Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster
Yıl 2024, , 69 - 76, 28.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.1392267

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Arefi-Oskoui S, Khataee A, Behrouz SJ, Vatanpour V, Gharamaleki SH, Orooji Y, et al. Development of MoS2/O-MWCNTs/PES blended membrane for efficient removal of dyes, antibiotic, and protein. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2022;280:119822.
  • Deveci İ, Mercimek B. Performance of SiO2/Ag Core/Shell particles in sonocatalalytic degradation of Rhodamine B. Ultrason. Sonochem. 2019;51:197-205.
  • Miladinova PM, Lukanova VR. Investigations on the dyeing ability of some reactive triazine azo ayes containing tetramethylpiperidine fragment. J. Chem. Technol. Metall. 2017;52(1):3-12.
  • Karaman C, Karaman O, Show PL, Orooji Y, Karimi-Maleh H, Utilization of a double-cross-linked amino-functionalized three-dimensional graphene networks as a monolithic adsorbent for methyl orange removal: equilibrium, kinetics, thermodynamics and artificial neural network modeling. Environ. Res. 2021;207:112156.
  • Kamenicka B. Chemical degradation of azo dyes using different reducing agents: A review. J. Water Process Engin. 2024;61:105350.
  • Gharbani P. Modeling and optimization of Reactive Yellow 145 dye removal process onto synthesized MnOX-CeO2 using response surface methodology. Colloids and Surfaces A 2018;548:191-7.
  • Benkaddour S., Slimani R, Hiyane H, El Ouahabi I, Hachoumi I, El Antri S, et al. Removal of reactive yellow 145 by adsorption onto treated watermelon seeds: Kinetic and isotherm studies. Sustain. Chem. Pharm. 2018;10:16–21.
  • Mohammad EJ, Lafta AJ, Kahdim SH. Photocatalytic removal of reactive yellow 145 dye from simulated textile wastewaters over supported (Co, Ni)3O4/Al2O3 co-catalyst. Pol. J. Chem. Technol. 2016;18(3):1-9.
  • Raval NP, Shah PU, Shah NK. Malachite green “a cationic dye” and its removal from aqueous solution by adsorption. Appl. Water Sci. 2017;7:3407-3445.
  • Khurana I, Saxena A, Bharti, Khurana, JM, Rai PK. Removal of dyes using graphene-based composites: a review. Water Air Soil Poll. 2017;228:180-197.
  • Ullah F, Ji G, Irfan M, Gao Y, Shafiq F, Sun Y. Adsorption performance and mechanism of cationic and anionic dyes by KOH activated biochar derived from medical waste pyrolysis. Environ. Pollut. 2022;314:120271.
  • Ofudje EA, Sodiya EF, Ibadin FH, Ogundiran AA, Alayande SO, Osideko OA. Mechanism of Cu2+ and reactive yellow 145 dye adsorption onto eggshell waste as low-cost adsorbent. Chem. Ecol. 2021;37(3), 268-289.
  • Giordano EDV, Brassesco ME, Camiscia P, Picó GA, Valetti NW. A new alternative and efficient low-cost process for the removal of reactive dyes in textile wastewater by using soybean hull as adsorbent. Water Air Soil Poll. 2021;232:165.
  • Lam PV, Duong NB, Bich PTN, Trang, QTT. Adsorption removal of Reactive Yellow 145 dye from aqueous solution using novel nZVI/(Fe–Mn) binary oxide/bentonite nanocomposite. Desalin. Water Treat. 2022;280:168-176.
  • Khataee A, Gholami P, Vahid B, Joo SW. Heterogeneous sono-Fenton process using pyrite nanorods prepared by non-thermal plasma for degradation of an anthraquinone dye. Ultrason. Sonochem. 2016;32:357-370.
  • Nguyen MB, Sy DT, Thoa VTK, Hong NT, Doan HV. Bimetallic Co-Fe-BTC/CN nanocomposite synthesised via a microwave-assisted hydrothermal method for highly efficient Reactive Yellow 145 dye photodegradation. J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 2022;140:104543.
  • Ebrahimzadeh-Rajaei G. Removal of reactive yellow 145 dye from aqueous solution by photocatalytic and sonocatalytic degradation in the presence of CuO nanocatalyst. Theor. Found. Chem. Eng. 2022;56:1088–1099.
  • Aksu M, Hasa M, Tanattı NP, Erden B, Katırcıoğlu Sınmaz G, Boysan F, et al. Assessment of photocatalytic n-TiO2/UV and n-TiO2/H2O2/UV methods to treat DB 86, RY 145 and AV 90 dye mix containing wastewater. Desalin. Water Treat. 2022;266:226-235.
  • Yaghoubi A. Ramazani A, Fardood ST. Synthesis of Al2O3/ZrO2 nanocomposite and the study of its effects on photocatalytic degradation of Reactive Blue 222 and Reactive Yellow 145 dyes. Chemistry Select 2020;5:9966-9973.
  • Bashar MA, Molla MTH, Chandra D, Malitha MD, Islam MS, Rahman MS, et al. Hydrothermal synthesis of cobalt substitute zinc-ferrite (Co1-xZnxFe2O4) nanodot, functionalised by polyaniline with enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation. Heliyon 2023;9(4): e15381.
  • Mousavi SE, Younesi H, Bahramifar N, Tamunaidu P, Karimi-Maleh H. A novel route to the synthesis of α-Fe2O3@C@SiO2/TiO2 nanocomposite from the metal-organic framework as a photocatalyst for water treatment. Chemosphere 2022;297:133992.
  • Brillas E. Removal of insecticides from waters and soils by sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes. Appl. Res.2023; e202300055.
  • Karaca S, Çakmak Önal E, Açışlı Ö, Khataee A. A literature review of ultrasound technology and its application in wastewater disinfection. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2021;260:124125.
  • Dindarsafa M, Khataee A, Kaymak B, Vahid B, Karimi A, Rahmani, A. Heterogeneous sono-Fenton-like process using martite nanocatalyst prepared by high energy planetary ball milling for treatment of a textile dye. Ultrason. Sonochem. 2017;34:389-399.
  • Wang B, Shi W, Zhang H, Ren HY, Xiong MY. Promoting the ozone-liquid mass transfer through external physical fields and their applications in wastewater treatment: A review. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2021;9(5):106115.
  • Joseph CG, Puma GL, Bono A, Krishnaiah D. Sonophotocatalysis in advanced oxidation process: A short review. Ultrason. Sonochem. 2009;16(5):583–589.
  • Ojo BO, Arotiba OA, Mabuba N. Sonoelectrochemical oxidation of sulfamethoxazole in simulated and actual wastewater on a piezo-polarizable FTO/BaZrxTi(1−x)O3 electrode: reaction kinetics, mechanism and reaction pathway studies. RSC Adv. 2022;12:30892-30905.
  • Liu P, Wu Z, Abramova AV, Cravotto G. Sonochemical processes for the degradation of antibiotics in aqueous solutions: A review. Ultrason. Sonochem. 2021;74:105566.
  • Yap HC, Pang YL, Lim S, Abdullah AZ, Ong HC, Wu CH. A comprehensive review on state-of-the-art photo-, sono-, and sonophotocatalytic treatments to degrade emerging contaminants. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2019;16:601-628.
  • Sathishkumar P, Mangalaraja RV, Anandan S. Review on the recent improvements in sonochemical and combined sonochemical oxidation processes–A powerful tool for destruction of environmental contaminants. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 2016;55:426–454.
  • Akdağ S, Rad TZ, Keyikoğlu R, Orooji Y, Yoon Y, Khataee A. Peroxydisulfate-assisted sonocatalytic degradation of metribuzin by La-doped ZnFe layered double hydroxide. Ultrason. Sonochem. 2022;91:106236.
  • Kjellqvist L, Selleby M. Thermodynamic assessment of the Fe-Mn-O system. J. Phase Equilib. Diffus. 2010;31:113-134.
  • Azimi G, Leion H, Rydén M, Mattisson T, Lyngfelt A. Investigation of different Mn−Fe oxides as oxygen carrier for Chemical-Looping with Oxygen Uncoupling (CLOU). Energy and Fuels 2013;27(1):367-377.
  • Wokon M, Kohzer A, Linder M. Investigations on thermochemical energy storage based on technical grade manganese-iron oxide in a lab-scale packed bed reactor. Sol. Energy 2017;153:200-214.
  • World dye variety [Cited 2023 Now 15] Available from: (https://www.worlddyevariety.com/reactive-dyes/reactive-yellow-145.html).
  • Wang J, Wang S. Activation of persulfate (PS) and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and application for the degradation of emerging contaminants. Chem. Eng. J. 2018;334:1502-1517.
  • Liu H, Bruton TA, Li W, Buren JV, Prasse C, Doyle FM, et al. Oxidation of benzene by persulfate in the presence of Fe(III)- and Mn(IV)-containing oxides: Stoichiometric efficiency and transformation products. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2016;50:890−898.
  • Deng Q, Zhang X, Chang L, Chai H, Huang Y. The MOF/LDH derived heterostructures Co3O4/MnCo2O4 composite for enhanced degradation of levofloxacin by peroxymonosulfate activation. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2022;294:121182.
  • Liang C, Wang ZS, Bruell CJ. Influence of pH in persulfate oxidation of TCE at ambient temperatures. Chemosphere. 2007;66(1):106-113.
  • Ren W, Huang X, Wang L, Liu X, Zhou Z, Wang Y., et al. Degradation of simazine by heat-activated peroxydisulfate process: A coherent study on kinetics, radicals and models. Chem. Eng. J. 2021;426:131876.
  • Vu HT, Nguyen MB, Vu TM, Le GH, Pham TTT, Nguyen TD, et al. Synthesis and application of novel nano Fe‑BTC/GO composites as highly efficient photocatalysts in the dye degradation. Topics in Catalysis 2020;63:1046–1055.
  • Nguyen MB, Le GH, Nguyen TD, Nguyen QK, Pham TTT, Lee T, et al. Bimetallic Ag-Zn-BTC/GO composite as highly efficient photocatalyst in the photocatalytic degradation of reactive yellow 145 dye in water. J. Hazard. Mater. 2021;420;126560.

Persulfate assisted sonocatalytic process for the degradation of Reactive Yellow 145 dye in aqueous solution

Yıl 2024, , 69 - 76, 28.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.1392267

Öz

Pollutants resulting from industrial wastewater significantly threaten environmental health. Purification of wastewater, especially from the synthetic dye industry, is of great importance for the protection of aquatic systems. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), which are among the methods used in wastewater treatment in recent years, provide effective degradation of persistent organic pollutants with the help of radical species produced from oxidants used in the experimental environment.
In this study, the removal of synthetically prepared reactive yellow 145 (RY145) dye solution by the sonocatalytic method, one of the AOPs, in the presence of (Fe0.37Mn0.63)3O4 catalyst and using persulfate as oxidant was examined. Characterization of the (Fe0.37Mn0.63)3O4 catalyst synthesized by the sol-gel method was carried out by XRD, SEM and EDS techniques. While persulfate concentration (5-10 mM), time (2-5 h) and catalyst dosage (0.25-0.75 g/L) were determined as experimental parameters for the oxidation of RY145 dye, Box-Behnken design was preferred for modeling the experimental study. In experimental studies, the maximum %TOC removal was calculated as 92.98% after 5 h at 10 mM PS and 0.75 g/L catalyst dosage.

Kaynakça

  • Arefi-Oskoui S, Khataee A, Behrouz SJ, Vatanpour V, Gharamaleki SH, Orooji Y, et al. Development of MoS2/O-MWCNTs/PES blended membrane for efficient removal of dyes, antibiotic, and protein. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2022;280:119822.
  • Deveci İ, Mercimek B. Performance of SiO2/Ag Core/Shell particles in sonocatalalytic degradation of Rhodamine B. Ultrason. Sonochem. 2019;51:197-205.
  • Miladinova PM, Lukanova VR. Investigations on the dyeing ability of some reactive triazine azo ayes containing tetramethylpiperidine fragment. J. Chem. Technol. Metall. 2017;52(1):3-12.
  • Karaman C, Karaman O, Show PL, Orooji Y, Karimi-Maleh H, Utilization of a double-cross-linked amino-functionalized three-dimensional graphene networks as a monolithic adsorbent for methyl orange removal: equilibrium, kinetics, thermodynamics and artificial neural network modeling. Environ. Res. 2021;207:112156.
  • Kamenicka B. Chemical degradation of azo dyes using different reducing agents: A review. J. Water Process Engin. 2024;61:105350.
  • Gharbani P. Modeling and optimization of Reactive Yellow 145 dye removal process onto synthesized MnOX-CeO2 using response surface methodology. Colloids and Surfaces A 2018;548:191-7.
  • Benkaddour S., Slimani R, Hiyane H, El Ouahabi I, Hachoumi I, El Antri S, et al. Removal of reactive yellow 145 by adsorption onto treated watermelon seeds: Kinetic and isotherm studies. Sustain. Chem. Pharm. 2018;10:16–21.
  • Mohammad EJ, Lafta AJ, Kahdim SH. Photocatalytic removal of reactive yellow 145 dye from simulated textile wastewaters over supported (Co, Ni)3O4/Al2O3 co-catalyst. Pol. J. Chem. Technol. 2016;18(3):1-9.
  • Raval NP, Shah PU, Shah NK. Malachite green “a cationic dye” and its removal from aqueous solution by adsorption. Appl. Water Sci. 2017;7:3407-3445.
  • Khurana I, Saxena A, Bharti, Khurana, JM, Rai PK. Removal of dyes using graphene-based composites: a review. Water Air Soil Poll. 2017;228:180-197.
  • Ullah F, Ji G, Irfan M, Gao Y, Shafiq F, Sun Y. Adsorption performance and mechanism of cationic and anionic dyes by KOH activated biochar derived from medical waste pyrolysis. Environ. Pollut. 2022;314:120271.
  • Ofudje EA, Sodiya EF, Ibadin FH, Ogundiran AA, Alayande SO, Osideko OA. Mechanism of Cu2+ and reactive yellow 145 dye adsorption onto eggshell waste as low-cost adsorbent. Chem. Ecol. 2021;37(3), 268-289.
  • Giordano EDV, Brassesco ME, Camiscia P, Picó GA, Valetti NW. A new alternative and efficient low-cost process for the removal of reactive dyes in textile wastewater by using soybean hull as adsorbent. Water Air Soil Poll. 2021;232:165.
  • Lam PV, Duong NB, Bich PTN, Trang, QTT. Adsorption removal of Reactive Yellow 145 dye from aqueous solution using novel nZVI/(Fe–Mn) binary oxide/bentonite nanocomposite. Desalin. Water Treat. 2022;280:168-176.
  • Khataee A, Gholami P, Vahid B, Joo SW. Heterogeneous sono-Fenton process using pyrite nanorods prepared by non-thermal plasma for degradation of an anthraquinone dye. Ultrason. Sonochem. 2016;32:357-370.
  • Nguyen MB, Sy DT, Thoa VTK, Hong NT, Doan HV. Bimetallic Co-Fe-BTC/CN nanocomposite synthesised via a microwave-assisted hydrothermal method for highly efficient Reactive Yellow 145 dye photodegradation. J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 2022;140:104543.
  • Ebrahimzadeh-Rajaei G. Removal of reactive yellow 145 dye from aqueous solution by photocatalytic and sonocatalytic degradation in the presence of CuO nanocatalyst. Theor. Found. Chem. Eng. 2022;56:1088–1099.
  • Aksu M, Hasa M, Tanattı NP, Erden B, Katırcıoğlu Sınmaz G, Boysan F, et al. Assessment of photocatalytic n-TiO2/UV and n-TiO2/H2O2/UV methods to treat DB 86, RY 145 and AV 90 dye mix containing wastewater. Desalin. Water Treat. 2022;266:226-235.
  • Yaghoubi A. Ramazani A, Fardood ST. Synthesis of Al2O3/ZrO2 nanocomposite and the study of its effects on photocatalytic degradation of Reactive Blue 222 and Reactive Yellow 145 dyes. Chemistry Select 2020;5:9966-9973.
  • Bashar MA, Molla MTH, Chandra D, Malitha MD, Islam MS, Rahman MS, et al. Hydrothermal synthesis of cobalt substitute zinc-ferrite (Co1-xZnxFe2O4) nanodot, functionalised by polyaniline with enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation. Heliyon 2023;9(4): e15381.
  • Mousavi SE, Younesi H, Bahramifar N, Tamunaidu P, Karimi-Maleh H. A novel route to the synthesis of α-Fe2O3@C@SiO2/TiO2 nanocomposite from the metal-organic framework as a photocatalyst for water treatment. Chemosphere 2022;297:133992.
  • Brillas E. Removal of insecticides from waters and soils by sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes. Appl. Res.2023; e202300055.
  • Karaca S, Çakmak Önal E, Açışlı Ö, Khataee A. A literature review of ultrasound technology and its application in wastewater disinfection. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2021;260:124125.
  • Dindarsafa M, Khataee A, Kaymak B, Vahid B, Karimi A, Rahmani, A. Heterogeneous sono-Fenton-like process using martite nanocatalyst prepared by high energy planetary ball milling for treatment of a textile dye. Ultrason. Sonochem. 2017;34:389-399.
  • Wang B, Shi W, Zhang H, Ren HY, Xiong MY. Promoting the ozone-liquid mass transfer through external physical fields and their applications in wastewater treatment: A review. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2021;9(5):106115.
  • Joseph CG, Puma GL, Bono A, Krishnaiah D. Sonophotocatalysis in advanced oxidation process: A short review. Ultrason. Sonochem. 2009;16(5):583–589.
  • Ojo BO, Arotiba OA, Mabuba N. Sonoelectrochemical oxidation of sulfamethoxazole in simulated and actual wastewater on a piezo-polarizable FTO/BaZrxTi(1−x)O3 electrode: reaction kinetics, mechanism and reaction pathway studies. RSC Adv. 2022;12:30892-30905.
  • Liu P, Wu Z, Abramova AV, Cravotto G. Sonochemical processes for the degradation of antibiotics in aqueous solutions: A review. Ultrason. Sonochem. 2021;74:105566.
  • Yap HC, Pang YL, Lim S, Abdullah AZ, Ong HC, Wu CH. A comprehensive review on state-of-the-art photo-, sono-, and sonophotocatalytic treatments to degrade emerging contaminants. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2019;16:601-628.
  • Sathishkumar P, Mangalaraja RV, Anandan S. Review on the recent improvements in sonochemical and combined sonochemical oxidation processes–A powerful tool for destruction of environmental contaminants. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 2016;55:426–454.
  • Akdağ S, Rad TZ, Keyikoğlu R, Orooji Y, Yoon Y, Khataee A. Peroxydisulfate-assisted sonocatalytic degradation of metribuzin by La-doped ZnFe layered double hydroxide. Ultrason. Sonochem. 2022;91:106236.
  • Kjellqvist L, Selleby M. Thermodynamic assessment of the Fe-Mn-O system. J. Phase Equilib. Diffus. 2010;31:113-134.
  • Azimi G, Leion H, Rydén M, Mattisson T, Lyngfelt A. Investigation of different Mn−Fe oxides as oxygen carrier for Chemical-Looping with Oxygen Uncoupling (CLOU). Energy and Fuels 2013;27(1):367-377.
  • Wokon M, Kohzer A, Linder M. Investigations on thermochemical energy storage based on technical grade manganese-iron oxide in a lab-scale packed bed reactor. Sol. Energy 2017;153:200-214.
  • World dye variety [Cited 2023 Now 15] Available from: (https://www.worlddyevariety.com/reactive-dyes/reactive-yellow-145.html).
  • Wang J, Wang S. Activation of persulfate (PS) and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and application for the degradation of emerging contaminants. Chem. Eng. J. 2018;334:1502-1517.
  • Liu H, Bruton TA, Li W, Buren JV, Prasse C, Doyle FM, et al. Oxidation of benzene by persulfate in the presence of Fe(III)- and Mn(IV)-containing oxides: Stoichiometric efficiency and transformation products. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2016;50:890−898.
  • Deng Q, Zhang X, Chang L, Chai H, Huang Y. The MOF/LDH derived heterostructures Co3O4/MnCo2O4 composite for enhanced degradation of levofloxacin by peroxymonosulfate activation. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2022;294:121182.
  • Liang C, Wang ZS, Bruell CJ. Influence of pH in persulfate oxidation of TCE at ambient temperatures. Chemosphere. 2007;66(1):106-113.
  • Ren W, Huang X, Wang L, Liu X, Zhou Z, Wang Y., et al. Degradation of simazine by heat-activated peroxydisulfate process: A coherent study on kinetics, radicals and models. Chem. Eng. J. 2021;426:131876.
  • Vu HT, Nguyen MB, Vu TM, Le GH, Pham TTT, Nguyen TD, et al. Synthesis and application of novel nano Fe‑BTC/GO composites as highly efficient photocatalysts in the dye degradation. Topics in Catalysis 2020;63:1046–1055.
  • Nguyen MB, Le GH, Nguyen TD, Nguyen QK, Pham TTT, Lee T, et al. Bimetallic Ag-Zn-BTC/GO composite as highly efficient photocatalyst in the photocatalytic degradation of reactive yellow 145 dye in water. J. Hazard. Mater. 2021;420;126560.
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Analitik Kimya (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Özkan Görmez 0000-0002-1360-9275

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 28 Haziran 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Haziran 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Kasım 2023
Kabul Tarihi 28 Mayıs 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024

Kaynak Göster

APA Görmez, Ö. (2024). Persulfate assisted sonocatalytic process for the degradation of Reactive Yellow 145 dye in aqueous solution. Türk Doğa Ve Fen Dergisi, 13(2), 69-76. https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.1392267
AMA Görmez Ö. Persulfate assisted sonocatalytic process for the degradation of Reactive Yellow 145 dye in aqueous solution. TDFD. Haziran 2024;13(2):69-76. doi:10.46810/tdfd.1392267
Chicago Görmez, Özkan. “Persulfate Assisted Sonocatalytic Process for the Degradation of Reactive Yellow 145 Dye in Aqueous Solution”. Türk Doğa Ve Fen Dergisi 13, sy. 2 (Haziran 2024): 69-76. https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.1392267.
EndNote Görmez Ö (01 Haziran 2024) Persulfate assisted sonocatalytic process for the degradation of Reactive Yellow 145 dye in aqueous solution. Türk Doğa ve Fen Dergisi 13 2 69–76.
IEEE Ö. Görmez, “Persulfate assisted sonocatalytic process for the degradation of Reactive Yellow 145 dye in aqueous solution”, TDFD, c. 13, sy. 2, ss. 69–76, 2024, doi: 10.46810/tdfd.1392267.
ISNAD Görmez, Özkan. “Persulfate Assisted Sonocatalytic Process for the Degradation of Reactive Yellow 145 Dye in Aqueous Solution”. Türk Doğa ve Fen Dergisi 13/2 (Haziran 2024), 69-76. https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.1392267.
JAMA Görmez Ö. Persulfate assisted sonocatalytic process for the degradation of Reactive Yellow 145 dye in aqueous solution. TDFD. 2024;13:69–76.
MLA Görmez, Özkan. “Persulfate Assisted Sonocatalytic Process for the Degradation of Reactive Yellow 145 Dye in Aqueous Solution”. Türk Doğa Ve Fen Dergisi, c. 13, sy. 2, 2024, ss. 69-76, doi:10.46810/tdfd.1392267.
Vancouver Görmez Ö. Persulfate assisted sonocatalytic process for the degradation of Reactive Yellow 145 dye in aqueous solution. TDFD. 2024;13(2):69-76.