Bazı tarımsal savaş ilaçlarının turunçgil bahçelerindeki önemli parazitoit ve predatörlere etkilerinin laboratuvar koşullarında araştırılması

Öz

Turunçgil yetiştiriciliğinin en önemli sorunlarından birisi de bitki korumadır. Bu sorunların çözümünde de üreticiler genellikle kimyasal mücadeleyi tercih etmektedir. Kimyasal mücadelenin sık ve bilinçsiz kullanılması da doğal düşmanların ölmesine ve doğal dengenin bozulmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışma, turunçgil bahçelerinde sık kullanılan bazı ilaçların, yine turunçgil bahçelerinde çok sık görülen bazı parazitoit ve predatörlere etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla ele alınmıştır. Denemeler laboratuvar koşullarında yürütülmüş ve ilaçların etkileri IOBC değerlerine göre sınıflandırılmıştır. Denemede kullanılan ilaçlardan chlorpyrifos–ethyl’ in Aphytis melinus ve Leptomastix dactylopii erginlerine kalıntı etkisi çok zararlı (4), spinosad’ ın A. melinus’ a çok zararlı (4) ve L. dactylopii’ye orta derece zararlı (3); pyriproxyfen, buprofezin, spirotetramat, mineral yağ ve parafinik mineral yağ’ ın ise zararsız veya az zararlı (1-2) olduğu belirlenmiştir. Pyriproxyfen ve buprofezin’ in Cryptolaemus montrouzieri larvalarına kalıntı etkisi çok zararlı (4), chlorpyrifos–ethyl az zararlı (2) ve diğer ilaçların zararsız (1) olduğu; üreme gücüne etkileri ise pyriproxyfen ve buprofezin çok zararlı (4), mineral yağ az zararlı (2) ve diğer ilaçların zararsız (1) olduğu bulunmuştur. Denemeye alınan tüm ilaçların C. montrouzieri erginlerine kalıntı etkisi zararsız (1), üreme gücüne etkileri ise pyriproxyfen’ in az zararlı (2) diğerlerinin ise zararsız olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Pyriproxyfen ve chlorpyrifos–ethyl’ in Sympherobius pygmaeus larvalarına kalıntı etkisi çok zararlı (4), buprofezin orta derece zararlı (3), mineral yağ ve parafinik mineral yağ az zararlı (2) ve spirotetramat ve spinosad ise zararsız (1) bulunmuştur. Üreme gücüne etkileri ise spirotetramat ve spinosad az zararlı (2) iken diğer ilaçlar çok zararlı olarak saptanmıştır. Bu sonuçlardan da anlaşıldığı gibi, bazı ilaçlar bazı türlere karşı çok zararlı olurken, bazı türlere karşı az zararlı veya zararsız olmuş, hatta aynı ilaç aynı türün değişik dönemlerine farklı etkide bulunmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Turunçgil, parazitoit, predatör, tarım ilacı, yan etki

Investigation of side effects of some pesticides on important parasitoids and predators in citrus ecosystem

Öz

The most important problems in citrus production are plant protection issues. Farmers generally prefer chemical control to solve these problems. Using pesticides commonly and unconsciously causes deaths of natural enemies and thus results in destruction of the natural balance. In this study, side effects of commonly used pesticides on some predators and parasitoids existing in citrus orchards were investigated. The experiments carried out under laboratory conditions and the effects of pesticides were classified according to the values of IOBC. Laboratory tests indicated that the residual effect of Chlorpyrifos-ethyl used in this study was harmful to adults of Aphytis melinus and Leptomastix dactylopii (4); spinosad was harmful to A. melinus (4) and moderately harmful to L. dactylopii (3), pyriproxyfen, buprofezin, spirotetramat, mineral oil and paraffinic mineral oil had the harmless or slightly harmful effects to all three natural enemies (1-2), respectively. Residual effect of buprofezin and pyriproxyfen was harmful to Cryptolaemus montrouzieri larvae (4), chlorpyrifos-ethyl was slightly harmful (2) and other chemicals were harmless (1). Regarding to their effects on reproduction, buprofezin and pyriproxyfen were harmful (4), mineral oils are slightly harmful (2) and other chemicals were harmless (1). All insecticides tested on the adults of C. montrouzieri had harmless residual effect (1). The effects on reproduction, pyriproxyfen was found slightly harmful (2), while others turned out to be harmless. The residual effect of pyriproxyfen and chlorpyrifos-ethyl was harmful to the larvae of Sympherobius pygmaeus (4), buprofezin was intermediatelly harmful (3), mineral oil and paraffinic mineral oil were slightly harmful, (2) spirotetramat and spinosad (1) were found harmless. Slightly harmful effects of the spirotetramat and spinosad on the reproduction were found (2), while the other chemicals were found to be harmful. The results obtained from this study indicated that some insecticides were harmful to some tested species, while they were slightly harmful or harmless to the other species and even the same insecticide had different effect on different stages of same species.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Citrus, parasitoid, predator, pesticide, side effect

Kaynakça

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