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The effects of seed feeding insects on seed production of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.) in Adana province in southern Turkey

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 99 - 120, 13.07.2016

Öz

Sarı Peygamber Dikeni (Centaurea solstitialis L., Asteraceae), Türkiye’nin de içerisinde bulunduğu Avrasya’ya özgün bir bitki olup, Amerika Birleşik Devletlerinin batısında da istilacı bir yabancı ottur. Bu bitki Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde kapitula (çiçek başcıkları) böcekleri ile biyolojik mücadelede hedef yabancı ot olup, Türkiye’deki böceklerin durumları hakkında çok az şey bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada iki yıl boyunca Türkiye’nin güneyindeki Adana ilinin üç farklı bölgesini temsil eden yedi örnekleme noktasından kapitulalar (çiçek başcıkları) toplanmıştır. Bulaşık olmayan her bir kapituladaki ortalama sağlıklı tohum sayısı, kapitula çapı ile ilişkili olup, 10 ile 56 arasında değişmektedir. Genel olarak, böcek bulaşıklığı, kapituladaki sağlıklı tohum sayısı azaltmaktadır. Bulaşık olmayan bir kapituladaki sağlıklı ortalama tohum sayısı 34,7 iken bulaşık bir kapituladaki ortalama sağlıklı tohum sayısı 16,8 olup, % 52’lik azalma söz konusudur. Ancak azalış aynı zamanda kapitula büyüklüğüne de bağlıdır. Kapitulalar böcekler tarafından % 5-55 oranında bulaşmaktadır. Bu oran Kaliforniya’da uzun zamandır gözlenen üç bölgenin değerleri ile kıyaslandığında daha azdır (% 49 ila 89 arası). Çalışma alanlarında parazitoidler % 25 oranında gal oluşturan böcekleri, % 4 oranında gal oluşturmayan böcekleri tercih etmekte iken Kaliforniya’da hemen hemen parazitizm yoktur. En yaygın böcekler tanılanmamış bir mordellid ve iki adet gal oluşturan türdür. Bu iki tür; Urophora sirunaseva (Hering) (Diptera: Tephritidae) ve Isocolus scabiosae (Giraud) (Hymnenoptera: Cynipidae)’dir. Diğer tohum böcekleri daha az yaygın olan Oxycarenus pallens (Herrich-Schäffer) (Hemiptera: Oxycarenidae), Bangasternus orientalis (Capiomont), Eustenopus villosus (Boheman) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), ve Terellia uncinata White (Diptera: Tephritidae)’ dir. Yoğun olarak bulunan herbivorların bazıları, Amerika Birleşik Devletlerinde olası doğal düşman olarak değerlendirilebileceği gibi, Türkiye’de de kitle üretimi yöntemi veya koruma yöntemi kullanılarak Sarı Peygamber Dikeninin biyolojik mücadelesinde düşünülebilir

Kaynakça

  • Abacus Concepts 1998. SuperANOVA v. 1.11. Abacus Concepts, Inc., Berkeley, California.
  • Anonymous 2010. Adana Valiliği. http://www.adana.gov.tr (Erişim tarihi: 28.06.2010).
  • Antonini G., P. Audisio, A. De Biase, E. Mancini, B.G. Rector, M. Cristofaro, M. Biondi, B.A. Korotyaev, M.C. Bon, A. Konstantinov & L. Smith 2008. The importance of molecular tools in classical biological control of weeds: two case studies with yellow starthistle candidate biocontrol agents. In: Julien MH, Sforza R, Bon MC, Evans HC, Hatcher PE, Hinz HL, Rector BG (eds) Proceedings of the XII International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds. CAB International Wallingford, UK. April 22-27, 2007, Montpellier, France, 263-269.
  • Balciunas J. & B. Villegas 1999. Two new seed head flies attack yellow starthistle. California Agriculture, 53 (2): 8-11.
  • Baumann T. & R. Brandl 1993. Evolution of host relationships in the genus Isocolus Forst. (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) on Centaurea (Asteraceae). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 21: 341-349.
  • Clement S.L. 1994. Resistence among populations of yellow starthistle to thistle-head insects: Results from garden plots in Italy. Biological Control, 4: 149-156.
  • Conover, W.J. 1980. Practical Nonparametric Statistics, 2nd. edn. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
  • Costas M, M. A. Vázquez & T. López 1997. Sobre las especies del género Oxycarenus Fieber, 1837 (Het., Lygaeidae) de la Península Ibérica. Zoologica Baetica, 8: 5-17.
  • Cristofaro M, R. Hayat, L. Gültekin, G. Tozlu, H. Zengin, C. Tronci, F. Lecce, F. Şahin & L. Smith 2002. Preliminary screening of new natural enemies of yellow starthistle, Centaurea solstitialis L. (Asteraceae) in Eastern Anatolia. In: Özbek H, Güçlü Ş, Hayat R (eds) Proceeding of the Fifth Turkish National Congress of Biological Control, 4-7 September, 2002, Erzurum, Turkey, 287-295.
  • Cristofaro M, R. Hayat, L. Gültekin, L, Tozlu, C. Tronci, F. Lecce, A, Paolini & L. Smith 2006. Arthropod communities associated with Centaurea solstitialis L. in Central and Eastern Anatolia. VIII European Congress of Entomology, 17-22 September 2006, Izmir, Turkey, Abstract Book, 148 p.
  • De Bolos O. & J. Vigo 1995. Flora dels països Çatalans, Volume 3 (Pirolacies-Compostes). Editorial Barcino, Barcelona.
  • DiTomaso J., G.B. Kyser & M.J. Pitcairn 2006. Yellow starthistle management guide. CalIPC Publication 2006-03. California Invasive Plant Council, Berkeley, California.
  • Dostál J. 1976. Centaurea L. In: Tutin TG, Heywood VH, Burges NA, Moore DM, Valentine DH, Walters SM, Webb DA (eds) Flora Europaea. 4:254-301. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Fornasari L. & R. Sobhian 1993. Life history of Eustenopus villosus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a promising biological control agent for yellow starthistle. Environmental Entomology, 22: 684-692.
  • Garren, J.M. & S.Y. Strauss 2009. Population-level compensation by an invasive thistle thwarts biological control from seed predators. Ecological Applications, 19: 709–721.
  • Hierro J.L., D. Villarreal, O. Eren, J. M. Graham & R.M. Callaway 2006. Disturbance facilitates invasion: the effects are stronger abroad than at home. American Naturalist, 168: 144-156.
  • Krist M. & P. Kment 2006. [Oxycarenus pallens (Heteroptera, Oxycarenidae) in central Moravia.] Blanatka svetla (Oxycarenus pallens) (Heteroptera, Oxycarenidae) na stredni Morave. Zpravy Vlastivedneho Muzea Olomouci, 285-287: 77-81.
  • Kurçman M. 1993. [Determination of weedy Centaurea spp. in wheat fields in Central Anatolia and studies on their distribution and density.] En Anatolie Central dans les champs du blé, determiner de Centaurea spp. et rechercher l’etendue et la densité de cette mauvais herbe. In: First TurkishWeed Science Congress; February 3–5, 1993; Adana, Turkey. Gen Matbaacilik, Ankara, Turkey, 133–138. Maddox D.M. & A. Mayfield 1985. Yellow starthistle infestations are on the increase. California Agriculture, 39 (11-12): 10-12.
  • Maddox D.M., D.B. Joley, A. Mayfield & B.E. Mackey 1991. Impact of Bangasternus orientalis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on achene production of Centaurea solstitialis (Asterales: Asteraceae) at a low and high elevation site in California. Environmental Entomology, 20: 335-337.
  • Manojlovic B. & I. Tosevski 1990. [Contribution to the knowledge of the influence of Isocolus jaceae (Sch.) (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) on the regulation of the population density of Centaurea solstitialis L. (Asteracea).] Prilog proucavanju uticaja Isocolus jaceae (Sch.) (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) na regulaciju gustine populacije Centaurea solstitialis L. (Asteracea). Zastita-Bilja, 41 (2): 141-149.
  • Pielou E.C. 1975. Ecological Diversity. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Pitcairn M.J., S. Schoenig, R. Yacoub & J. Gendron 2006. Yellow starthistle continues its spread in California. California Agriculture, 60 (2): 83-90.
  • Pitcairn M.J., B. Villegas, D. M. Woods, R. Yacoub & D.B. Joley 2008. Evaluating implementation success for seven seed head insects on Centaurea solstitialis in California, U.S.A. In: Julien MH, Sforza R, Bon MC, Evans HC, Hatcher PE, Hinz HL, Rector BG (eds) Proceedings of the XII International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds. CAB International Wallingford, UK. April 22-27, 2007, La Grande Motte (Montpellier), France, 607-613.
  • Pitcairn M.J., B. Villegas, D. Woods, G. Wilber, A. Duffy & M. El-Bawdri 2003. Statewide survey of yellow starthistle biological control agents. In: Woods DM (ed) Biological Control Program Annual Summary, 2002. California Department of Food and Agr., Plant Health and Pest Prevention Services, Sacramento, California, 45-49.
  • Pitcairn M. J., D. M. Woods & V.Popescu 2005. Update on the long-term monitoring of the combined impact of biological control insects on yellow starthistle. In: Woods DM (ed) Biological Control Program Annual Summary, 2004. California Department of Food and Agriculture, Plant Health and Pest Prevention Services, Sacramento,California, 27-30.
  • Rosenthal S.S., T. Davarcı, A. Erciş, B. Platts & S. Tait 1994. Turkish herbivores and pathogens associated with some knapweeds (Asteraceae: Centaurea and Acroptilon) that are weeds in the United States. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 96: 162-175.
  • Smith L. 2007. Physiological host range of Ceratapion basicorne, a prospective biological control agent of Centaurea solstitialis (Asteraceae). Biological Control, 41: 120-133.
  • Smith L, M. Cristofaro, R. Yu Dolgovskaya, C. Tronci & R. Hayat 2005. Status of new agents for biological control of yellow starthistle and Russian thistle. In Skurka G (ed) Proceedings California Invasive Plant Council Symposium, California Invasive Plant Council, Berkeley, California. October 6-8, 2005, Chico State University, Chico, California, 9: 22-26.
  • Sobhian R. 1993. Life history and host specificity of Urophora sirunaseva (Hering) (Diptera: Tephritidae), a candidate for biological control of yellow starthistle, with remarks on the host plant. Journal of Applied Entomology, 116: 381-390.
  • Sobhian R. & L. Fornasari 1994. Biology of Larinus curtus Hochhut (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a European weevil for biological control of yellow starthistle, Centaurea solstitialis L. (Asteraceae), in the United States. Biological Control, 4: 328-335.
  • Sobhian R. & I.S. Pittara 1988. A contribution to the biology, phenology and host specificity of Chaetorellia hexachaeta Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae), a possible candidate for the biological control of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.). Journal of Applied Entomology,106: 444-450.
  • Sobhian R., G. Campobasso & P.H. Dunn 1992. A contribution to the biology of Bangasternus fausti (Col.: Curculionidae), a potential biological control agent of diffuse knapweed, Centaurea diffusa, and its effect on the host plant. Entomophaga, 37: 171-179.
  • Sobhian R. & H. Zwölfer H 1985. Phytophagous insect species associated with flowerheads of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.). Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie, 99: 301-321.
  • Turner C. E., R. Sobhian, D. B. Joley, E. M. Coombs & G. L. Piper 1994. Establishment of Urophora sirunaseva for biological control of yellow starthistle in the western United States. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 70 (3): 206-211.
  • Turner C.E. & L. Fornasari 1995. Biological control of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) in North America. In: Delfosse ES, Scott RR (eds) Proc 8th Intl Symp Biol Control Weeds, 2-7 February 1992, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand. DSIR/CSIRO, Melbourne, 405-410.
  • Turner C.E., E.E. Grissell, J.P. Cuda & K. Casanave 1990. Microdontomerus anthonomi (Crawford) (Hymenoptera: Torymidae), an indigenous parasitoid of the introduced biological control insects Bangasternus orientalis (Capiomont) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Urophora affinis Frauenfeld (Diptera: Tephritidae). Pan-Pacific Entomology, 66: 162-166.
  • Turner C. E., J. B. Johnson & J. P. McCaffrey 1995. Yellow starthistle, pp. 270-275. In J.R. Nechols, L.A. Andres, J.W. Beardsley, R.D. Goeden and C.G. Jackson (editors), Biological Control in the Western United States: Accomplishments and benefits of regional research project W-84, 1964-1989. University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Oakland. Publ. 3361.
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  • Woods D.M., M.J. Pitcairn, D.B. Joley & C.E. Turner 2008. Seasonal phenology and impact of Urophora sirunaseva on yellow starthistle seed production in California. Biological Control, 47: 172-179.
  • Yacoub, R.A. 2005. An analysis of the distribution of seed head insects on yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis). Masters thesis, University of California, Davis.

Adana (Türkiye) ilindeki Sarı peygamber dikeni (Centaurea solstitialis L.)’nin tohum üretimi üzerine tohumla beslenen böceklerin etkinliği

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 99 - 120, 13.07.2016

Öz

Yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L., Asteraceae) is native to Eurasia, including Turkey, but is an invasive rangeland weed in the western United States. Although this plant has been targeted for biological control in the USA using insects that attack capitula (flower heads), little is known about attack rates in Turkey. We sampled capitula at seven sites representing three different regions in Adana Province in southern Turkey during two years. The mean number of viable seeds per uninfested capitulum was related to capitulum diameter and ranged from 10 to 56. Overall, insect infestation reduced mean per capitulum production of viable seeds from 34.7 in uninfested capitula to 16.8 in infested capitula (52% reduction), but the reduction per capitulum was also a function of capitulum size. The proportion of capitula infested by insects ranged from 5 to 55%, which was lower than rates of infestation previously observed at three long-term study sites in California (49 to 89%). Parasitoids attacked 25% of galls and 4% of non-galling insects, whereas almost no parasitism has been observed in California. The most common insects included an unidentified mordellid and two gall-forming species: Urophora sirunaseva (Hering) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Isocolus scabiosae (Giraud) (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Other seed-feeding species that were less widely distributed included Oxycarenus pallens (Herrich-Schäffer) (Hemiptera: Oxycarenidae), Bangasternus orientalis (Capiomont), Eustenopus villosus (Boheman) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), and Terellia uncinata White (Diptera: Tephritidae). Some of the more abundant herbivorous species should be evaluated as prospective biological control agents for the United States, whereas augmentation or conservation of some species should be considered to improve control of yellow starthistle in Turkey.

Kaynakça

  • Abacus Concepts 1998. SuperANOVA v. 1.11. Abacus Concepts, Inc., Berkeley, California.
  • Anonymous 2010. Adana Valiliği. http://www.adana.gov.tr (Erişim tarihi: 28.06.2010).
  • Antonini G., P. Audisio, A. De Biase, E. Mancini, B.G. Rector, M. Cristofaro, M. Biondi, B.A. Korotyaev, M.C. Bon, A. Konstantinov & L. Smith 2008. The importance of molecular tools in classical biological control of weeds: two case studies with yellow starthistle candidate biocontrol agents. In: Julien MH, Sforza R, Bon MC, Evans HC, Hatcher PE, Hinz HL, Rector BG (eds) Proceedings of the XII International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds. CAB International Wallingford, UK. April 22-27, 2007, Montpellier, France, 263-269.
  • Balciunas J. & B. Villegas 1999. Two new seed head flies attack yellow starthistle. California Agriculture, 53 (2): 8-11.
  • Baumann T. & R. Brandl 1993. Evolution of host relationships in the genus Isocolus Forst. (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) on Centaurea (Asteraceae). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 21: 341-349.
  • Clement S.L. 1994. Resistence among populations of yellow starthistle to thistle-head insects: Results from garden plots in Italy. Biological Control, 4: 149-156.
  • Conover, W.J. 1980. Practical Nonparametric Statistics, 2nd. edn. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
  • Costas M, M. A. Vázquez & T. López 1997. Sobre las especies del género Oxycarenus Fieber, 1837 (Het., Lygaeidae) de la Península Ibérica. Zoologica Baetica, 8: 5-17.
  • Cristofaro M, R. Hayat, L. Gültekin, G. Tozlu, H. Zengin, C. Tronci, F. Lecce, F. Şahin & L. Smith 2002. Preliminary screening of new natural enemies of yellow starthistle, Centaurea solstitialis L. (Asteraceae) in Eastern Anatolia. In: Özbek H, Güçlü Ş, Hayat R (eds) Proceeding of the Fifth Turkish National Congress of Biological Control, 4-7 September, 2002, Erzurum, Turkey, 287-295.
  • Cristofaro M, R. Hayat, L. Gültekin, L, Tozlu, C. Tronci, F. Lecce, A, Paolini & L. Smith 2006. Arthropod communities associated with Centaurea solstitialis L. in Central and Eastern Anatolia. VIII European Congress of Entomology, 17-22 September 2006, Izmir, Turkey, Abstract Book, 148 p.
  • De Bolos O. & J. Vigo 1995. Flora dels països Çatalans, Volume 3 (Pirolacies-Compostes). Editorial Barcino, Barcelona.
  • DiTomaso J., G.B. Kyser & M.J. Pitcairn 2006. Yellow starthistle management guide. CalIPC Publication 2006-03. California Invasive Plant Council, Berkeley, California.
  • Dostál J. 1976. Centaurea L. In: Tutin TG, Heywood VH, Burges NA, Moore DM, Valentine DH, Walters SM, Webb DA (eds) Flora Europaea. 4:254-301. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Fornasari L. & R. Sobhian 1993. Life history of Eustenopus villosus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a promising biological control agent for yellow starthistle. Environmental Entomology, 22: 684-692.
  • Garren, J.M. & S.Y. Strauss 2009. Population-level compensation by an invasive thistle thwarts biological control from seed predators. Ecological Applications, 19: 709–721.
  • Hierro J.L., D. Villarreal, O. Eren, J. M. Graham & R.M. Callaway 2006. Disturbance facilitates invasion: the effects are stronger abroad than at home. American Naturalist, 168: 144-156.
  • Krist M. & P. Kment 2006. [Oxycarenus pallens (Heteroptera, Oxycarenidae) in central Moravia.] Blanatka svetla (Oxycarenus pallens) (Heteroptera, Oxycarenidae) na stredni Morave. Zpravy Vlastivedneho Muzea Olomouci, 285-287: 77-81.
  • Kurçman M. 1993. [Determination of weedy Centaurea spp. in wheat fields in Central Anatolia and studies on their distribution and density.] En Anatolie Central dans les champs du blé, determiner de Centaurea spp. et rechercher l’etendue et la densité de cette mauvais herbe. In: First TurkishWeed Science Congress; February 3–5, 1993; Adana, Turkey. Gen Matbaacilik, Ankara, Turkey, 133–138. Maddox D.M. & A. Mayfield 1985. Yellow starthistle infestations are on the increase. California Agriculture, 39 (11-12): 10-12.
  • Maddox D.M., D.B. Joley, A. Mayfield & B.E. Mackey 1991. Impact of Bangasternus orientalis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on achene production of Centaurea solstitialis (Asterales: Asteraceae) at a low and high elevation site in California. Environmental Entomology, 20: 335-337.
  • Manojlovic B. & I. Tosevski 1990. [Contribution to the knowledge of the influence of Isocolus jaceae (Sch.) (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) on the regulation of the population density of Centaurea solstitialis L. (Asteracea).] Prilog proucavanju uticaja Isocolus jaceae (Sch.) (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) na regulaciju gustine populacije Centaurea solstitialis L. (Asteracea). Zastita-Bilja, 41 (2): 141-149.
  • Pielou E.C. 1975. Ecological Diversity. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Pitcairn M.J., S. Schoenig, R. Yacoub & J. Gendron 2006. Yellow starthistle continues its spread in California. California Agriculture, 60 (2): 83-90.
  • Pitcairn M.J., B. Villegas, D. M. Woods, R. Yacoub & D.B. Joley 2008. Evaluating implementation success for seven seed head insects on Centaurea solstitialis in California, U.S.A. In: Julien MH, Sforza R, Bon MC, Evans HC, Hatcher PE, Hinz HL, Rector BG (eds) Proceedings of the XII International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds. CAB International Wallingford, UK. April 22-27, 2007, La Grande Motte (Montpellier), France, 607-613.
  • Pitcairn M.J., B. Villegas, D. Woods, G. Wilber, A. Duffy & M. El-Bawdri 2003. Statewide survey of yellow starthistle biological control agents. In: Woods DM (ed) Biological Control Program Annual Summary, 2002. California Department of Food and Agr., Plant Health and Pest Prevention Services, Sacramento, California, 45-49.
  • Pitcairn M. J., D. M. Woods & V.Popescu 2005. Update on the long-term monitoring of the combined impact of biological control insects on yellow starthistle. In: Woods DM (ed) Biological Control Program Annual Summary, 2004. California Department of Food and Agriculture, Plant Health and Pest Prevention Services, Sacramento,California, 27-30.
  • Rosenthal S.S., T. Davarcı, A. Erciş, B. Platts & S. Tait 1994. Turkish herbivores and pathogens associated with some knapweeds (Asteraceae: Centaurea and Acroptilon) that are weeds in the United States. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 96: 162-175.
  • Smith L. 2007. Physiological host range of Ceratapion basicorne, a prospective biological control agent of Centaurea solstitialis (Asteraceae). Biological Control, 41: 120-133.
  • Smith L, M. Cristofaro, R. Yu Dolgovskaya, C. Tronci & R. Hayat 2005. Status of new agents for biological control of yellow starthistle and Russian thistle. In Skurka G (ed) Proceedings California Invasive Plant Council Symposium, California Invasive Plant Council, Berkeley, California. October 6-8, 2005, Chico State University, Chico, California, 9: 22-26.
  • Sobhian R. 1993. Life history and host specificity of Urophora sirunaseva (Hering) (Diptera: Tephritidae), a candidate for biological control of yellow starthistle, with remarks on the host plant. Journal of Applied Entomology, 116: 381-390.
  • Sobhian R. & L. Fornasari 1994. Biology of Larinus curtus Hochhut (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a European weevil for biological control of yellow starthistle, Centaurea solstitialis L. (Asteraceae), in the United States. Biological Control, 4: 328-335.
  • Sobhian R. & I.S. Pittara 1988. A contribution to the biology, phenology and host specificity of Chaetorellia hexachaeta Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae), a possible candidate for the biological control of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.). Journal of Applied Entomology,106: 444-450.
  • Sobhian R., G. Campobasso & P.H. Dunn 1992. A contribution to the biology of Bangasternus fausti (Col.: Curculionidae), a potential biological control agent of diffuse knapweed, Centaurea diffusa, and its effect on the host plant. Entomophaga, 37: 171-179.
  • Sobhian R. & H. Zwölfer H 1985. Phytophagous insect species associated with flowerheads of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.). Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie, 99: 301-321.
  • Turner C. E., R. Sobhian, D. B. Joley, E. M. Coombs & G. L. Piper 1994. Establishment of Urophora sirunaseva for biological control of yellow starthistle in the western United States. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 70 (3): 206-211.
  • Turner C.E. & L. Fornasari 1995. Biological control of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) in North America. In: Delfosse ES, Scott RR (eds) Proc 8th Intl Symp Biol Control Weeds, 2-7 February 1992, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand. DSIR/CSIRO, Melbourne, 405-410.
  • Turner C.E., E.E. Grissell, J.P. Cuda & K. Casanave 1990. Microdontomerus anthonomi (Crawford) (Hymenoptera: Torymidae), an indigenous parasitoid of the introduced biological control insects Bangasternus orientalis (Capiomont) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Urophora affinis Frauenfeld (Diptera: Tephritidae). Pan-Pacific Entomology, 66: 162-166.
  • Turner C. E., J. B. Johnson & J. P. McCaffrey 1995. Yellow starthistle, pp. 270-275. In J.R. Nechols, L.A. Andres, J.W. Beardsley, R.D. Goeden and C.G. Jackson (editors), Biological Control in the Western United States: Accomplishments and benefits of regional research project W-84, 1964-1989. University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Oakland. Publ. 3361.
  • Uygun N., N. K. Koç, F.N. Uygur, İ. Karaca, S. Uygur, N.Z. Tekeli, M. Küsek & A. Aksoy 1996. Investigations on weeds in the pasture areas of the East Mediterranean Region, their natural enemies and possible use of these natural enemies in the biological control. Adana, Turkey: TOAG 988/DPT, Project Final Report.
  • Uygur S. 1997. Research on possibilities to identify weed population and distribution in Çukurova Region, and to determine distribution of diseases that could be used in biological control of weeds. Ph.D. Thesis. Institute of Basic and Applied Sciences, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey.
  • Uygur S. 2004. Density of Centaurea solstitialis L. and its natural enemies Ceratapion spp. in Southern Turkey. Turkish Journal of Agriculture, 28: 333-339.
  • Uygur S., L. Smith, F.N. Uygur, M. Cristofaro & J. Balciunas 2004. Population densities of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) in Turkey. Weed Science, 52: 746-753.
  • Uygur S, F.N. Uygur, L. Smith, O. Bozdogan & O. Özgür 2007. [Research on biological control of yellow starthistle, Centaurea solstitialis L.] Sarı peygamber dikeni, Centaurea solstitialis L. ’in biyolojik mücadelesi üzerine araştırmalar. TÜBITAK, Project Final Report (TOGTAG 3045).
  • Van Driesche R.G. & T.S. Bellows, Jr 1996. Biological Control. New York, NY, Chapman & Hall., 539 p.
  • Van Driesche R, M. Hoddle & T. Center 2008. Control of Pests and Weeds by Natural Enemies. Wiley-Blackwell, Malden, Massachusetts.
  • Wagenitz G. 1975. 79. Centaurea L. In: Davis PH (ed) Flora of Turkey. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, UK. 5: 465–585.
  • White I.M. & S.L. Clement 1987. Systematic notes on Urophora (Diptera, Tephritidae) species associated with Centaurea solstitialis (Asteraceae, Cardueae) and other Palaearctic weeds adventive in North America. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 89: 571-580. Woods D.M., A.J. Fisher & B. Villegas 2010. Establishment of the yellow starthistle rust in California: Release, Recovery, and Spread. Plant Disease, 94: 174-178.
  • Woods D.M., M.J. Pitcairn, D.B. Joley & C.E. Turner 2008. Seasonal phenology and impact of Urophora sirunaseva on yellow starthistle seed production in California. Biological Control, 47: 172-179.
  • Yacoub, R.A. 2005. An analysis of the distribution of seed head insects on yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis). Masters thesis, University of California, Davis.
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Diğer ID JA33MM24JK
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Sibel Uygur Bu kişi benim

Lincoln Smıth Bu kişi benim

F. Nezihi Uygur Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 13 Temmuz 2016
Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Temmuz 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2012 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Uygur, S., Smıth, L., & Uygur, F. N. (2016). The effects of seed feeding insects on seed production of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.) in Adana province in southern Turkey. Türkiye Biyolojik Mücadele Dergisi, 3(2), 99-120.
AMA Uygur S, Smıth L, Uygur FN. The effects of seed feeding insects on seed production of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.) in Adana province in southern Turkey. Türk. biyo. müc. derg. Temmuz 2016;3(2):99-120.
Chicago Uygur, Sibel, Lincoln Smıth, ve F. Nezihi Uygur. “The Effects of Seed Feeding Insects on Seed Production of Yellow Starthistle (Centaurea Solstitialis L.) in Adana Province in Southern Turkey”. Türkiye Biyolojik Mücadele Dergisi 3, sy. 2 (Temmuz 2016): 99-120.
EndNote Uygur S, Smıth L, Uygur FN (01 Temmuz 2016) The effects of seed feeding insects on seed production of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.) in Adana province in southern Turkey. Türkiye Biyolojik Mücadele Dergisi 3 2 99–120.
IEEE S. Uygur, L. Smıth, ve F. N. Uygur, “The effects of seed feeding insects on seed production of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.) in Adana province in southern Turkey”, Türk. biyo. müc. derg, c. 3, sy. 2, ss. 99–120, 2016.
ISNAD Uygur, Sibel vd. “The Effects of Seed Feeding Insects on Seed Production of Yellow Starthistle (Centaurea Solstitialis L.) in Adana Province in Southern Turkey”. Türkiye Biyolojik Mücadele Dergisi 3/2 (Temmuz 2016), 99-120.
JAMA Uygur S, Smıth L, Uygur FN. The effects of seed feeding insects on seed production of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.) in Adana province in southern Turkey. Türk. biyo. müc. derg. 2016;3:99–120.
MLA Uygur, Sibel vd. “The Effects of Seed Feeding Insects on Seed Production of Yellow Starthistle (Centaurea Solstitialis L.) in Adana Province in Southern Turkey”. Türkiye Biyolojik Mücadele Dergisi, c. 3, sy. 2, 2016, ss. 99-120.
Vancouver Uygur S, Smıth L, Uygur FN. The effects of seed feeding insects on seed production of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.) in Adana province in southern Turkey. Türk. biyo. müc. derg. 2016;3(2):99-120.