Evaluation of the Relationship between Cyberbullying Perpetration and Cyber Victimization with Social Media and Game Addiction among Youth

Öz

Objective: Both cyberbullying perpetration and cyber victimization are becoming a increasingly important problem among adolescents with the development of technology. It is suggested that there are many factors in the emergence of cyberbullying. This study, it is aimed to evaluate the relationship between cyberbullying and victimization, social media addiction, and game addiction.

Material and Methods: A total of 537 adolescents aged 10-18 were included in our cross-sectional study. Participants filled out the sociodemographic data form, social media addiction scale, game addiction scale, and cyberbullying scale.

Results: In our study, both cyber perpetrators (0.021) and cyber victims (p<0.001) were more frequent in girls. While social media addiction scores were higher in cyber victims (p=0.020), gender (OR [Odds Ratio]= 0.09 CI [Confidence interval]:[ 0.04- 0.23] ) and game addiction score were found to be predictors. (OR=1.09 CI: [1.03-1.16] ).

Conclusion: Social media and game addiction seem to be especially related to cyber victimization. Although a causal relationship could not be revealed in our study, it is thought that it may be useful to increase the awareness of adolescents about cyberbullying during gaming and using social media, which have an important place in their lives, and to evaluate the groups with addiction in terms of cyber victimization.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• adolescence
• cyber bullying
• cyber victimization

Gençlerde Siber Zorbalık ve Siber İstismar ile Sosyal Medya ve Oyun Bağımlılığı Arasındaki İlişkinin Değerlendirilmesi

Öz

Amaç: Teknolojinin gelişmesiyle birlikte, hem siber zorbalığı uygulama hem de siber istismara uğrama, ergenler arasında giderek artan önemli bir problem haline gelmiştir. Siber zorbalığın ortaya çıkmasında birçok faktör olduğu ileri sürülmektedir. Bu çalışmada siber zorbalık ve istismar ile sosyal medya bağımlılığı ve oyun bağımlılığı arasındaki ilişkinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışma kesitsel nitelikli olup, çalışmaya 10-18 yaş aralığında toplam 537 ergen dahil edilmiştir. Katılımcılar sosyodemografik veri formu, sosyal medya bağımlılığı ölçeği, oyun bağımlılığı ölçeği ve siber zorbalık ölçeğini doldurmuştur.

Bulgular: Çalışmamızda kızlarda hem siber zorbalık (p=0.021) hem de siber mağduriyet (p<0.001) daha sıktı. Siber zorbalığa uğrayanlarda sosyal medya bağımlılığı skoru daha yüksek olup (p=0.020), siber istismar için cinsiyet (OR [Odds Ratio]= 0.09 GA [güven aralığı]: [0.04-0.23]) ve oyun bağımlılığı puanı yordayıcı olarak bulunmuştur. (OR=1.09 GA: [1.03-1.16] ).

Sonuç: Sosyal medya ve oyun bağımlılığı özellikle siber istismar ile ilişkili görünmektedir. Çalışmamızda nedensel bir ilişki ortaya konulamamakla birlikte, ergenlerin yaşamlarında önemli bir yere sahip olan sosyal medya kullanımı ve oyun oynama sırasında siber zorbalığa karşı farkındalıklarının artırılmasının ve bağımlılık saptanan grupların siber istismar açısından değerlendirilmesinin yararlı olacağı düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• ergenlik
• siber zorbalık
• siber istismar

Kaynakça

1. Olweus D, Limber SP. Some problems with cyberbullying research. Curr Opin Psychol 2018;19:139–43.
2. Slonje R, Smith PK, Frisén A. The nature of cyberbullying, and strategies for prevention. Comput Human Behav 2013;29:26–32.
3. Arıcak OT. Siber zorbalık: Gençlerimizi bekleyen yeni tehlike. Kariyer Penceresi 2011;2:10–2.
4. Nixon CL. Current perspectives: the impact of cyberbullying on adolescent health. Adolesc Health Med Ther [Internet] 2014;5:143–58.
5. Tokunaga RS. Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Comput Human Behav [Internet] 2010;26:277–87.
6. Camerini A-L, Marciano L, Carrara A, Schulz PJ. Cyberbullying perpetration and victimization among children and adolescents: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. Telemat informatics 2020;49:101362.
7. Kowalski RM, Limber SP, Agatston PW. Cyberbullying: Bullying in the digital age. John Wiley & Sons 2012:70–4.
8. Sticca F, Ruggieri S, Alsaker F, Perren S. Longitudinal risk factors for cyberbullying in adolescence. J Community Appl Soc Psychol 2013;23:52–67.

9. Festl R, Scharkow M, Quandt T. Peer influence, internet use and cyberbullying: A comparison of different context effects among German adolescents. J Child Media 2013;7:446–62.
10. Griffiths M. Technological addictions. In: Clinical psychology forum. Division of Clinical Psychology of the British Psychol Soc 1995:14–9.
11. Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD. Online social networking and addiction--a review of the psychological literature. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2011;8:3528-52.
12. Griffiths MD. The Role of Context in Online Gaming Excess and Addiction: Some Case Study Evidence. Int J Ment Health Addict [Internet] 2010;8:119–25.
13. Shaw M, Black DW. Internet addiction. CNS Drugs 2008;22:353–65.
14. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. fifth edit. Arlington; 2013.
15. Yeşilay Danışmalık Merkezi Y. Teknoloji Bağımlılığı [Internet]. [cited 2022 Jun 20]. Available from: https://www.yedam.org.tr/teknoloji-bagimliligi
16. Kovacs VA, Starc G, Brandes M, Kaj M, Blagus R, Leskošek B, et al. Physical activity, screen time and the COVID-19 school closures in Europe–An observational study in 10 countries. Eur J Sport Sci 2022;22:1094–103.
17. Stewart RW, Drescher CF, Maack DJ, Ebesutani C, Young J. The development and psychometric investigation of the Cyberbullying Scale. J Interpers Violence 2014;29:2218–38.
18. Küçük S, İnanıcı MA, Ziyalar N. Siber zorbalık ölçeği Türkçe uyarlaması. Adli Tıp Bülteni 2017;22:172–6.
19. Özgenel M, Canpolat Ö, Ekşi H. Ergenler için sosyal medya bağımlılığı ölçeği (ESMBÖ): Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Addicta Turkish J Addict 2019;6:631–64.
20. Lemmens JS, Valkenburg PM, Peter J. Development and validation of a game addiction scale for adolescents. Media Psychol 2009;12:77–95.
21. Anlı G, Taş İ. Ergenler için oyun bağımlılığı ölçeği kısa formunun geçerlik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Electron Turkish Stud 2018;13:189–203.
22. Sourander A, Klomek AB, Ikonen M, Lindroos J, Luntamo T, Koskelainen M, et al. Psychosocial risk factors associated with cyberbullying among adolescents: A population-based study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010;67:720–8.
23. Jadambaa A, Thomas HJ, Scott JG, Graves N, Brain D, Pacella R. Prevalence of traditional bullying and cyberbullying among children and adolescents in Australia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Aust New Zeal J Psychiatry 2019;53:878–88.
24. Arslan S, Savaser S, Hallett V, Balci S. Cyberbullying among primary school students in Turkey: Self-reported prevalence and associations with home and school life. Cyberpsychology, Behav Soc Netw 2012;15:527–33.
25. Zych I, Ortega-Ruiz R, Marín-López I. Cyberbullying: a systematic review of research, its prevalence and assessment issues in Spanish studies. Psicol Educ 2016;22:5–18.
26. Levine RS, Bintliff AV, Raj A. Gendered Analysis of Cyberbullying Victimization and Its Associations with Suicidality: Findings from the 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Adolescents 2022;2:235–51.
27. Peker A. Analyzing the risk factors predicting the cyberbullying status of secondary school students. Educ Sci 2015;40:57–75.
28. Çokluk G. Examining the predictive roles of cyber victimization, gender, revenge, and empathy on cyber bullying perpetration, M.S. - Master of Science, Middle East Technical University; 2019.
29. Nassem E, Harris A. Why do children bully? Sch Leadersh Today 2015;6:68–73.
30. Rigby K. Why do some children bully at school? The contributions of negative attitudes towards victims and the perceived expectations of friends, parents and teachers. Sch Psychol Int 2005;26:147–61.
31. Craig W, Boniel-Nissim M, King N, Walsh SD, Boer M, Donnelly PD, et al. Social media use and cyber-bullying: A cross-national analysis of young people in 42 countries. J Adolesc Heal 2020;66:S100–8.
32. Whittaker E, Kowalski RM. Cyberbullying via social media. J Sch Violence 2015;14:11–29.
33. Sampasa-Kanyinga H, Hamilton HA. Social networking sites and mental health problems in adolescents: The mediating role of cyberbullying victimization. Eur psychiatry 2015;30:1021–7.
34. Raskauskas J, Huynh A. The process of coping with cyberbullying: A systematic review. Aggress Violent Behav 2015;23:118–25.
35. Rao J, Wang H, Pang M, Yang J, Zhang J, Ye Y, et al. Cyberbullying perpetration and victimisation among junior and senior high school students in Guangzhou, China. Inj Prev 2019;25:13–9.
36. Cole H, Griffiths MD. Social Interactions in Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Gamers. CyberPsychology Behav [Internet] 2007;10:575–83.
37. Anderson M. Discord and the Harbormen gaming community. [cited 2022 Sept 12] Available from https//mayajanae com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Discord-and-the-Harbormen-Gaming-Community pdf. 2019;
38. Nugraha YP, Awalya A, Mulawarman M. Video game addiction among students during covid-19 pandemic based on regulatory focus theory and interpersonal competence. Addict Disord Their Treat 2021;20:242–9.
39. Gómez-Galán J, Lázaro-Pérez C, Martínez-López JÁ. Exploratory Study on Video Game Addiction of College Students in a Pandemic Scenario. J New Approaches Educ Res 2021;10:330–46.