20 December 1942 (Ms 7.2) Tokat Erbaa Earthquake, Evaluation of Macroseismic Characteristics Using the EMS-98 Scale
Yıl 2025,
Sayı: Advanced Online Publication, 545 - 560
Tuğba Kurtuluş
,
Murat Ersen Aksoy
Öz
In this study, the macroseismic effects of the 20 December 1942 Tokat-Erbaa Earthquake was re-evaluated in the light of historical data. The dataset comprises official telegrams from the Prime Ministry Republican Archives, press reports sourced from Anadolu Agency, period photographs, and contemporary field reports. The earthquake’s impact was analyzed at 96 settlement points using the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS-98) and intensity values were assigned based on building type, vulnerability class, damage grades, and spatial distribution. A new isoseismal map was generated based on observed damage using the Empirical Bayesian Kriging method, revealing a consistent attenuation of intensity from the epicenter toward peripheral areas. The intensity levels show strong correlation with surface geology and alluvial basins, with higher intensities identified in areas with weaker ground conditions. This study reconstructs the damage grade and distribution of a historical earthquake using multiple source documents and highlights the role of local site effects in shaping the spatial variability of seismic intensity. The synthesis and analysis presented here provide valuable data and insights for understanding historical destructive earthquakes along active fault zones and for developing science-based decision-support systems aimed at disaster risk reduction.
Kaynakça
-
AFAD, t.y.. Aletsel Deprem Kataloğu, T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı, erişim tarihi 1 Nisan 2024, Erişim adresi: https://deprem.afad.gov.tr/event-instrumental.
-
Akkuş T., 2022. The 20 December 1942 Erbaa-Niksar earthquake and developments in Tokat in the light of Hasip Ahmet Aytuna’s report, Belgi Journal, 24, 165-190. https://doi.org/10.33431/belgi.1016047.
-
Akın M., 2009. Seismic microzonation of Erbaa (Tokat) located along the eastern segment of the North Anatolian Fault Zone. PhD Thesis, Middle East Technical University, Department of Geological Engineering, Applied Geology Division, Ankara, 443 p.
-
Akın M.K., Kramer S.L., Topal T., 2013. Evaluation of site amplification of Erbaa, Tokat (Turkey). In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Paris, France, 2-6 September 2013, 3655–3658.
-
Akın M.K., Kramer S.L., Topal T., 2016. Dynamic soil characterization and site response estimation for Erbaa, Tokat (Turkey), Nat. Hazards, 82, 1833-1868. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2274-4.
-
Alsan E., Tezucan L., Bath M., 1975. An earthquake catalogue for Turkey for the interval 1913-1970, Tectonophysics, 31(1-2), T13-T19.
-
Ambraseys N.N., 1970. Some characteristic features of the Anatolian Fault Zone, Tectonophysics, 9, 143-165.
-
Ambraseys N.N., Jackson J.A., 1981. Earthquake hazard and vulnerability in the northeastern Mediterranean: the Corinth earthquake sequence of February–March 1981, Disasters, 5(4), 355–368, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.1981.tb00210.x.
-
Ambraseys N.N., Jackson J.A., 1998. Faulting associated with historical and recent earthquakes in the Eastern Mediterranean region, Geophys. J. Int., 133, 390-406.
-
Aydan O., 1997. The seismic characteristics and the occurrence pattern of Turkish earthquake, Turkish Earthquake Foundation Report TDV/TR-97-007.
-
Aytun A., 1971. The problem of earthquake losses in Turkey and the role of research studies in reducing these losses, Turkiye Muhendislik Haberleri (August–September Supplements).
-
Barka A.A., 1992. The North Anatolian Fault Zone, Annales Tectonicae, 6, 164-195.
-
Barka A.A., 1996. Slip distribution along the North Anatolian Fault associated with the large earthquakes of the period 1939 to 1967, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 86(5), 1238-1254.
-
Barka A.A., Akyuz H.S., Altunel E., Sunal G., Cakir Z., Dikbas A., Yerli B., Armijo R., Meyer B., de Chabalier J.B., Rockwell T., Dolan J.R., Hartleb R., Dawson T., Christofferson S., Tucker A., Fumal T., Langridge R., Stenner H., Page W., 2002. Surface rupture and slip distribution of the 17 August 1999 Izmit earthquake (M 7.4), North Anatolian Fault, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 92(1), 43-60, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000841.
-
Barka A.A., Cohen H., Akyuz S., Watchorn F., 2000. Tectonic evolution of the Niksar and Tasova-Erbaa pull-apart basins, North Anatolian Fault Zone: Significance for the motion of the Anatolian Block, Tectonophysics, 322(3-4), 243-264.
-
Barka A.A., Kadinsky-Cade K., 1988. Strike-slip fault geometry in Turkey and its influence on earthquake activity, Tectonics, 7, 663-684, https://doi.org/10.1029/TC007i003p00663.
-
BCA, 2025. T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Devlet Arşivleri Baskanlığı BCA.F.30.10.0.0./120.849.9, 22 Aralık 1942 (22s). Erişim adresi: https://katalog.devletarsivleri.gov.tr/.
-
Blumenthal M., Pamir H.N., Akyol I.H., 1943. Geology of the Northern Anatolian earthquake region and macroseismic observations carried out in these areas at the end of 1942 (Osmancik-Erbaa), MTA Bulletin, 1(29).
-
Del Mese S., Graziani L., Meroni F., Pessina V., Tertulliani A., 2023. Considerations on using MCS and EMS-98 macroseismic scales for the intensity assessment of contemporary Italian earthquakes, Bull. Earthquake Eng., 21, 1-25, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-023-01703-0.
-
Dewey J.F., 1976. Seismicity of Northern Anatolia, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 66(3), 843-868.
-
Dewey J.F., Hempton M.R., Kidd W.S.F., Saroglu F., Sengor A.M.C., 1986. Shortening of continental lithosphere: The neotectonics of eastern Anatolia: A young collision zone. (In: Collision Tectonics, Editors: Coward M.P., Ries A.C., Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ. 19), 3-36.
-
Emre Ö., Duman T.Y., Özalp S., Elmacı H., Olgun S., Şaroğlu F., 2013. Aciklamali Türkiye Diri Fay Haritası, Olcek 1:1 250 000, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Özel Yayın Serisi 30, 89 p.
-
Ergin K., Güçlü U., Uz Z., 1967. Turkiye ve Civarinın Deprem Katalogu, ITU Maden Fakultesi, Arz Fiziği Enstitusu Yayınları, 24, İstanbul.
-
Fernandez-Fraile J., Mattesini M., Buforn E., 2024. Re-evaluation of the earthquake catalog for Spain using the EMS-98 scale for the period 1900–1962, Pure Appl. Geophys., https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-024-03461-9.
-
Gaste Arşivi, 2024. Gaste Arşivi, Son erişim: 20 Nisan 2025, Erişim adresi:
https://www.gastearsivi.com.
-
Grunthal G., Musson R.M.W., Schwarz J., Stucchi M., 1998. European Macroseismic Scale 1998 (EMS-98), Cahiers du Centre Europeen de Geodynamique et de Seismologie 15, Luxembourg, 99p.
-
Gutenberg B., 1945. Amplitudes of surface waves and magnitudes of shallow earthquakes, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 35(1), 3-12.
-
Gutenberg B., Richter C.F., 1954. Seismicity of the Earth and Associated Phenomena, Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton.
-
Hakyemez H., Papak I., 2002. 1:500 000 scale Geological Map of Turkey, Samsun sheet No. 4, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
-
Halbwachs M., 2020. On Collective Memory, Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.
-
ISC, 2024. The ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2009), International Seismological Centre, https://doi.org/10.31905/d808b825.
-
ISS, 1942. International Seismological Summary 19, British Association for the Advancement of Science, London.
-
Kalafat D., Gunes Y., Kekovali K., Kara M., Deniz P., Yilmazer M., 2011. Butunlestirilmis Homojen Turkiye Deprem Katalogu (1900-2010; M≥4.0) - A revised and extended earthquake catalogue for Turkey since 1900 (M≥4.0), Bogazici Univ., Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, Istanbul, 553 p.
-
Karnik V., 1969. Seismicity of the European Area (Parts 1 and 2), Academia Publ. House of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague.
-
Ketin İ., 1949. Tectonic and mechanical consequences of major earthquakes in Turkey over the last ten years, Turkiye Jeoloji Bulteni, 2(1), 1-13.
-
Ketin İ., 1969. On the North Anatolian Fault, Bull. Min. Res. Explor., 72, 1-27.
-
KOERI, 2025. KOERI-RETMC Earthquake Catalog Search System, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, Erişim adresi: http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/sismo/zeqdb/.
-
Kouskouna V., Sakkas G., 2013. The University of Athens Hellenic macroseismic database (HMDB.UoA): historical earthquakes, J. Seismol., 17(4), 1253-1280, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-013-9390-3.
-
NEHRP, 2000. Recommended provisions for seismic regulations for new buildings and other structures, Part 1: Provisions, FEMA 368, Building Seismic Safety Council, National Institute of Building Sciences, Washington DC.
-
Olick J.K., Robbins J., 1998. Social memory studies: From “collective memory” to the historical sociology of mnemonic practices, Annu. Rev. Sociol., 24(1), 105-140.
-
Öcal N., 1968. Seismicity and earthquake geography of Turkey, 1850-1960, Milli Egitim Bakanligi Publ., Kandilli Observatory Publ. 8, Istanbul.
-
Pamir H., Akyol I., 1943. The Corum and Erbaa earthquakes, Turkish J. Geography, 2, 234-240, https://doi.org/10.17211/tcd.28274.
-
Pisa P.F., 2024. Understanding memory transmission in disaster risk reduction practices: A case study from Japan, Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct. 100, 104112.
-
Reilinger R.E., McClusky S., Vernant P., Lawrence S., Ergintav S., Cakmak R., Kadirov F., Guliev I., Stepanyan R., Mahmoud S., Sakr K., ArRajehi A., Paradissis D., Al-Aydrus A., Evren E., Dmitrotsa A., Filikov S.V., Gomez F., Al-Ghazzi R., Karam G., 2006. GPS constraints on continental deformation in the Africa-Arabia-Eurasia continental collision zone and implications for the dynamics of plate interactions, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 111(B5), B05411, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB004051.
-
Saatçigil E., 1947. Dünkü ve Bugünkü Erbaa, Cumhuriyet Matbaasi, İstanbul.
-
Sira C., Cara M., Schlupp A., Masson F., Schaming M., Mendel V., 2021. 1921-2021: 100 years of macroseismic studies at BCSF, Compt. Rendus Geosci., 353 (2021) no. S1, 23-51. https://doi.org/10.5802/crgeos.87.
-
Şengör A.M.C., Gorur N., Şaroğlu F., 1985. Strike-slip faulting and related basin formation in zones of tectonic escape: Turkey as a case study, (In: Strike-slip Faulting and Basin Formation, Editors: Biddle K.T., Christie-Blick N., SEPM Spec. Publ. 37), 227-265.
-
Şengör A.M.C., Tüysüz O., Imren C., Sakinc M., Eyidoğan H., Gorur N., Le Pichon X., Rangin C., 2005. The North Anatolian Fault: A new look, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 33, 1-75.
-
TBMM, 2024. TBMM Zabıt Ceridesi, 1942 (30 December), Grand National Assembly of Turkey, 6th Term, 5th Legislative Year, Vol. 29, Session 22. Erişim adresi: http://www5.tbmm.gov.tr/tutanaklar/TUTANAK/TBMM/d06/c029/tbmm06029022.pdf.
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T.C. Başbakanlık İstatistik Umum Müdürlüğü, 1940. 20 İlkteşrin 1940: Vilayetler, kazalar, nahiyeler ve köyler itibariyle nüfus ve yüzey ölçü, Genel Nüfus Sayımı, Neşriyat 158, Ankara.
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Üzen İ., 2013. The 1942 and 1943 Erbaa earthquakes. Black Sea Studies, 40, 77-93. https://doi.org/10.12787/KARAM637.
20 Aralık 1942 Tokat Erbaa Depremi (Ms 7.2) Makrosismik Özelliklerinin EMS-98 Ölçeğine Göre Yeniden Değerlendirilmesi
Yıl 2025,
Sayı: Advanced Online Publication, 545 - 560
Tuğba Kurtuluş
,
Murat Ersen Aksoy
Öz
Bu çalışmada, 20 Aralık 1942 tarihinde meydana gelen Tokat-Erbaa Depremi’nin makrosismik etkileri tarihsel veriler ışığında yeniden değerlendirilmiştir. Kullanılan veri seti, Başbakanlık Cumhuriyet Arşivi’nde yer alan resmi telgraflar, Anadolu Ajansı kaynaklı basın haberleri, dönem fotoğrafları ve saha raporlarından oluşturulmuştur. Depremin etkisi, Avrupa Makrosismik Ölçeği (EMS-98) esas alınarak 96 yerleşim noktasında analiz edilmiş; yapı türü, kırılganlık sınıfı, hasar dereceleri ve yayılımı dikkate alınarak şiddet değerleri atanmıştır. Hasar gözlemlerine dayalı olarak oluşturulan yeni izosismal harita, Ampirik Bayesyen Kriging (Empirical Bayesian Kriging) yöntemi ile üretilmiş ve depremin etkisinin merkez üssünden çevre alanlara doğru düzenli biçimde uzaklaştıkça azaldığı görülmüştür. Şiddet dereceleri, yüzey jeolojisi ve alüvyon dolgu alanlarıyla yüksek uyum göstermekte; zayıf zeminlerde daha yüksek şiddetler tespit edilmektedir. Çalışma, tarihsel bir depremin hasar derecesi ve dağılımını çok kaynaklı belgelerle yeniden yapılandırmakta ve yerel zemin etkilerinin şiddet dağılımı üzerindeki rolünü ortaya koymaktadır. Bu derleme ve analiz çalışması aktif fay zonlarındaki tarihsel yıkıcı depremleri anlamak ve afet risklerini azaltmaya yönelik bilimsel temelli karar destek sistemleri geliştirmek açısından faydalı veri ve bulgular sunmaktadır.
Destekleyen Kurum
Bu yayın Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Anabilimdalı’nda gerçekleştirilen bir doktora tez çalışmasının bir iş paketinden üretilmiştir. Tuğba Kurtuluş, doktora çalışması süresince YÖK 100/2000 bursundan yararlanmıştır.
Teşekkür
Bu yayın Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Anabilimdalı’nda gerçekleştirilen bir doktora tez çalışmasının bir iş paketinden üretilmiştir. Tuğba Kurtuluş, doktora çalışması süresince YÖK 100/2000 bursundan yararlanmıştır. Çalışmanın olgunlaştırılmasında tez izleme komitesi üyeleri, Doç.. Dr. Onur Tan ve Doç. Dr. Özgür Avşar’ın önemli katkıları olmuştur. Bununla birlikte, Strasbourg Yer Fiziği Enstitüsü’nden Christoph Sira değerli önerilerde bulunmuştur.
Kaynakça
-
AFAD, t.y.. Aletsel Deprem Kataloğu, T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı, erişim tarihi 1 Nisan 2024, Erişim adresi: https://deprem.afad.gov.tr/event-instrumental.
-
Akkuş T., 2022. The 20 December 1942 Erbaa-Niksar earthquake and developments in Tokat in the light of Hasip Ahmet Aytuna’s report, Belgi Journal, 24, 165-190. https://doi.org/10.33431/belgi.1016047.
-
Akın M., 2009. Seismic microzonation of Erbaa (Tokat) located along the eastern segment of the North Anatolian Fault Zone. PhD Thesis, Middle East Technical University, Department of Geological Engineering, Applied Geology Division, Ankara, 443 p.
-
Akın M.K., Kramer S.L., Topal T., 2013. Evaluation of site amplification of Erbaa, Tokat (Turkey). In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Paris, France, 2-6 September 2013, 3655–3658.
-
Akın M.K., Kramer S.L., Topal T., 2016. Dynamic soil characterization and site response estimation for Erbaa, Tokat (Turkey), Nat. Hazards, 82, 1833-1868. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2274-4.
-
Alsan E., Tezucan L., Bath M., 1975. An earthquake catalogue for Turkey for the interval 1913-1970, Tectonophysics, 31(1-2), T13-T19.
-
Ambraseys N.N., 1970. Some characteristic features of the Anatolian Fault Zone, Tectonophysics, 9, 143-165.
-
Ambraseys N.N., Jackson J.A., 1981. Earthquake hazard and vulnerability in the northeastern Mediterranean: the Corinth earthquake sequence of February–March 1981, Disasters, 5(4), 355–368, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.1981.tb00210.x.
-
Ambraseys N.N., Jackson J.A., 1998. Faulting associated with historical and recent earthquakes in the Eastern Mediterranean region, Geophys. J. Int., 133, 390-406.
-
Aydan O., 1997. The seismic characteristics and the occurrence pattern of Turkish earthquake, Turkish Earthquake Foundation Report TDV/TR-97-007.
-
Aytun A., 1971. The problem of earthquake losses in Turkey and the role of research studies in reducing these losses, Turkiye Muhendislik Haberleri (August–September Supplements).
-
Barka A.A., 1992. The North Anatolian Fault Zone, Annales Tectonicae, 6, 164-195.
-
Barka A.A., 1996. Slip distribution along the North Anatolian Fault associated with the large earthquakes of the period 1939 to 1967, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 86(5), 1238-1254.
-
Barka A.A., Akyuz H.S., Altunel E., Sunal G., Cakir Z., Dikbas A., Yerli B., Armijo R., Meyer B., de Chabalier J.B., Rockwell T., Dolan J.R., Hartleb R., Dawson T., Christofferson S., Tucker A., Fumal T., Langridge R., Stenner H., Page W., 2002. Surface rupture and slip distribution of the 17 August 1999 Izmit earthquake (M 7.4), North Anatolian Fault, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 92(1), 43-60, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000841.
-
Barka A.A., Cohen H., Akyuz S., Watchorn F., 2000. Tectonic evolution of the Niksar and Tasova-Erbaa pull-apart basins, North Anatolian Fault Zone: Significance for the motion of the Anatolian Block, Tectonophysics, 322(3-4), 243-264.
-
Barka A.A., Kadinsky-Cade K., 1988. Strike-slip fault geometry in Turkey and its influence on earthquake activity, Tectonics, 7, 663-684, https://doi.org/10.1029/TC007i003p00663.
-
BCA, 2025. T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Devlet Arşivleri Baskanlığı BCA.F.30.10.0.0./120.849.9, 22 Aralık 1942 (22s). Erişim adresi: https://katalog.devletarsivleri.gov.tr/.
-
Blumenthal M., Pamir H.N., Akyol I.H., 1943. Geology of the Northern Anatolian earthquake region and macroseismic observations carried out in these areas at the end of 1942 (Osmancik-Erbaa), MTA Bulletin, 1(29).
-
Del Mese S., Graziani L., Meroni F., Pessina V., Tertulliani A., 2023. Considerations on using MCS and EMS-98 macroseismic scales for the intensity assessment of contemporary Italian earthquakes, Bull. Earthquake Eng., 21, 1-25, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-023-01703-0.
-
Dewey J.F., 1976. Seismicity of Northern Anatolia, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 66(3), 843-868.
-
Dewey J.F., Hempton M.R., Kidd W.S.F., Saroglu F., Sengor A.M.C., 1986. Shortening of continental lithosphere: The neotectonics of eastern Anatolia: A young collision zone. (In: Collision Tectonics, Editors: Coward M.P., Ries A.C., Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ. 19), 3-36.
-
Emre Ö., Duman T.Y., Özalp S., Elmacı H., Olgun S., Şaroğlu F., 2013. Aciklamali Türkiye Diri Fay Haritası, Olcek 1:1 250 000, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Özel Yayın Serisi 30, 89 p.
-
Ergin K., Güçlü U., Uz Z., 1967. Turkiye ve Civarinın Deprem Katalogu, ITU Maden Fakultesi, Arz Fiziği Enstitusu Yayınları, 24, İstanbul.
-
Fernandez-Fraile J., Mattesini M., Buforn E., 2024. Re-evaluation of the earthquake catalog for Spain using the EMS-98 scale for the period 1900–1962, Pure Appl. Geophys., https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-024-03461-9.
-
Gaste Arşivi, 2024. Gaste Arşivi, Son erişim: 20 Nisan 2025, Erişim adresi:
https://www.gastearsivi.com.
-
Grunthal G., Musson R.M.W., Schwarz J., Stucchi M., 1998. European Macroseismic Scale 1998 (EMS-98), Cahiers du Centre Europeen de Geodynamique et de Seismologie 15, Luxembourg, 99p.
-
Gutenberg B., 1945. Amplitudes of surface waves and magnitudes of shallow earthquakes, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 35(1), 3-12.
-
Gutenberg B., Richter C.F., 1954. Seismicity of the Earth and Associated Phenomena, Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton.
-
Hakyemez H., Papak I., 2002. 1:500 000 scale Geological Map of Turkey, Samsun sheet No. 4, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
-
Halbwachs M., 2020. On Collective Memory, Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.
-
ISC, 2024. The ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2009), International Seismological Centre, https://doi.org/10.31905/d808b825.
-
ISS, 1942. International Seismological Summary 19, British Association for the Advancement of Science, London.
-
Kalafat D., Gunes Y., Kekovali K., Kara M., Deniz P., Yilmazer M., 2011. Butunlestirilmis Homojen Turkiye Deprem Katalogu (1900-2010; M≥4.0) - A revised and extended earthquake catalogue for Turkey since 1900 (M≥4.0), Bogazici Univ., Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, Istanbul, 553 p.
-
Karnik V., 1969. Seismicity of the European Area (Parts 1 and 2), Academia Publ. House of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague.
-
Ketin İ., 1949. Tectonic and mechanical consequences of major earthquakes in Turkey over the last ten years, Turkiye Jeoloji Bulteni, 2(1), 1-13.
-
Ketin İ., 1969. On the North Anatolian Fault, Bull. Min. Res. Explor., 72, 1-27.
-
KOERI, 2025. KOERI-RETMC Earthquake Catalog Search System, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, Erişim adresi: http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/sismo/zeqdb/.
-
Kouskouna V., Sakkas G., 2013. The University of Athens Hellenic macroseismic database (HMDB.UoA): historical earthquakes, J. Seismol., 17(4), 1253-1280, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-013-9390-3.
-
NEHRP, 2000. Recommended provisions for seismic regulations for new buildings and other structures, Part 1: Provisions, FEMA 368, Building Seismic Safety Council, National Institute of Building Sciences, Washington DC.
-
Olick J.K., Robbins J., 1998. Social memory studies: From “collective memory” to the historical sociology of mnemonic practices, Annu. Rev. Sociol., 24(1), 105-140.
-
Öcal N., 1968. Seismicity and earthquake geography of Turkey, 1850-1960, Milli Egitim Bakanligi Publ., Kandilli Observatory Publ. 8, Istanbul.
-
Pamir H., Akyol I., 1943. The Corum and Erbaa earthquakes, Turkish J. Geography, 2, 234-240, https://doi.org/10.17211/tcd.28274.
-
Pisa P.F., 2024. Understanding memory transmission in disaster risk reduction practices: A case study from Japan, Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct. 100, 104112.
-
Reilinger R.E., McClusky S., Vernant P., Lawrence S., Ergintav S., Cakmak R., Kadirov F., Guliev I., Stepanyan R., Mahmoud S., Sakr K., ArRajehi A., Paradissis D., Al-Aydrus A., Evren E., Dmitrotsa A., Filikov S.V., Gomez F., Al-Ghazzi R., Karam G., 2006. GPS constraints on continental deformation in the Africa-Arabia-Eurasia continental collision zone and implications for the dynamics of plate interactions, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 111(B5), B05411, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB004051.
-
Saatçigil E., 1947. Dünkü ve Bugünkü Erbaa, Cumhuriyet Matbaasi, İstanbul.
-
Sira C., Cara M., Schlupp A., Masson F., Schaming M., Mendel V., 2021. 1921-2021: 100 years of macroseismic studies at BCSF, Compt. Rendus Geosci., 353 (2021) no. S1, 23-51. https://doi.org/10.5802/crgeos.87.
-
Şengör A.M.C., Gorur N., Şaroğlu F., 1985. Strike-slip faulting and related basin formation in zones of tectonic escape: Turkey as a case study, (In: Strike-slip Faulting and Basin Formation, Editors: Biddle K.T., Christie-Blick N., SEPM Spec. Publ. 37), 227-265.
-
Şengör A.M.C., Tüysüz O., Imren C., Sakinc M., Eyidoğan H., Gorur N., Le Pichon X., Rangin C., 2005. The North Anatolian Fault: A new look, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 33, 1-75.
-
TBMM, 2024. TBMM Zabıt Ceridesi, 1942 (30 December), Grand National Assembly of Turkey, 6th Term, 5th Legislative Year, Vol. 29, Session 22. Erişim adresi: http://www5.tbmm.gov.tr/tutanaklar/TUTANAK/TBMM/d06/c029/tbmm06029022.pdf.
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