2023 Kahramanmaraş (Türkiye) Depremleri Sonrasında Kültürel Mirasın İyileştirilmesine Yönelik Yapay Zekâ Destekli Stratejiler: Kavramsal Bir Çerçeve

Öz

Bu çalışma, 2023 Kahramanmaraş (Türkiye) depremleri sonrasında kültürel mirasın afet sonrası iyileştirilmesine yönelik uyarlanabilir bir kavramsal çerçeve geliştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Notre-Dame, Musul, Katmandu ve Halep örneklerinden elde edilen uluslararası deneyimlerin sentezine dayanan araştırma, yapay zekâ, İHA tabanlı fotogrametri ve Miras Yapı Bilgi Modellemesi (H-BIM) teknolojilerinin birlikte kullanımını ele almaktadır. Önerilen çerçeve; hızlı belgeleme, tanısal analiz ve karar destek olmak üzere üç teknik aşama etrafında yapılandırılmış ve dijital özgünlük ile topluluk belleğini önceleyen etik bir katmanla desteklenmiştir. Bulgular, yapay zekâ destekli iş akışlarının yapısal değerlendirme süreçlerinin hızını ve nesnelliğini artırırken, yeniden yapılanmanın sosyal açıdan kapsayıcı niteliğini koruyabildiğini göstermektedir. Çalışma, Türkiye bağlamında kurumsal koordinasyonu güçlendirmeye yönelik stratejik bir yol haritası sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kültürel miras
• Yapay Zekâ
• Afet sonrası iyileştirme
• Dijital belgelendirme
• H-BIM

AI-Assisted Strategies for Cultural Heritage Recovery after the 2023 Kahramanmaraş (Türkiye) Earthquakes: A Conceptual Framework

Öz

This study aims to develop an adaptable conceptual framework for the post-disaster recovery of cultural heritage following the 2023 Kahramanmaraş (Türkiye) earthquakes. Based on the synthesis of international experiences from the Notre-Dame, Mosul, Kathmandu, and Aleppo case studies, the research examines the integrated use of Artificial Intelligence, UAV-based photogrammetry, and Heritage Building Information Modelling (H-BIM) technologies. The proposed framework is structured around three technical phases—rapid documentation, diagnostic analysis, and decision support—and is reinforced by an ethical layer that prioritizes digital authenticity and community memory. The findings indicate that AI-assisted workflows significantly increase the speed and objectivity of structural assessment processes while maintaining the social inclusivity of reconstruction efforts. The study ultimately presents a strategic roadmap aimed at strengthening institutional coordination within the Turkish context.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Cultural heritage
• Artificial Intelligence
• Post-disaster recovery
• Digital documentation
• H-BIM

Kaynakça

1. AFAD, 2023. 06 Şubat 2023 Pazarcık-Elbistan Kahramanmaraş (Mw: 7.7– Mw: 7.6) Depremleri Raporu, T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı, Erişim adresi: https://deprem.afad.gov.tr/assets/pdf/Kahramanmara%C5%9F%20Depremi%20%20Raporu_02.06.2023.pdf
2. Alhamo O.J.F., 2020. Catışma alanlarında kültürel miras yonetimi Irak orneği, Doktora tezi, Dokuz Eylül Universitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İzmir, 350s.
3. Al-Muqdadi F., Ahmed A., 2022. Applying heritage building information modelling (HBIM) to lost heritage in conflict zones Al-Hadba’ Minaret in Mosul Iraq, Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLIII-B2-2022, 753-760.
4. Alshawabkeh Y., Baik A., 2023. Integration of photogrammetry and laser scanning for enhancing scan-to-HBIM modeling of Al Ula heritage site, Herit Sci., 11, 147.
5. Al-Ta’ai A.F.A., Al-Ali S.S.M., 2022. The Impact of Symbolic Values in Regaining Lost Heritage Buildings After War A Case Study from the Modernist Architectural Heritage in Mosul. (In: Conservation of Architectural Heritage, Editors: Versaci A., Bougdah H., Akagawa N., Cavalagli N., Springer, Cham), 281-295.
6. Arkeofili, 2023a. Antakya’daki depremde Habib-i Neccar Camisi yıkıldı [Photograph]. Arkeofili, https://arkeofili.com/antakyadaki-depremde-habib-i-neccar-camisi-yikildi/neccar2/
7. Arkeofili, 2023b. Tarihi Diyarbakır Surları, depremde zarar gördü. 13 Şubat 2023, https://arkeofili.com/tarihi-diyarbakir-surlari-depremde-zarar-gordu/
8. Assmann J., 1995. Collective memory and cultural identity, New German Critique, 65, 125-133.

9. Aydin N.Y., Celik K., Gecen R., Kalaycioglu S., Duzgun S., 2025. Rebuilding Antakya Cultivating urban resilience through cultural identity and education for post-disaster reconstruction in Turkey, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 105, 105196.
10. BBC, 2017. How the battle for Mosul unfolded, BBC News, Erişim adresi: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-37702442
11. Boyoglu C.S., Chike I., Caspari G., Balz T., 2023. Assessing the impact of the 2023 Kahramanmaras earthquake on cultural heritage sites using high-resolution SAR images, Heritage, 6(10), 6669-6690.
12. Croce V., Caroti G., Piemonte A., De Luca L., Veron P., 2023. H-BIM and Artificial Intelligence Classification of Architectural Heritage for Semi-Automatic Scan-to-BIM Reconstruction, Sensors, 23(5), 2497.
13. Daly P., Ninglekhu S., Hollenbach P., McCaughey J.W., Lallemant D., Horton B.P., 2023. Rebuilding historic urban neighborhoods after disasters Balancing disaster risk reduction and heritage conservation after the 2015 earthquakes in Nepal, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 88, 103564.
14. Demir N., Cilingiroglu C., 2024. Assessing the impact of the February 2023 Turkiye earthquakes on cultural heritage sites A multidisciplinary approach, Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLVIII-1, 117-124.
15. Dhonju H.K., Xiao W., Sarhosis V., Mills J.P., Wilkinson S., Wang Z., Thapa L., Panday U.S., 2017. Feasibility Study of Low-Cost Image-Based Heritage Documentation in Nepal, Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLII-2/W3, 237-242.
16. Ibrahim S., 2020. Decision-Making Methodology Between Revitalisation and Rehabilitation of World Heritage City Centers Case Study The Ancient City of Aleppo (Syria), Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLIV-M-1-2020, 255-262.
17. ICOMOS Turkiye, 2023. 6 Subat 2023 depremleri tespit ve degerlendirme raporu, ICOMOS Turkiye Milli Komitesi, Erisim adresi https://www.icomos.org.tr/Dosyalar/ICOMOSTR_tr0515254001678046175.pdf
18. Isakhan B., Meskell L., 2019. UNESCO’s project to Revive the Spirit of Mosul Iraqi and Syrian opinion on heritage reconstruction after the Islamic State, International Journal of Heritage Studies, 25(11), 1189-1204.
19. Kousa C., Pottgiesser U., 2019. Post Syrian-war material recovery reuse and transformation in the Old City of Aleppo, Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development, ahead-of-print.
20. KRDAE, 2023. 06 Şubat 2023 Ekinözü Kahramanmaraş depremi (rapor), B.Ü. Kandilli Rasathanesi ve Deprem Araştırma Enstitüsü, Bölgesel Deprem-Tsunami İzleme ve Değerlendirme Merkezi (2023), Boğaziçi Üniversitesi, Erişim adresi: http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/sismo/2/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/20230206_1024_KAHRAMANMARAS.pdf
21. Kutlu I., 2025. Scientific mapping of artificial intelligence (AI) assisted applications in historical building conservation, Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 1-21.
22. Larkin C., Rudolf I., 2024. Iraqi heritage restoration grassroots interventions and post-conflict recovery reflections from Mosul, Journal of Social Archaeology, 24(1), 33-57.
23. Lazim Z., Younis A.A., Hilal A., 2025. Digitizing cultural heritage Creating the digital twin of Mosuls Clock Church. (In INFORMATIK 2025 Digitalization of Cultural Heritage (DoCH), Gesellschaft fur Informatik e.V.), 687-694.
24. Li B., Lim Y.L., Li W., 2025. Systematic review a bibliometric analysis of building technology and its potential applications to artificial intelligence in the field of cultural heritage conservation from 2013 to 2023, Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 1-23.
25. Melcak M., Novacek K., 2025. Destruction and Reconstruction of Architectural Heritage in Mosul. (In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Cultural Heritage and Conflict, Editors Saloul I., Baillie B., Palgrave Macmillan, Cham)
26. Mollenhauer A., 2024. A Digital Photo Archive and Its Potential for the Preservation of Cultural Memory and Built Heritage. (In Reviving Aleppo Cities Heritage and Transformation, Editors Thiel F., Orabi R., Springer, Cham).
27. Mouaddib E.M., Pamart A., Deseilligny M., Girardeau-Montaut D., 2023. 2D/3D data fusion for the comparative analysis of the vaults of Notre-Dame de Paris before and after the fire, Journal of Cultural Heritage, 65, 230-241.
28. Munawar N.A., Symonds J., 2022. Post-Conflict reconstruction forced migration and community engagement the case of Aleppo Syria, International Journal of Heritage Studies, 28, 10-25.
29. Murdock H., 2017. About 900,000 people have been displaced by the battle for Mosul, Iraq and many neighborhoods like Mosul's Old City have been completely destroyed by the war [Photograph], Voice of America, https://www.voanews.com/a/is-fighters-in-disarray/3956547.html
30. Neroulidis A., Pouyet T., Tournon S., Abergel V., Rousset M., Callieri M., Manuel A., Abergel V., Malavergne O., Cao I., Roussel R., Granier X., Rodier X., De Luca R., 2024. A digital platform for the centralization and long-term preservation of multidisciplinary scientific data belonging to the Notre Dame de Paris scientific action, Journal of Cultural Heritage, 65, 210-220.
31. Nora P., 1989. Between memory and history Les lieux de memoire, Representations 26, 7-24.
32. Oflazoglu Dora S., Dora M., 2025. Cultural heritage management after disasters, Inonu Universitesi Uluslararasi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(1), 222-241.
33. Orabi R., Thiel F., 2024. Introduction The Challenge of Recovery 3D Digitisation as a Tool. (In Reviving Aleppo Cities Heritage and Transformation, Editors Thiel F., Orabi R., Springer, Cham), 1-22.
34. Pasta F., Johnson C., Can S., 2025. Living heritage as shared knowledge Advancing community-led reconstruction in post-earthquake Antakya, Environment and Urbanization, 37(2), 440-464.
35. Praticò Y., Ochsendorf J., Holzer S., Flatt R.J., 2020. Post-fire restoration of historic buildings and implications for Notre-Dame de Paris. Nat. Mater., 19, 817-820, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-020-0748-y
36. Putt K., 2018. Documentation and Digital Preservation of Syrian Heritage A German Archive Project for Syria, The Public Historian, 40(4), 107-128.
37. Rajbanshi N., Koirala S., Pandeya Y.R., 2025. Shades of History Reviving Nepal’s Heritage through AI, Journal of NAST College, 1, 91-100.
38. San P., Shakya S., 2025. Buddhist Third Places A Note on the Sattal Structure in Nepal and Dharmasala in Cambodia, Religions, 16(4), 478.
39. Sandron D., Tallon A., 2019. Notre-Dame de Paris Neuf siecles d’histoire, Parigramme, Paris, 192 p.
40. Shrestha S., Reina Ortiz M., Gutland M., Napolitano R., Morris I., Quintero M., Erochko J., Kawan S., Shrestha R., Suwal S., Duwal S., Maharjan D., 2017. Digital Recording and Non-Destructive Techniques for the Understanding of Structural Performance for Rehabilitating Historic Structures at the Kathmandu Valley After Gorkha Earthquake 2015, ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, IV-2/W2, 243-250.
41. Soyukara N., Can P., Açıkyıldız B., 2023. Diyarbakır Kalesi ve Bazı Kültür Varklıklarının Deprem Sonrası Hasar Tespit Çalışması (9-10-11 Şubat 2023), Diyarbakır.
42. Stylianidis E., Evangelidis K., Vital R., Dafiotis P., Sylaiou S., 2022. 3D Documentation and Visualization of Cultural Heritage Buildings through the Application of Geospatial Technologies, Heritage, 5(4), 2818-2832.
43. Şentürk H.S., Şimşek C.F., 2025. A Review on HBIM Modelling Process from 3D Point Clouds by Applying Artificial Intelligence Algorithms in Cultural Heritage, Journal of Polytechnic (Politeknik Dergisi), 28(3), 897-908, https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.1503631
44. Tayanc M., Kaya N., 2025. Mekan ve bellek perspektifinden Turkiye'de kulturel miras ve toplumsal hafiza, Fikriyat, 5(1), 56-65.
45. UNESCO, 2026. Reducing disasters risks at World Heritage properties, UNESCO World Heritage Convention, Erisim adresi: https://whc.unesco.org/en/disaster-risk-reduction/
46. UNESCO / UNITAR, 2018. Five Years of Conflict, The State of Cultural Heritage in the Ancient City of Aleppo, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France and the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR), Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland, Erişim adresi: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000265826/PDF/265826eng.pdf.multi
47. Wang N., Zhao X., Zhao P., Zhang Y., Zou Z., Ou J., 2019. Automatic damage detection of historic masonry buildings, Automation in Construction, 103, 53-66.
48. Warner C.D., Hacker K., Suji M., Wahlqvist L.H., Shneiderman S., 2025. Building a cultural city Heritage identity and the politics of reconstruction in Bhaktapur Nepal, Journal of Material Culture, 1-22.
49. Wikpan, 2019. Locations of holes in vaulting after the 2019 Notre Dame de Paris fire [SVG diagram], Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Notre_Dame_V1svg.svg