The effects of seed feeding insects on seed production of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.) in Adana province in southern Turkey

Öz

Sarı Peygamber Dikeni (Centaurea solstitialis L., Asteraceae), Türkiye’nin de içerisinde bulunduğu Avrasya’ya özgün bir bitki olup, Amerika Birleşik Devletlerinin batısında da istilacı bir yabancı ottur. Bu bitki Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde kapitula (çiçek başcıkları) böcekleri ile biyolojik mücadelede hedef yabancı ot olup, Türkiye’deki böceklerin durumları hakkında çok az şey bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada iki yıl boyunca Türkiye’nin güneyindeki Adana ilinin üç farklı bölgesini temsil eden yedi örnekleme noktasından kapitulalar (çiçek başcıkları) toplanmıştır. Bulaşık olmayan her bir kapituladaki ortalama sağlıklı tohum sayısı, kapitula çapı ile ilişkili olup, 10 ile 56 arasında değişmektedir. Genel olarak, böcek bulaşıklığı, kapituladaki sağlıklı tohum sayısı azaltmaktadır. Bulaşık olmayan bir kapituladaki sağlıklı ortalama tohum sayısı 34,7 iken bulaşık bir kapituladaki ortalama sağlıklı tohum sayısı 16,8 olup, % 52’lik azalma söz konusudur. Ancak azalış aynı zamanda kapitula büyüklüğüne de bağlıdır. Kapitulalar böcekler tarafından % 5-55 oranında bulaşmaktadır. Bu oran Kaliforniya’da uzun zamandır gözlenen üç bölgenin değerleri ile kıyaslandığında daha azdır (% 49 ila 89 arası). Çalışma alanlarında parazitoidler % 25 oranında gal oluşturan böcekleri, % 4 oranında gal oluşturmayan böcekleri tercih etmekte iken Kaliforniya’da hemen hemen parazitizm yoktur. En yaygın böcekler tanılanmamış bir mordellid ve iki adet gal oluşturan türdür. Bu iki tür; Urophora sirunaseva (Hering) (Diptera: Tephritidae) ve Isocolus scabiosae (Giraud) (Hymnenoptera: Cynipidae)’dir. Diğer tohum böcekleri daha az yaygın olan Oxycarenus pallens (Herrich-Schäffer) (Hemiptera: Oxycarenidae), Bangasternus orientalis (Capiomont), Eustenopus villosus (Boheman) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), ve Terellia uncinata White (Diptera: Tephritidae)’ dir. Yoğun olarak bulunan herbivorların bazıları, Amerika Birleşik Devletlerinde olası doğal düşman olarak değerlendirilebileceği gibi, Türkiye’de de kitle üretimi yöntemi veya koruma yöntemi kullanılarak Sarı Peygamber Dikeninin biyolojik mücadelesinde düşünülebilir

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sarı peygamber dikeni, Asteraceae, kapitula, tohum böcekleri, biyolojik mücadele, yabancı ot

Adana (Türkiye) ilindeki Sarı peygamber dikeni (Centaurea solstitialis L.)’nin tohum üretimi üzerine tohumla beslenen böceklerin etkinliği

Öz

Yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L., Asteraceae) is native to Eurasia, including Turkey, but is an invasive rangeland weed in the western United States. Although this plant has been targeted for biological control in the USA using insects that attack capitula (flower heads), little is known about attack rates in Turkey. We sampled capitula at seven sites representing three different regions in Adana Province in southern Turkey during two years. The mean number of viable seeds per uninfested capitulum was related to capitulum diameter and ranged from 10 to 56. Overall, insect infestation reduced mean per capitulum production of viable seeds from 34.7 in uninfested capitula to 16.8 in infested capitula (52% reduction), but the reduction per capitulum was also a function of capitulum size. The proportion of capitula infested by insects ranged from 5 to 55%, which was lower than rates of infestation previously observed at three long-term study sites in California (49 to 89%). Parasitoids attacked 25% of galls and 4% of non-galling insects, whereas almost no parasitism has been observed in California. The most common insects included an unidentified mordellid and two gall-forming species: Urophora sirunaseva (Hering) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Isocolus scabiosae (Giraud) (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Other seed-feeding species that were less widely distributed included Oxycarenus pallens (Herrich-Schäffer) (Hemiptera: Oxycarenidae), Bangasternus orientalis (Capiomont), Eustenopus villosus (Boheman) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), and Terellia uncinata White (Diptera: Tephritidae). Some of the more abundant herbivorous species should be evaluated as prospective biological control agents for the United States, whereas augmentation or conservation of some species should be considered to improve control of yellow starthistle in Turkey.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yellow starthistle, Asteraceae, capitulum, seed feeder, biological control, weed

Kaynakça

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