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Topographic, Morphological and Morphometric Investigation of Mandible in Norduz Sheep

Yıl 2022, , 129 - 133, 29.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.1100636

Öz

In order to contribute to animal welfare, veterinary maxillofacial surgery is one of the fields of science that requires deep anatomical knowledge about the region. Therefore, in this study, it was aimed to define the mandible by using macroanatomical, morometric and topographic methods to understand the morphophysiology of the mandible in Norduz sheep. Norduz sheep mandibles of 10 male animals were used. Mandibles were first examined with classical morphometric and topographic methods. It was seen that the mandible consisted of corpus, ramus and angulus parts. It was observed that the foramen mentale was oval and round in shape and in different numbers on the lateral edge of the mandible. It was observed that the foramen mandible was elliptical. According to the statistical analysis, mandible length was measured as 149.12±4.75 mm on the right side and 148.12±4.50 mm on the left side in Norduz sheep. Mandible height was analyzed as 160.81±4.72 mm on the right side and 160.74 mm on the left side. The distance of the foramen mandible to the infradental space was 127.85±4.62 mm on the right and 125.31±4.11 mm on the left. Diastema length was analyzed as 38.05±1.34 on the right side and 40.87±2.81 on the left side. The length of the premolar and molar teeth on the margo alveolaris of the mandible was 56.69±2.38 mm on the right side and 54.13±2.73 mm on the left side. The distance of the foramen mentale to the gonion caudale was analyzed as 118.34±4.22 mm on the right and 118.90±4.12 mm on the left. According to the statistical analysis, L17 measured over the right and left mandibles was statistically significant (p<0.05).

Kaynakça

  • 1. Moura, C. E. B., Albuquerque, J. F. G., Magalh~aes, M. S.,Silva, N. B., Oliveira, M. F., & Papa, P. C. (2007). An_alise comparativada origem do plexo braquial de catetos (Tayassutajacu). Pesquisa Veterin_aria Brasileira, 27, 357–362.
  • 2. Niemiec, B., Gawor, J., Nemec, A., Clarke, D., McLeod, K., Tutt, C.,Gioso, M., Steagall, P. V., Chandler, M., Morgenegg, G., &Jouppi, R. (2020). World small animal veterinary associationglobal dental guidelines. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 61,E36–E161.
  • 3. Pachaly, J. R., & Gioso, M. A. (2001). The oral cavity, 457–463. In M. E. Fowler & Z. L. Cubas (Eds.), Biology, medicine and surgery of south American wild animals. Iowa State University Press.
  • 4. Pachaly, J. R. (2007). Odontoestomatologia, 1068–1091. In Z. S.Cubas, J. C. R. Silva, & J. L. Cat~ao-Dias (Eds.), Tratado de Animais Selvagens. Roca.
  • 5. Enlund, K. B., Karlsson, M., Brunius, C., Hagman, R.,Höglund, O. V., Gustås, P., Hanson, J., & Pettersson, A. (2020).Professional dental cleaning in dogs: Clinical routines among Swedish veterinarians and veterinary nurses. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 62, 61
  • 6. Glatt, S. E., Francl, K. E., & Scheels, J. L. (2008). A survey of current dental problems and treatments of zoo animals. International Zoo Yearbook, 42, 206–213. 7. Beckman, B., & Legendre, L. (2002). Regional nerve blocks for oral surgery in companion animals. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practising Veterinarian, 24, 439–444.
  • 8. Moura, A. G., Bernardino Junior, R., Severino, R. S., & Teixeira, C. S. (2006). Topografia dos forames mentonianos laterais em suínos das linhagens Agroceres e Seghers genetics do Brasil. Bioscience Journal, 22, 119–123.
  • 9. Kobryńczuk F, Krasińska M, Szara T (2008b) Sexual dimorphism in skulls of the lowland European bison, Bison bonasus bonasus. Ann Zool Fennici 45:335–340. https:// doi. org/ 10. 5735/ 086. 045.0415
  • 10. Wehausen JD, Ramey RR (2000) Cranial morphometric and evolutionary relationships in the northern range of Ovis canadensis. J Mammal 81:145–161. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1644/ 1545
  • 11. Ozcan S, Aksoy G, Kurtul I, Aslan K, Ozudogru Z (2010) A comparative morphometric study on the skull of the Tuj and Morkaraman sheep. Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi 16:111–114. https:// doi. org/ 10. 9775/ KVFD. 2009. 518
  • 12. Karimi I, Onar V, Pazvant G, Hadipour M, Mazaheri Y (2011) The cranial morphometric and morphologic characteristics of Mehraban sheep in Western Iran. Glob Vet 6:111–117
  • 13. Mohamed R, Driscoll M, Mootoo N (2016) Clinical anatomy of the skull of the Barbados Black Belly sheep in Trinidad. Int J Curr Res Med Sci 2:8–19
  • 14. Dalga S, Aslan K, Kırbaş G. Hemşin Koyunu mandibulası üzerinde morfometrik bir çalışma. Atatürk Üniv Vet Bil Derg 2017; 12(1): 22-7.
  • 15. Dalga S, Aslan K, Akbulut Y (2018) A morphometric study on the skull of the adult Hemshin sheep. Van Vet J 29:125–129
  • 16. Magalhaes, H. I. R., Romao, F. B., de Paula, Y. H., Luz, M. M.,Barcelos, J. B., Silva, Z., Carvalho-Barros, R. A., & RIBEIRO ET AL. 13Ribeiro, L. A. (2019). Morphometry of the mandibular foramen applied to local anesthesia in hoary fox (Lycalopex vetulus). PesquisaVeterin_aria Brasileira, 39, 278–285.
  • 17. Dalga S. (2020) Topographic and morphometric study of the mental foramina of Abaza goats with its clinical implication for regional anesthesia Folia Morphol. Vol. 79, No. 3, pp. 576–579 DOI: 10.5603/FM.a2019.0122
  • 18. Dalga S, Aslan K (2020) Topographic and morphometric study on mental foramen in Hemshin sheep for local anesthesia. MJAVL 10:93–97
  • 19. Dalga S, Aslan K. Morphological and Osteometric Analysis of the Skull in Abaza goats (Capra aegagrus), Dicle Üniv Vet Fak Derg 2021;14(1):35-38 DOI: 10.47027/duvetfd.883353
  • 20. Özkan E, Jashari T, Gündemir O, Gezer İnce N (2020) Morphometric analysis of the mandible of Bardhoka autochthonous sheep in Kosovo. Anat Histol Embryol 49:737–741. https://doi.org/10. 1111/ahe.12568
  • 21. Yılmaz B, Demircioglu İ (2020) İvesi Koyunlarda (Ovis aries) Kafatasının Morfometrik Analizi. Fırat Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Veteriner Dergisi 34:01–06
  • 22. Jashari, T., Duro, S., Gündemir, O. et al. Morphology, morphometry and some aspects of clinical anatomy in the skull and mandible of Sharri sheep. Biologia (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11756-021-00955-y
  • 23. Ribeiro, L. d. A.,Magalhaes, H. I. R., Silva, A. F., & Silva, F. O. C. e. (2022). Macroscopic, morphometric, and tomographic features of the mandible of the collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) applied to clinical morpho-physiology and imaging. The Anatomical Record, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24897
  • 24. Onar V, Pazvant G, Pasicka E, Armutak A, Alpak H (2015) Byzantine horse skeletons of Theodosius Harbour: 2. Withers height estimation. Rev Med Vet 166:30–42
  • 25. Marzban AB, Hajian O, Rahmati S (2018) Investigating the morphometric characteristics of male and female Zell sheep skulls for sexual dimorphism. ASJ 15:13–20
  • 26. Gundemir O, Duro S, Jashari T, Kahvecioğlu O, Demircioğlu İ, Mehmeti H (2020) A study on morphology and morphometric parameters on skull of the Bardhoka autochthonous sheep breed in Kosovo. Anat Histol Embryol 49:365–371. https:// doi. org/ 10.1111/ ahe. 12538
  • 27. Koyuncu M: Sheep Breeding. Dora Publishing Distribution Ltd. Şti. 1st edn., 42, Bursa, 2019.
  • 28. Von den Driesch, A. (1976). A guide to the measurement of animal bones from archaeological sites: as developed by the Institut fur Palaeoanatomie, Domestikationsforschung und Geschichte der Tiermedizin of the University of Munich (Vol. 1). Peabody Museum Press.
  • 29. Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria: International Committee on Veterinary Gross Anatomical Nomenclature: General Assembly of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists. 6thedition, Gent, 2017.
  • 30. Demiraslan Y, Gülbaz F, Özcan S, Dayan MO, Akbulut Y. Morphometric analysis of the mandible of Tuj and Morkaraman sheep. J Vet Anat. 2014; 7: 75-86.
  • 31. Mohamed R, Drisco M, Mootoo N (2016). Clinical Anatomy of the skull of the Barbados Black Belly Sheep in Trinidad. International Journal of Current Research in Medical Science 2(8): 8-19.
  • 32. Shehu SA, Bello A, Sonfada ML, Suleiman HM, Umar AA, Danmaigoro A, Garba S, Abdullahi AU. Morphometrical study of the mandibular bone of female Yankasa sheep. International Journal of Current Science and Multidisciplinary Journal. 2019; 2(1): 1-10
  • 33. Özüdoğru Z, İlgün R, Özdemir D. Hasmer koyunu mandibula’sı üzerinde makroanatomik ve morfometrik incelemeler. Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg. 2019; 16(3): 218-223.
  • 34. Avdic R, Hadziomerovic N, Tandir F, Pamela B, Velida C. Analysis of morphometric parameters of the Roe deer mandible (Capreolus capreolus) and mandible of the sheep (Ovis aries). Veterinaria 2013; 62: 1-9.
  • 35. Monfared AL (2013) Clinical anatomy of the skull of Iranian native sheep. Glob Vet 10:271–275. https:// doi. org/ 10. 5829/ idosi. gv. 2013. 10.3. 7253
  • 36. Choudhary OP, Singh I. Applied anatomy of the maxillofacial and mandibular regions of the Indian blackbuck (Antelope cervicapra). J Anim Res, 2015a; 5(3): 497-500.
  • 37. Uddin MM, Ahmed SSU, Islam KN, Islam MM (2009). Clinical anatomy of the head region of the Black Bengal goat in Bangladesh. International Journal of Morpholology 27(4): 1269-1273.
  • 38. Kataba A, Mwaanga ES, Simukoko H, Pares CPM (2014). Clinical anatomy of the head Region of Gwembe Valley dwarf goat in Zambia. International Journal of Veterinary Science 3(3): 142-146.
  • 39. Poddar S, Faruq AA, Dey T, Kibria ASMG, Uddin MM (2018). Topographic and Morphometric Anatomy of Mental Foramen of Black Bengal goat ( Capra hircus) in Bangladesh with its Clinical Implication for Regional Anesthesia. Int J Zoo Animal Biol, 1(1):000102.
  • 40. Olopade JO, Onwuka Sk (2005). An osteometric study of the skull of the West African Dwarf goat from South Eastern Nigeria. II- Mandibular and Maxillofacial features (Short Communication). Nigerian Veterinary Journal 27(2): 66-70.
  • 41. Yılmaz B. Morphometric Evaluation of the Mandible in the Awassi Sheep (Ovis aries). Harran Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 2020; 9 (2): 189-193.
  • 42. Dalga S, Aslan K (2021). Applied anatomy to the Gurcu goat´s mandible in Kafkas and its clinical significance in regional anesthesia, TJVR 2021; 5 (2): 51-56.
Yıl 2022, , 129 - 133, 29.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.1100636

Öz

Kaynakça

  • 1. Moura, C. E. B., Albuquerque, J. F. G., Magalh~aes, M. S.,Silva, N. B., Oliveira, M. F., & Papa, P. C. (2007). An_alise comparativada origem do plexo braquial de catetos (Tayassutajacu). Pesquisa Veterin_aria Brasileira, 27, 357–362.
  • 2. Niemiec, B., Gawor, J., Nemec, A., Clarke, D., McLeod, K., Tutt, C.,Gioso, M., Steagall, P. V., Chandler, M., Morgenegg, G., &Jouppi, R. (2020). World small animal veterinary associationglobal dental guidelines. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 61,E36–E161.
  • 3. Pachaly, J. R., & Gioso, M. A. (2001). The oral cavity, 457–463. In M. E. Fowler & Z. L. Cubas (Eds.), Biology, medicine and surgery of south American wild animals. Iowa State University Press.
  • 4. Pachaly, J. R. (2007). Odontoestomatologia, 1068–1091. In Z. S.Cubas, J. C. R. Silva, & J. L. Cat~ao-Dias (Eds.), Tratado de Animais Selvagens. Roca.
  • 5. Enlund, K. B., Karlsson, M., Brunius, C., Hagman, R.,Höglund, O. V., Gustås, P., Hanson, J., & Pettersson, A. (2020).Professional dental cleaning in dogs: Clinical routines among Swedish veterinarians and veterinary nurses. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 62, 61
  • 6. Glatt, S. E., Francl, K. E., & Scheels, J. L. (2008). A survey of current dental problems and treatments of zoo animals. International Zoo Yearbook, 42, 206–213. 7. Beckman, B., & Legendre, L. (2002). Regional nerve blocks for oral surgery in companion animals. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practising Veterinarian, 24, 439–444.
  • 8. Moura, A. G., Bernardino Junior, R., Severino, R. S., & Teixeira, C. S. (2006). Topografia dos forames mentonianos laterais em suínos das linhagens Agroceres e Seghers genetics do Brasil. Bioscience Journal, 22, 119–123.
  • 9. Kobryńczuk F, Krasińska M, Szara T (2008b) Sexual dimorphism in skulls of the lowland European bison, Bison bonasus bonasus. Ann Zool Fennici 45:335–340. https:// doi. org/ 10. 5735/ 086. 045.0415
  • 10. Wehausen JD, Ramey RR (2000) Cranial morphometric and evolutionary relationships in the northern range of Ovis canadensis. J Mammal 81:145–161. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1644/ 1545
  • 11. Ozcan S, Aksoy G, Kurtul I, Aslan K, Ozudogru Z (2010) A comparative morphometric study on the skull of the Tuj and Morkaraman sheep. Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi 16:111–114. https:// doi. org/ 10. 9775/ KVFD. 2009. 518
  • 12. Karimi I, Onar V, Pazvant G, Hadipour M, Mazaheri Y (2011) The cranial morphometric and morphologic characteristics of Mehraban sheep in Western Iran. Glob Vet 6:111–117
  • 13. Mohamed R, Driscoll M, Mootoo N (2016) Clinical anatomy of the skull of the Barbados Black Belly sheep in Trinidad. Int J Curr Res Med Sci 2:8–19
  • 14. Dalga S, Aslan K, Kırbaş G. Hemşin Koyunu mandibulası üzerinde morfometrik bir çalışma. Atatürk Üniv Vet Bil Derg 2017; 12(1): 22-7.
  • 15. Dalga S, Aslan K, Akbulut Y (2018) A morphometric study on the skull of the adult Hemshin sheep. Van Vet J 29:125–129
  • 16. Magalhaes, H. I. R., Romao, F. B., de Paula, Y. H., Luz, M. M.,Barcelos, J. B., Silva, Z., Carvalho-Barros, R. A., & RIBEIRO ET AL. 13Ribeiro, L. A. (2019). Morphometry of the mandibular foramen applied to local anesthesia in hoary fox (Lycalopex vetulus). PesquisaVeterin_aria Brasileira, 39, 278–285.
  • 17. Dalga S. (2020) Topographic and morphometric study of the mental foramina of Abaza goats with its clinical implication for regional anesthesia Folia Morphol. Vol. 79, No. 3, pp. 576–579 DOI: 10.5603/FM.a2019.0122
  • 18. Dalga S, Aslan K (2020) Topographic and morphometric study on mental foramen in Hemshin sheep for local anesthesia. MJAVL 10:93–97
  • 19. Dalga S, Aslan K. Morphological and Osteometric Analysis of the Skull in Abaza goats (Capra aegagrus), Dicle Üniv Vet Fak Derg 2021;14(1):35-38 DOI: 10.47027/duvetfd.883353
  • 20. Özkan E, Jashari T, Gündemir O, Gezer İnce N (2020) Morphometric analysis of the mandible of Bardhoka autochthonous sheep in Kosovo. Anat Histol Embryol 49:737–741. https://doi.org/10. 1111/ahe.12568
  • 21. Yılmaz B, Demircioglu İ (2020) İvesi Koyunlarda (Ovis aries) Kafatasının Morfometrik Analizi. Fırat Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Veteriner Dergisi 34:01–06
  • 22. Jashari, T., Duro, S., Gündemir, O. et al. Morphology, morphometry and some aspects of clinical anatomy in the skull and mandible of Sharri sheep. Biologia (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11756-021-00955-y
  • 23. Ribeiro, L. d. A.,Magalhaes, H. I. R., Silva, A. F., & Silva, F. O. C. e. (2022). Macroscopic, morphometric, and tomographic features of the mandible of the collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) applied to clinical morpho-physiology and imaging. The Anatomical Record, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24897
  • 24. Onar V, Pazvant G, Pasicka E, Armutak A, Alpak H (2015) Byzantine horse skeletons of Theodosius Harbour: 2. Withers height estimation. Rev Med Vet 166:30–42
  • 25. Marzban AB, Hajian O, Rahmati S (2018) Investigating the morphometric characteristics of male and female Zell sheep skulls for sexual dimorphism. ASJ 15:13–20
  • 26. Gundemir O, Duro S, Jashari T, Kahvecioğlu O, Demircioğlu İ, Mehmeti H (2020) A study on morphology and morphometric parameters on skull of the Bardhoka autochthonous sheep breed in Kosovo. Anat Histol Embryol 49:365–371. https:// doi. org/ 10.1111/ ahe. 12538
  • 27. Koyuncu M: Sheep Breeding. Dora Publishing Distribution Ltd. Şti. 1st edn., 42, Bursa, 2019.
  • 28. Von den Driesch, A. (1976). A guide to the measurement of animal bones from archaeological sites: as developed by the Institut fur Palaeoanatomie, Domestikationsforschung und Geschichte der Tiermedizin of the University of Munich (Vol. 1). Peabody Museum Press.
  • 29. Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria: International Committee on Veterinary Gross Anatomical Nomenclature: General Assembly of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists. 6thedition, Gent, 2017.
  • 30. Demiraslan Y, Gülbaz F, Özcan S, Dayan MO, Akbulut Y. Morphometric analysis of the mandible of Tuj and Morkaraman sheep. J Vet Anat. 2014; 7: 75-86.
  • 31. Mohamed R, Drisco M, Mootoo N (2016). Clinical Anatomy of the skull of the Barbados Black Belly Sheep in Trinidad. International Journal of Current Research in Medical Science 2(8): 8-19.
  • 32. Shehu SA, Bello A, Sonfada ML, Suleiman HM, Umar AA, Danmaigoro A, Garba S, Abdullahi AU. Morphometrical study of the mandibular bone of female Yankasa sheep. International Journal of Current Science and Multidisciplinary Journal. 2019; 2(1): 1-10
  • 33. Özüdoğru Z, İlgün R, Özdemir D. Hasmer koyunu mandibula’sı üzerinde makroanatomik ve morfometrik incelemeler. Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg. 2019; 16(3): 218-223.
  • 34. Avdic R, Hadziomerovic N, Tandir F, Pamela B, Velida C. Analysis of morphometric parameters of the Roe deer mandible (Capreolus capreolus) and mandible of the sheep (Ovis aries). Veterinaria 2013; 62: 1-9.
  • 35. Monfared AL (2013) Clinical anatomy of the skull of Iranian native sheep. Glob Vet 10:271–275. https:// doi. org/ 10. 5829/ idosi. gv. 2013. 10.3. 7253
  • 36. Choudhary OP, Singh I. Applied anatomy of the maxillofacial and mandibular regions of the Indian blackbuck (Antelope cervicapra). J Anim Res, 2015a; 5(3): 497-500.
  • 37. Uddin MM, Ahmed SSU, Islam KN, Islam MM (2009). Clinical anatomy of the head region of the Black Bengal goat in Bangladesh. International Journal of Morpholology 27(4): 1269-1273.
  • 38. Kataba A, Mwaanga ES, Simukoko H, Pares CPM (2014). Clinical anatomy of the head Region of Gwembe Valley dwarf goat in Zambia. International Journal of Veterinary Science 3(3): 142-146.
  • 39. Poddar S, Faruq AA, Dey T, Kibria ASMG, Uddin MM (2018). Topographic and Morphometric Anatomy of Mental Foramen of Black Bengal goat ( Capra hircus) in Bangladesh with its Clinical Implication for Regional Anesthesia. Int J Zoo Animal Biol, 1(1):000102.
  • 40. Olopade JO, Onwuka Sk (2005). An osteometric study of the skull of the West African Dwarf goat from South Eastern Nigeria. II- Mandibular and Maxillofacial features (Short Communication). Nigerian Veterinary Journal 27(2): 66-70.
  • 41. Yılmaz B. Morphometric Evaluation of the Mandible in the Awassi Sheep (Ovis aries). Harran Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 2020; 9 (2): 189-193.
  • 42. Dalga S, Aslan K (2021). Applied anatomy to the Gurcu goat´s mandible in Kafkas and its clinical significance in regional anesthesia, TJVR 2021; 5 (2): 51-56.
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Veteriner Cerrahi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Semine Dalga 0000-0001-7227-2513

Uğur Aydın 0000-0001-5756-4841

Tansel Çal 0000-0002-3034-5814

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Eylül 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022

Kaynak Göster

APA Dalga, S., Aydın, U., & Çal, T. (2022). Topographic, Morphological and Morphometric Investigation of Mandible in Norduz Sheep. Türk Doğa Ve Fen Dergisi, 11(3), 129-133. https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.1100636
AMA Dalga S, Aydın U, Çal T. Topographic, Morphological and Morphometric Investigation of Mandible in Norduz Sheep. TDFD. Eylül 2022;11(3):129-133. doi:10.46810/tdfd.1100636
Chicago Dalga, Semine, Uğur Aydın, ve Tansel Çal. “Topographic, Morphological and Morphometric Investigation of Mandible in Norduz Sheep”. Türk Doğa Ve Fen Dergisi 11, sy. 3 (Eylül 2022): 129-33. https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.1100636.
EndNote Dalga S, Aydın U, Çal T (01 Eylül 2022) Topographic, Morphological and Morphometric Investigation of Mandible in Norduz Sheep. Türk Doğa ve Fen Dergisi 11 3 129–133.
IEEE S. Dalga, U. Aydın, ve T. Çal, “Topographic, Morphological and Morphometric Investigation of Mandible in Norduz Sheep”, TDFD, c. 11, sy. 3, ss. 129–133, 2022, doi: 10.46810/tdfd.1100636.
ISNAD Dalga, Semine vd. “Topographic, Morphological and Morphometric Investigation of Mandible in Norduz Sheep”. Türk Doğa ve Fen Dergisi 11/3 (Eylül 2022), 129-133. https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.1100636.
JAMA Dalga S, Aydın U, Çal T. Topographic, Morphological and Morphometric Investigation of Mandible in Norduz Sheep. TDFD. 2022;11:129–133.
MLA Dalga, Semine vd. “Topographic, Morphological and Morphometric Investigation of Mandible in Norduz Sheep”. Türk Doğa Ve Fen Dergisi, c. 11, sy. 3, 2022, ss. 129-33, doi:10.46810/tdfd.1100636.
Vancouver Dalga S, Aydın U, Çal T. Topographic, Morphological and Morphometric Investigation of Mandible in Norduz Sheep. TDFD. 2022;11(3):129-33.