungi and parasitoids to control the green peach aphid Myzus persicae. Biological Control, 110: 44-55.
21. Moquet L., E. Laurent, R. Bacchetta & A. L. Jacquemart, 2018. Conservation of hoverflies (Diptera, Syrphidae) requires complementary resources at the landscape and local scales. Insect Conservation and Diversity, 11(1): 72-87.
22. Peters D. C., J. A. Webster & C. S. Chlouber, 1991. Aphid-Plant Interactions: Populations to Molecules. Oklahoma Agricultural Experimental Station, Stillwater, 335 p.
23. R Development Core Team, 2023. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. URL: https:// www.R- proje ct.org/ (Erişim tarihi: 10 Ekim 2023).
24. Rodriguez-Gasol N., G. Alins, E. Veronesi & S. Wratten, 2020. The ecology of hoverflies as ecosystem service providers in agricultural systems. Biological Control, 151: 104405.
25. Sadeghi H. & F. Gilbert, 2000. Aphid suitability and its relationship to oviposition preference in predatory hoverflies. Journal of Animal Ecology, 69(5): 771-784.
26. Speight M. C. D., 2008. Database of Irish Syrphidae (Diptera). Irish Wildlife Manuals, N. 36. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government, Dublin, Ireland, 338 p.
27. Tiftikçi P., Ş. Kök & İ. Kasap, 2020. Biological control of twospotted spider mites [Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)] using Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseidae) at different ratios of release on field-grown tomatos. Biological control, 151: 104404.
28. Toikkanen J., P. Halme, J. Kahanpää & M. Toivonen, 2022. Effects of landscape composition on hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) in mass-flowering crop fields within forest-dominated landscapes. Journal of Insect Conservation, 26(6): 907-918.
29. Tomanović Ž., P. Starý, N. G. Kavallieratos, V. Gagi, M. Plećaš, M. Jankovic, E. Rakhshani, A. Ćetković & A. Petrović, 2012. Aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) in wetland habitats in the western Palaearctic: Key and associated aphid parasitoid guilds. Annales- Societe Entomologique De France, 48(1-2): 189-198.
30. Tscharntke, T., J. M. Tylianakis, T. A. Rand, R. K. Didham, L. Fahrig, P. Batáry, J. Bengtsson, Y. Clough, T. O. Crist, C. F. Dormann, R. W. Ewers, J. Fründ, R. D. Holt, A. Holzschuh, A. M. Klein, D. Kleijn, C. Kremen, D. A. Landis, W. Laurance, D. Lindenmayer, C. Scherber, N. Sodhi, I. Stefan-Dewenter, C. Thies, W. H. Van Der Putten & C. Westphal, 2012.
31. Landscape moderation of biodiversity patterns and processes-eight hypotheses. Biological Reviews, 87: 661-685.
32. Tscharntke T., R. Bommarco, Y. Clough, T. O. Crist, D. Kleijn, T. A. Rand, J. M. Tylianakis, S. van Nouhuys & S. Vidal, 2007. Conservation biological control and enemy diversity on a landscape scale. Biological Control, 43: 294-309.
33. van Lenteren J. C., J. Bale, F. Bigler, H. M. T. Hokkanen & A. J. M. Loomans, 2006. Assessing risks of releasing exotic biological control agents of arthropod pests. Annual Review of Entomology, 51: 609-634.
34. Völkl W., M. Mackauer, J. K. Pell & J. Brodeur, 2007. Predators, parasitoids and pathogens (Editors: Van Emden H. V. & R. Harrington, Aphids as Crop Pests). CABI, Wallingford, 187-233.
35. Wilkaniec B., B. Borowiak-Sobkowiak, A. Wilkaniec, W. Kubasik, M. Kozłowska & E. Dolańska-Niedbała, 2015. Aphid migrant activity in refuge habitats of the Wielkopolska agricultural landscape. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 55(1): 69-79.
36. Wojciechowicz-Żytko E. & E. Wilk, 2023. Surrounding semi-natural vegetation as a source of aphidophagous syrphids (Diptera, Syrphidae) for aphid control in apple orchards. Agriculture, 13(5): 1040.