Psychological Assessment in Children With Epilepsy and Their Mothers

Öz

Objective: Epilepsy is a chronic disease with high morbidity. Our study aims to investigate the scores of anxiety and depression in children with epilepsy and their mothers and the role of parental attitudes in these children.

Material and Methods: The study included 35 children with epilepsy and their mothers. Control group consisted of 35 healthy children of similar age and sex to the study group and their mothers. Parenting Style Inventory (PSI), Parental Attitude Research Instrument (PARI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale - Parent version (RCADS-P) scales were used in the patient and control groups.

Results: There was no statistically significant difference between mother anxiety and depression scores in terms of BDI and BAI scales. There were no significant differences between the total and subscale scores of the anxiety and depression in the children of study and control groups in terms of RCADS-P. Strictness/supervision subscale of PSI average was statistically significantly higher in the patient group but the Psychological Autonomy subscale average was found lower. The mean scores of Excessive Maternity and Obsession and Discipline subscale of PARI were significantly higher in the patient group.

Conclusion: Mothers of children with epilepsy may be overprotective or authoritarian. Overprotective or authoritative parental attitudes in children can lead to loss of self-esteem. Therefore, besides the treatment of children with epilepsy, attention should be paid to improving the wrong attitudes of their parents.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• anxiety
• child
• depression
• epilepsy
• parental attitudes

Epilepsili Çocuklarda ve Annelerinde Psikolojik Değerlendirme

Öz

Amaç: Epilepsi morbiditesi yüksek, kronik bir hastalıktır. Çalışmamız; epilepsili çocuklarda ve annelerinde anksiyete ve depresyon skorlarını ve bu çocuklarda ebeveyn tutumlarının rolünü araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmaya 35 epilepsili çocuk ve anneleri dahil edildi. Kontrol grubu, çalışma grubuna benzer yaş ve cinsiyetteki 35 sağlıklı çocuk ve annelerinden oluşturuldu. Hasta ve kontrol gruplarında çocuk yetistirme stilleri envanteri, aile hayatı ve çocuk yetiştirme tutum ölçeği (PARI), Beck depresyon envanteri (BDE), Beck anksiyete envanteri (BAE), Revize edilmiş çocuk anksiyete ve depresyon ölçeği-Ebeveyn versiyonu (RCADS-P) ölçekleri kullanılmıştır.

Bulgular: Anne anksiyete ve depresyon skorları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark yoktu. Çalışma ve kontrol grubu çocuklarının anksiyete ve depresyon toplam ve alt ölçek puanları arasında RCADS-P açısından anlamlı bir fark bulunmamıştır. Hasta grubunda çocuk yetiştirme stilleri envanterinin kontrol/denetleme alt ölçeği istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede yüksek iken, psikolojik özerklik alt ölçeği ortalamasının daha düşük olduğu görülmüştür. PARI’nin aşırı koruyucu annelik ve baskı/disiplin alt ölçeği puan ortalamaları hasta grubunda anlamlı olarak daha yüksekti.

Sonuç: Epilepsili çocukların anneleri aşırı korumacı veya otoriter olabilir. Çocuklarda aşırı korumacı veya otoriter ebeveyn tutumları, öz güven kaybına neden olabilir. Bu nedenle epilepsili çocukların tedavisinin yanısıra ebeveynlerinin yanlış tutumlarının düzeltilmesine de önem verilmelidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• anksiyete
• çocuk
• depresyon
• epilepsi
• ebeveyn tutumlari

Kaynakça

1. Iliescu C, Craiu D. Diagnostic Approach of Epilepsy in Childhood and Adolescence. Maedica (Bucur) 2013; 8: 195-9.
2. Iliescu C, Craiu D. Diagnostic Approach of Epilepsy in Childhood and Adolescence. Maedica (Bucur) 2013; 8: 195-9.
3. Plevin D, Smith N. Assessment and Management of Depression and Anxiety in children and adolescents with epilepsy. Behav Neurol 2019; 2019:2571368.
4. Plevin D, Smith N. Assessment and Management of Depression and Anxiety in children and adolescents with epilepsy. Behav Neurol 2019; 2019:2571368.
5. Reilly C, Agnew R, Neville BGR. Depression and anxiety in childhood epilepsy: a review. Seizure 2011;20:589–97.
6. Reilly C, Agnew R, Neville BGR. Depression and anxiety in childhood epilepsy: a review. Seizure 2011;20:589–97.
7. Ramaglia G, Romeo A, Viri M, Lodi M, Sacchi S, Cioffi G. Impact of idiopathic epilepsy on mothers and fathers: Strain, burden of care, worries and perception of vulnerability. Epilepsia 2007;48: 1810-3.
8. Ramaglia G, Romeo A, Viri M, Lodi M, Sacchi S, Cioffi G. Impact of idiopathic epilepsy on mothers and fathers: Strain, burden of care, worries and perception of vulnerability. Epilepsia 2007;48: 1810-3.

9. Lamborn SD, Mounts NS, Steinberg L, Darnbush SM. Patterns of competence and adjustment among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful families. Child Dev 1991;62:1049-65.
10. Lamborn SD, Mounts NS, Steinberg L, Darnbush SM. Patterns of competence and adjustment among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful families. Child Dev 1991;62:1049-65.
11. Yılmaz A. Anne-Baba Tutum Ölçeği’nin güvenirlik ve geçerlilik çalışması. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Derg 2000;7:160-73.
12. Yılmaz A. Anne-Baba Tutum Ölçeği’nin güvenirlik ve geçerlilik çalışması. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Derg 2000;7:160-73.
13. Hisli N. Beck Depresyon Envanterinin geçerliliği üzerine bir çalışma. Türk Psikol Derg 1998;6:118-26.
14. Hisli N. Beck Depresyon Envanterinin geçerliliği üzerine bir çalışma. Türk Psikol Derg 1998;6:118-26.
15. Ulusoy M, Şahin N, Erkmen H. Turkish version of Beck Anxiety inventory: Psychometric Properties. J Cogn Psychother 1998;12:163-72.
16. Ulusoy M, Şahin N, Erkmen H. Turkish version of Beck Anxiety inventory: Psychometric Properties. J Cogn Psychother 1998;12:163-72.
17. Schaffer E, Bell R. Development of a parental attitude research instrument (PARI). Child Dev 1958;29:339-61.
18. Schaffer E, Bell R. Development of a parental attitude research instrument (PARI). Child Dev 1958;29:339-61.
19. LeCompte G, LeCompte A, Özer S. Üç sosyoekonomik düzeyde Ankaralı annelerin çocuk yetiştirme tutumları: Bir ölçek uyarlaması. Psikoloji Dergisi 1978;1:5-8.
20. LeCompte G, LeCompte A, Özer S. Üç sosyoekonomik düzeyde Ankaralı annelerin çocuk yetiştirme tutumları: Bir ölçek uyarlaması. Psikoloji Dergisi 1978;1:5-8.
21. Gormez V, Kilincaslan A, Ebesutani C, Orengul AC, Kaya I, Ceri V, et al. Psychometric Properties of the parent Version of the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale in a Clinical Sample of Turkish Children and Adolescents. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2017; 48: 922-33.
22. Gormez V, Kilincaslan A, Ebesutani C, Orengul AC, Kaya I, Ceri V, et al. Psychometric Properties of the parent Version of the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale in a Clinical Sample of Turkish Children and Adolescents. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2017; 48: 922-33.
23. Ekinci O, Isik U, Gunes S, Yildirim C, Killi Y, Guler G. Self-concept in children and adolescents with epilepsy: The role of family functioning, mothers’ emotional symptoms and ADHD Brain Dev 2016; 38: 714-22.
24. Ekinci O, Isik U, Gunes S, Yildirim C, Killi Y, Guler G. Self-concept in children and adolescents with epilepsy: The role of family functioning, mothers’ emotional symptoms and ADHD Brain Dev 2016; 38: 714-22.
25. Singer GH. Meta-analysis of comparative studies of depression in mothers of children with and without developmental disabilities. Am J Ment Retard 2006; 111: 155–69.
26. Singer GH. Meta-analysis of comparative studies of depression in mothers of children with and without developmental disabilities. Am J Ment Retard 2006; 111: 155–69.
27. O’Toole S, Gallagher P, Ailbhe Benson A, Shahwan A, Austin JK, Lambert V. Exploring the relationship between parent-child communication about epilepsy and psychosocial well-being. J Health Psychol 2019;1359105319871642.
28. O’Toole S, Gallagher P, Ailbhe Benson A, Shahwan A, Austin JK, Lambert V. Exploring the relationship between parent-child communication about epilepsy and psychosocial well-being. J Health Psychol 2019;1359105319871642.
29. Khajeh A, Firouzkoohi M, Miri-Aliabad G, Fayyazi A, Miri Bonjar M. Prevalence of Anxiety, Stress and Depressive Symptoms Among Mothers of Children With Epilepsy. Health Scope 2015;4:e18688.
30. Khajeh A, Firouzkoohi M, Miri-Aliabad G, Fayyazi A, Miri Bonjar M. Prevalence of Anxiety, Stress and Depressive Symptoms Among Mothers of Children With Epilepsy. Health Scope 2015;4:e18688.
31. Carlson JM, Miller PA. Family burden, child disability, and the adjustment of mothers caring for children with epilepsy: Role of social support and coping. Epilepsy Behav 2017; 68:168-73.
32. Carlson JM, Miller PA. Family burden, child disability, and the adjustment of mothers caring for children with epilepsy: Role of social support and coping. Epilepsy Behav 2017; 68:168-73.
33. Besag F, Nomayo A, Pool F. The reactions of parents who think that a child is dying in a seizure : in their own words. Epilepsy Behav 2005; 7: 517-23.
34. Besag F, Nomayo A, Pool F. The reactions of parents who think that a child is dying in a seizure : in their own words. Epilepsy Behav 2005; 7: 517-23.
35. Ferro MA, Speechley KN. Depressive symptoms among mothers of children with epilepsy: a review of prevalence, associated factors, and impact on children. Epilepsia 2009; 5: 2344-54.
36. Ferro MA, Speechley KN. Depressive symptoms among mothers of children with epilepsy: a review of prevalence, associated factors, and impact on children. Epilepsia 2009; 5: 2344-54.
37. Chiou HH, Hesieh LP. Parenting stress in parents of children with epilepsy and asthma. J Child Neurol 2008; 23: 301-6.
38. Chiou HH, Hesieh LP. Parenting stress in parents of children with epilepsy and asthma. J Child Neurol 2008; 23: 301-6.
39. Shore CP, Austin JK, Huster GA, Dunn DW. Identifying risk factors for maternal depression in families of adolescents with epilepsy. JSPN 2002; 7: 71-80.
40. Shore CP, Austin JK, Huster GA, Dunn DW. Identifying risk factors for maternal depression in families of adolescents with epilepsy. JSPN 2002; 7: 71-80.
41. Rodenburg R, Marie Meijer A, Deković M, Aldenkamp AP. Family predictors of psychopathology in children with epilepsy. Epilepsia 2006;47:601-14.
42. Rodenburg R, Marie Meijer A, Deković M, Aldenkamp AP. Family predictors of psychopathology in children with epilepsy. Epilepsia 2006;47:601-14.
43. Dunn DW, Austin JK, Huster GA. Symptoms of depression in adolescents with epilepsy. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999; 38: 1132-8.
44. Dunn DW, Austin JK, Huster GA. Symptoms of depression in adolescents with epilepsy. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999; 38: 1132-8.
45. Wood LJ, Sherman EM, Hamiwka LD, Blackman MA, Wirrell EC. Maternal depression: the cost of caring for a child with intractable epilepsy. Pediatr Neurol 2008; 39: 418–22.
46. Wood LJ, Sherman EM, Hamiwka LD, Blackman MA, Wirrell EC. Maternal depression: the cost of caring for a child with intractable epilepsy. Pediatr Neurol 2008; 39: 418–22.
47. Akay AP, Hiz Kurul S, Ozek H, Cengizhan S, Emiroglu N, Ellidokuz H. Maternal reactions to a child with epilepsy: Depression, anxiety, parental attitudes and family functions. Epilepsy Research 2011; 3: 213-20.
48. Akay AP, Hiz Kurul S, Ozek H, Cengizhan S, Emiroglu N, Ellidokuz H. Maternal reactions to a child with epilepsy: Depression, anxiety, parental attitudes and family functions. Epilepsy Research 2011; 3: 213-20.
49. Baki O, Erdogan A, Kantarci O, Akisik G, Kayaalp L, Yalcinkaya C. Anxiety and depression in children with epilepsy and their mothers. Epilepsy Behav 2004;5 : 958-64.
50. Baki O, Erdogan A, Kantarci O, Akisik G, Kayaalp L, Yalcinkaya C. Anxiety and depression in children with epilepsy and their mothers. Epilepsy Behav 2004;5 : 958-64.
51. Davies S, Heyman I, Goodman R. A population survey of mental health problems in children with epilepsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2003; 45: 292-5.
52. Davies S, Heyman I, Goodman R. A population survey of mental health problems in children with epilepsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2003; 45: 292-5.
53. Thornton N, Hamiwka L, Sherman E, Tse E, Blackman M, Wirrell E. Family function in cognitively normal children with epilepsy: Impact on competence and problem behaviors. Epilepsy Behav 2008;12: 90-5.
54. Thornton N, Hamiwka L, Sherman E, Tse E, Blackman M, Wirrell E. Family function in cognitively normal children with epilepsy: Impact on competence and problem behaviors. Epilepsy Behav 2008;12: 90-5.
55. LaGrant B, Marquis BO, Berg AT, Grinspan ZM. Depression and anxiety in children with epilepsy and other chronic health conditions: National estimates of prevalence and risk factors. Epilepsy Behav 2020;103:106828.
56. LaGrant B, Marquis BO, Berg AT, Grinspan ZM. Depression and anxiety in children with epilepsy and other chronic health conditions: National estimates of prevalence and risk factors. Epilepsy Behav 2020;103:106828.
57. Roeder R, Roeder K, Asano E, Chugani HT. Depression and mental health help‐seeking behaviors in a predominantly African American population of children and adolescents with epilepsy. Epilepsia 2009;50: 1943-52.
58. Roeder R, Roeder K, Asano E, Chugani HT. Depression and mental health help‐seeking behaviors in a predominantly African American population of children and adolescents with epilepsy. Epilepsia 2009;50: 1943-52.
59. Dunn DW, Austin JK, Perkins SM. Prevalence of psychopathology in childhood epilepsy: categorical and dimensional measures. Dev Med Child Neurol 2009; 51: 364-72.
60. Dunn DW, Austin JK, Perkins SM. Prevalence of psychopathology in childhood epilepsy: categorical and dimensional measures. Dev Med Child Neurol 2009; 51: 364-72.
61. Jones JE, Watson R, Sheth R. Psychiatric comorbidity in children with new onset epilepsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2007; 49: 493-7.
62. Jones JE, Watson R, Sheth R. Psychiatric comorbidity in children with new onset epilepsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2007; 49: 493-7.
63. Berg AT, Caplan R, Hesdorffer DC. Psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood-onset epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2011; 20 : 550-5.
64. Berg AT, Caplan R, Hesdorffer DC. Psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood-onset epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2011; 20 : 550-5.
65. Şanlı D, Öztürk C. Annelerin Çocuk Yetiştirme Tutumlarını Etkileyen Etmenlerin İncelenmesi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Buca Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 2012; 32: 31-48.
66. Şanlı D, Öztürk C. Annelerin Çocuk Yetiştirme Tutumlarını Etkileyen Etmenlerin İncelenmesi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Buca Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 2012; 32: 31-48.