1975 Deprem Yönetmeliğinin Sağladığı Deprem Güvenliğinin İstanbul Özelinde İncelenmesi
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 531 - 544, 30.12.2025
Hasan Hüseyin Aydoğdu
Öz
1975 Deprem Yönetmeliği geçmiş yönetmelikler arasında, mevcut standart altı yapı stokunun büyük bölümünün tabi olduğu yönetmelik olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, 1975 ile 1998 yılları arasında tasarlanan binaların tabi olduğu bu deprem yönetmeliğinin sağladığı deprem güvenliği incelenmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında İstanbul’da 1975 Deprem Yönetmeliğine göre tasarlanmış 24 binaya ait tasarım projeleri incelenmiş ve bu binalar İstanbul’un 39 ilçesinde PERA2019 yöntemiyle analiz edilerek Deprem Güvenlik Oranları hesaplanmıştır. Sonrasında binalar risk sınıflandırmasına tabi tutularak sismik risklerin önceliklendirilmesi sağlanmıştır. Elde edilen risk sınıflandırma sonuçları göz önüne alındığında, 1975 Deprem Yönetmeliğinin şehrin büyük bir kısmında can kayıplarını önleyecek seviyede deprem güvenliği sağlayacak nitelikte olduğu anlaşılmaktadır.
Kaynakça
-
ABYBHY, 1975. Afet Bölgelerine Yapılacak Binalar Hakkında Yönetmelik, İmar ve İskân Bakanlığı, Ankara, Türkiye.
-
ABYBHY, 1998. Afet Bölgelerine Yapılacak Binalar Hakkında Yönetmelik, İmar ve İskân Bakanlığı, Ankara, Türkiye.
-
AFAD, 2018. Türkiye Deprem Tehlike Haritaları İnteraktif Web Uygulaması (TDTH), T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı (AFAD) Ankara. Erişim adresi: https://tdth.afad.gov.tr/TDTH/main.xhtml.
-
Atar M., Ince O., Tas O.F., Ozmen A., Sayin E., 2024. Investigation of the Damage Conditions of Reinforced Concrete Buildings and Steel Structures in Malatya Province Following the February 6, 2023 Kahramanmaraş, Turk Deprem Arastirma Dergisi, 6(1), 60-80, https://doi.org/10.46464/tdad.1394039.
-
Ates E., Uyanik O., 2023. Comparison of Acceleration Records Measured at Different Depths, Turk Deprem Arastirma Dergisi, 5(2), 215-232, https://doi.org/10.46464/tdad.1332698.
-
Aydinoglu M.N., 2007. Deprem Katsayısından Performansa Göre Tasarıma: Bir Mühendisin Bakış Açısından Deprem Mühendisliğinin 40 Yılı., Altıncı Ulusal Deprem Mühendisliği Konferansı, 16-20 Ekim 2007, 15-41, İstanbul.
-
Aydogdu H.H., 2024. Strategies for seismic risk mitigation by considering economic criteria on a regional basis, PhD Thesis, Istanbul Technical University, Earthquake Engineering Department.
-
Aydogdu H.H., Ilki A., 2024. Case Study for a Performance Based Rapid Seismic Assessment Methodology (PERA2019) based on Actual Earthquake Damages, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 22, 1965-1999, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-023-01841-5.
-
Aydogdu H.H., Demir C., Comert M., Kahraman T., Ilki A., 2023. Structural Characteristics of Earthquake-Prone Buildings in Istanbul and the Prioritization of Existing Structures Based on Seismic Risk: A Pilot Project Conducted in Istanbul, Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 28(6), 1660-1684, https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2023.2247481.
-
Aydogdu H.H., Atasever K., Ilki A., 2025a. Evaluation of a Risk Classification Approach Introduced by PERA2019 Methodology: A Case Study on the 2023 Kahramanmaras Earthquake, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, submitted in April 2025.
-
Aydogdu H.H., Maeda M., Ilki A., 2025b. A Framework on Reducing the Seismic Risk on a Regional Scale: A Case Study for Istanbul, COMPDYN 2025 10th ECCOMAS Thematic Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Rhodes Island, Greece, 15-18 June 2025.
-
B.İ.B., 1972. Türkiye Deprem Bölgeleri Haritası, Bayındırlık ve İskan Bakanlığı, Ankara, 1972.
-
B.İ.B., 1996. Türkiye Deprem Bölgeleri Haritası, Bayındırlık ve İskan Bakanlığı, Ankara, 1996.
-
Bruneau M., 2002. Building Damage from the Marmara, Turkey Earthquake of August 17, 1999, Journal of Seismology, 6, 357-377, http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020035425531.
-
Cakti E., Safak E., Hancilar U., Sesetyan K., 2019. Updating probable earthquake loss estimates for Istanbul province, Technical Report prepared for Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (In Turkish).
-
Celik O.C., Bal A., Atasever K., Emanet S., Koca S., 2020. Reconnaissance Investigation Following the January 24th, 2020 Doğanyol (Malatya) – Sivrice (Elazig) Earthquake (Mw 6.7 – East Anatolian Fault Zone), Precast Concrete Journal (Beton Prefabrikasyon), Turkish Precast Concrete Association, 134 (2020), 5-28 ISSN 1300–3488, April 2020 (in Turkish with English abstract)
-
ÇŞİDB, 2019. Riskli Yapıların Tespit Edilmesine İlişkin Esaslar 16/5/2012 tarihli 6306 sayılı Afet Riski Altındaki Alanların Dönüştürülmesi Hakkında Kanun Ek-2, Çevre Şehircilik ve İklim değişikliği Bakanlığı, Erişim adresi: https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/altyapi/icerikler/r-skl--yapilarin-tesp-t-ed-lmes-ne-il-sk-n-esaslar-20190218134628.pdf.
-
Dalyan I., Sahin B., 2019. Evaluation of The Structural System Performance of an Existing Reinforced Concrete Building Under Earthquake Loads According to the 2007 and 2018 Turkish Earthquake Codes, Turk. J. Earthq. Res., 1 (2), 134-147, https://doi.org/10.46464/tdad.631998.
-
Damcı E., Temur R., Bekdaş G., Sayin B., 2015. Damages and Causes on the Structures During the October 23, 2011 Van Earthquake in Turkey, Case Studies in Construction Materials, 3, 2015, 112-131, ISSN 2214-5095, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2015.10.001.
-
DBYBHY, 2007. Deprem Bölgelerinde Yapılacak Binalar Hakkında Yönetmelik, Bayındırlık ve
İskân Bakanlığı, Ankara, Türkiye.
-
Demir C., Comert M., Aydogdu H.H., Ilki A., 2022. Seismic risk assessment and preliminary intervention cost-benefit analysis for the building stock of Istanbul, Progresses in European Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, ECEES 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15104-0_13
-
Ecemis A.S., Yenginar Y., Ozkan I., 2024. Analysis of a Building with Tunnel Formwork System under Vertical and Earthquake Loads According to Different Foundation-Soil Models, Turk Deprem Arastirma Dergisi, 6(2), 569-586, https://doi.org/10.46464/tdad.1493634.
-
Erdik M., 2001. Report on 1999 Kocaeli and Düzce (Turkey) earthquakes, In Structural Control for Civil and Infrastructure Engineering,149-186. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812811707_0018
-
Gurbuz T., Cengiz A., Kolemenoglu S., Demir C., Ilki A., 2022. Damages and Failures of Structures in Izmir (Turkey) During the October 30, 2020 Aegean Sea Earthquake, Journal of Earthquake Engineering, April, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2022.2086186.
-
Ilki A., Comert M., Demir C., Orakcal K., Ulugtekin D., Tapan M., Kumbasar N., 2014. Performance based rapid seismic assessment method (PERA) for reinforced concrete frame buildings, Advances in Structural Engineering, 17(3), 439–459, https://doi.org/10.1260/1369-4332.17.3.439.
-
Ilki A., Kahraman T., Ozkan S., Aydogdu H.H., Demir C., Comert M., 2021. Seismic risk assessment of building stock in Istanbul, ACE2020 14th International Congress on Advances in Civil Engineering, Sep 6-8, Istanbul, Turkey.
-
Ilki A., Kumbasar N., 2000. Marmara and Duzce earthquakes in Turkey-Structural damage, In ASCE 14th Engineering Mechanics Conference, Austin, Texas, USA.
-
İ.B.B., 2009. İstanbul İli Mikrobölgeleme Projeleri, İstanbul büyükşehir Belediyesi Deprem ve Zemin İnceleme Müdürlüğü, Erişim adresi: https://depremzemin.ibb.istanbul/tr/istanbul-ili-mikrobolgeleme-projeleri.
-
JICA, 2002. Türkiye Cumhuriyet İstanbul İli Sismik Mikrobölgeleme Dahil Afet Önleme/Azaltma Temel Planı Çalışması, Sonuç Raporu Doküman V ana Rapor, Japon Uluslararası İşbirliği Ajansı (JICA).
-
Makra K., Rovithis E., Riga E., Raptakis D., Pitilakis K., 2021. Amplification Features and Observed Damages in İzmir (Turkey) due to 2020 Samos (Aegean Sea) Earthquake: Identifying Basin Effects and Design Requirements, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 19, 4773-4804, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01148-3.
-
Okamoto S., 1973. Introduction to Earthquake Engineering, University of Tokyo Press, Japan.
-
Ozdemir P., Taskin B., Vatansever C., Sezen A., Ilki A., Boduroglu H., 2002. November 12, 1999 Duzce earthquake: Reconnaissance report for the town of Kaynasli, In 12th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, London, UK.
-
Pampal S., Ozmen B., 2017. The evolution of earthquake zoning maps in Turkey, In 4th International Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Eskisehir, Turkey.
-
Sezgin S.K., Sakcali G., Özen S., Yıldırım E., Avci E., Bayhan B., Çağlar N., 2024. Reconnaissance Report on Damage Caused by the February 6, 2023, Kahramanmaras Earthquakes in Reinforced-Concrete Structures, Journal of Building Engineering, 89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.109200.
-
Tapan M., Comert M., Demir C., Sayan Y., Orakcal K., Ilki A., 2011. Failures of Structures during the October 23, 2011 Tabanlı (Van) and November 9, 2011 Edremit (Van) Earthquakes in Turkey, Engineering Failure Analysis, 34, 606-628, 2013.
-
TBDY, 2018. Türkiye Bina Deprem Yönetmeliği, Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı, 2018.
-
Tsai N.C., 1969. Influence of Local Geology on Earthquake Ground Motion, Thesis, Earthquake Eng. Res. Lab., California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California.
-
USGS, 2020. Global Vs30 Mosaic, Vs30 Models and data, USGS Earthquake hazard Program, Erişim adresi: https://earthquake.usgs.gov/data/Vs30/.
-
Uyanık O., Ekin N., Coskun O., 2021. Zemin ve Deprem Parametrelerinden İvme Azalım İlişkisi, DEÜFMD, 23(68), 575-593.
-
Vuran E., Serhatoğlu C., Timurağaoğlu M., Smyrou E., Bal İ.E., Livaoğlu R., 2024. Damage Observations of RC Buildings from 2023 Kahramanmaras Earthquake Sequence and Discussion on the Seismic Code Regulations, Bull Earthquake Eng, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-023-01843-3.
-
Yakut A., Sucuoglu H., Binici B., Canbay E., Dönmez C., Ilki A., Caner A., Celik O., Ay B., 2021. Performance of Structures in İzmir After the Samos İsland Earthquake, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 20, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01226-6.
Evaluation of the Seismic Safety Level Provided by the 1975 Turkish Seismic Design Code in Istanbul
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 531 - 544, 30.12.2025
Hasan Hüseyin Aydoğdu
Öz
The 1975 Turkish Seismic Design Code is particularly important among other previous codes, as most substandard buildings were designed under this code between 1975 and 1998. In this study, the earthquake safety level provided by the 1975 Turkish Seismic Design Code was assessed using the design projects of 24 buildings in Istanbul, and the Seismic Safety Ratios of these buildings were determined using the PERA2019 method in 39 districts of Istanbul. Subsequently, these buildings were subjected to a risk classification process to prioritize their seismic risks. The risk classification results indicate that the 1975 Turkish Seismic Design Code provides seismic safety that is sufficient to prevent loss of life in a significant portion of Istanbul.
Destekleyen Kurum
The author prepared this research as an "International Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Postdoctoral Fellowships for Research in Japan (Standard))"
Teşekkür
Araştırmanın öncesinde ve sırasında verdiği akademik desteklerden dolayı yazar, Prof. Dr. Alper İLKİ’ye teşekkürlerini sunmaktan onur duyar.
Kaynakça
-
ABYBHY, 1975. Afet Bölgelerine Yapılacak Binalar Hakkında Yönetmelik, İmar ve İskân Bakanlığı, Ankara, Türkiye.
-
ABYBHY, 1998. Afet Bölgelerine Yapılacak Binalar Hakkında Yönetmelik, İmar ve İskân Bakanlığı, Ankara, Türkiye.
-
AFAD, 2018. Türkiye Deprem Tehlike Haritaları İnteraktif Web Uygulaması (TDTH), T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı (AFAD) Ankara. Erişim adresi: https://tdth.afad.gov.tr/TDTH/main.xhtml.
-
Atar M., Ince O., Tas O.F., Ozmen A., Sayin E., 2024. Investigation of the Damage Conditions of Reinforced Concrete Buildings and Steel Structures in Malatya Province Following the February 6, 2023 Kahramanmaraş, Turk Deprem Arastirma Dergisi, 6(1), 60-80, https://doi.org/10.46464/tdad.1394039.
-
Ates E., Uyanik O., 2023. Comparison of Acceleration Records Measured at Different Depths, Turk Deprem Arastirma Dergisi, 5(2), 215-232, https://doi.org/10.46464/tdad.1332698.
-
Aydinoglu M.N., 2007. Deprem Katsayısından Performansa Göre Tasarıma: Bir Mühendisin Bakış Açısından Deprem Mühendisliğinin 40 Yılı., Altıncı Ulusal Deprem Mühendisliği Konferansı, 16-20 Ekim 2007, 15-41, İstanbul.
-
Aydogdu H.H., 2024. Strategies for seismic risk mitigation by considering economic criteria on a regional basis, PhD Thesis, Istanbul Technical University, Earthquake Engineering Department.
-
Aydogdu H.H., Ilki A., 2024. Case Study for a Performance Based Rapid Seismic Assessment Methodology (PERA2019) based on Actual Earthquake Damages, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 22, 1965-1999, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-023-01841-5.
-
Aydogdu H.H., Demir C., Comert M., Kahraman T., Ilki A., 2023. Structural Characteristics of Earthquake-Prone Buildings in Istanbul and the Prioritization of Existing Structures Based on Seismic Risk: A Pilot Project Conducted in Istanbul, Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 28(6), 1660-1684, https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2023.2247481.
-
Aydogdu H.H., Atasever K., Ilki A., 2025a. Evaluation of a Risk Classification Approach Introduced by PERA2019 Methodology: A Case Study on the 2023 Kahramanmaras Earthquake, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, submitted in April 2025.
-
Aydogdu H.H., Maeda M., Ilki A., 2025b. A Framework on Reducing the Seismic Risk on a Regional Scale: A Case Study for Istanbul, COMPDYN 2025 10th ECCOMAS Thematic Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Rhodes Island, Greece, 15-18 June 2025.
-
B.İ.B., 1972. Türkiye Deprem Bölgeleri Haritası, Bayındırlık ve İskan Bakanlığı, Ankara, 1972.
-
B.İ.B., 1996. Türkiye Deprem Bölgeleri Haritası, Bayındırlık ve İskan Bakanlığı, Ankara, 1996.
-
Bruneau M., 2002. Building Damage from the Marmara, Turkey Earthquake of August 17, 1999, Journal of Seismology, 6, 357-377, http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020035425531.
-
Cakti E., Safak E., Hancilar U., Sesetyan K., 2019. Updating probable earthquake loss estimates for Istanbul province, Technical Report prepared for Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (In Turkish).
-
Celik O.C., Bal A., Atasever K., Emanet S., Koca S., 2020. Reconnaissance Investigation Following the January 24th, 2020 Doğanyol (Malatya) – Sivrice (Elazig) Earthquake (Mw 6.7 – East Anatolian Fault Zone), Precast Concrete Journal (Beton Prefabrikasyon), Turkish Precast Concrete Association, 134 (2020), 5-28 ISSN 1300–3488, April 2020 (in Turkish with English abstract)
-
ÇŞİDB, 2019. Riskli Yapıların Tespit Edilmesine İlişkin Esaslar 16/5/2012 tarihli 6306 sayılı Afet Riski Altındaki Alanların Dönüştürülmesi Hakkında Kanun Ek-2, Çevre Şehircilik ve İklim değişikliği Bakanlığı, Erişim adresi: https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/altyapi/icerikler/r-skl--yapilarin-tesp-t-ed-lmes-ne-il-sk-n-esaslar-20190218134628.pdf.
-
Dalyan I., Sahin B., 2019. Evaluation of The Structural System Performance of an Existing Reinforced Concrete Building Under Earthquake Loads According to the 2007 and 2018 Turkish Earthquake Codes, Turk. J. Earthq. Res., 1 (2), 134-147, https://doi.org/10.46464/tdad.631998.
-
Damcı E., Temur R., Bekdaş G., Sayin B., 2015. Damages and Causes on the Structures During the October 23, 2011 Van Earthquake in Turkey, Case Studies in Construction Materials, 3, 2015, 112-131, ISSN 2214-5095, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2015.10.001.
-
DBYBHY, 2007. Deprem Bölgelerinde Yapılacak Binalar Hakkında Yönetmelik, Bayındırlık ve
İskân Bakanlığı, Ankara, Türkiye.
-
Demir C., Comert M., Aydogdu H.H., Ilki A., 2022. Seismic risk assessment and preliminary intervention cost-benefit analysis for the building stock of Istanbul, Progresses in European Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, ECEES 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15104-0_13
-
Ecemis A.S., Yenginar Y., Ozkan I., 2024. Analysis of a Building with Tunnel Formwork System under Vertical and Earthquake Loads According to Different Foundation-Soil Models, Turk Deprem Arastirma Dergisi, 6(2), 569-586, https://doi.org/10.46464/tdad.1493634.
-
Erdik M., 2001. Report on 1999 Kocaeli and Düzce (Turkey) earthquakes, In Structural Control for Civil and Infrastructure Engineering,149-186. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812811707_0018
-
Gurbuz T., Cengiz A., Kolemenoglu S., Demir C., Ilki A., 2022. Damages and Failures of Structures in Izmir (Turkey) During the October 30, 2020 Aegean Sea Earthquake, Journal of Earthquake Engineering, April, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2022.2086186.
-
Ilki A., Comert M., Demir C., Orakcal K., Ulugtekin D., Tapan M., Kumbasar N., 2014. Performance based rapid seismic assessment method (PERA) for reinforced concrete frame buildings, Advances in Structural Engineering, 17(3), 439–459, https://doi.org/10.1260/1369-4332.17.3.439.
-
Ilki A., Kahraman T., Ozkan S., Aydogdu H.H., Demir C., Comert M., 2021. Seismic risk assessment of building stock in Istanbul, ACE2020 14th International Congress on Advances in Civil Engineering, Sep 6-8, Istanbul, Turkey.
-
Ilki A., Kumbasar N., 2000. Marmara and Duzce earthquakes in Turkey-Structural damage, In ASCE 14th Engineering Mechanics Conference, Austin, Texas, USA.
-
İ.B.B., 2009. İstanbul İli Mikrobölgeleme Projeleri, İstanbul büyükşehir Belediyesi Deprem ve Zemin İnceleme Müdürlüğü, Erişim adresi: https://depremzemin.ibb.istanbul/tr/istanbul-ili-mikrobolgeleme-projeleri.
-
JICA, 2002. Türkiye Cumhuriyet İstanbul İli Sismik Mikrobölgeleme Dahil Afet Önleme/Azaltma Temel Planı Çalışması, Sonuç Raporu Doküman V ana Rapor, Japon Uluslararası İşbirliği Ajansı (JICA).
-
Makra K., Rovithis E., Riga E., Raptakis D., Pitilakis K., 2021. Amplification Features and Observed Damages in İzmir (Turkey) due to 2020 Samos (Aegean Sea) Earthquake: Identifying Basin Effects and Design Requirements, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 19, 4773-4804, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01148-3.
-
Okamoto S., 1973. Introduction to Earthquake Engineering, University of Tokyo Press, Japan.
-
Ozdemir P., Taskin B., Vatansever C., Sezen A., Ilki A., Boduroglu H., 2002. November 12, 1999 Duzce earthquake: Reconnaissance report for the town of Kaynasli, In 12th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, London, UK.
-
Pampal S., Ozmen B., 2017. The evolution of earthquake zoning maps in Turkey, In 4th International Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Eskisehir, Turkey.
-
Sezgin S.K., Sakcali G., Özen S., Yıldırım E., Avci E., Bayhan B., Çağlar N., 2024. Reconnaissance Report on Damage Caused by the February 6, 2023, Kahramanmaras Earthquakes in Reinforced-Concrete Structures, Journal of Building Engineering, 89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.109200.
-
Tapan M., Comert M., Demir C., Sayan Y., Orakcal K., Ilki A., 2011. Failures of Structures during the October 23, 2011 Tabanlı (Van) and November 9, 2011 Edremit (Van) Earthquakes in Turkey, Engineering Failure Analysis, 34, 606-628, 2013.
-
TBDY, 2018. Türkiye Bina Deprem Yönetmeliği, Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı, 2018.
-
Tsai N.C., 1969. Influence of Local Geology on Earthquake Ground Motion, Thesis, Earthquake Eng. Res. Lab., California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California.
-
USGS, 2020. Global Vs30 Mosaic, Vs30 Models and data, USGS Earthquake hazard Program, Erişim adresi: https://earthquake.usgs.gov/data/Vs30/.
-
Uyanık O., Ekin N., Coskun O., 2021. Zemin ve Deprem Parametrelerinden İvme Azalım İlişkisi, DEÜFMD, 23(68), 575-593.
-
Vuran E., Serhatoğlu C., Timurağaoğlu M., Smyrou E., Bal İ.E., Livaoğlu R., 2024. Damage Observations of RC Buildings from 2023 Kahramanmaras Earthquake Sequence and Discussion on the Seismic Code Regulations, Bull Earthquake Eng, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-023-01843-3.
-
Yakut A., Sucuoglu H., Binici B., Canbay E., Dönmez C., Ilki A., Caner A., Celik O., Ay B., 2021. Performance of Structures in İzmir After the Samos İsland Earthquake, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 20, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01226-6.