Gerçek Şekerleme Endüstrisi Atıksularının Değerlendirilmesi: Karakterizasyonu ve Koagülasyon-Flokülasyon ile Arıtılabilirliği

Öz

Şekerleme endüstrisi atıksularının içeriği prosese göre değişmekle birlikte; içerdiği yüksek organik kirleticiler nedeniyle uygun yöntemlerle arıtılması önemlidir. Şekerleme endüstrisinden kaynaklanan bu atıksular ön arıtma yapılmadan deşarj edildiğinde ötrofikasyon gibi ciddi çevresel sorunlara neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Gebze Plastikçiler Organize Sanayi Bölgesinden (Türkiye) gerçek şekerleme endüstrisi atıksuyu alınmıştır. Atıksuyun detaylı karakterizasyonu ile kirletici konsantrasyonları belirlenmiştir. Kireç (Ca(OH)2), polialüminyum klorür (PAK) ve Amonyum Persülfat ((NH4)2S2O8) koagülantları ilave edilmiş ve koagülasyon-flokülasyon ile kimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı (KOİ), toplam fosfor (TP), ortafosfat (PO4-P), toplam azot (TN) ve amonyak (NH4-N) giderimi araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada KOİ, TP, PO4-P ve NH4-N giderim verimleri ≥%86, TN giderim verimi ise %43 olarak bulunmuştur. Alıcı ortama direkt deşarjı halinde, ötrofikasyon gibi ciddi çevresel risk oluşturan şekerleme endüstrisi atıksuyunun ön arıtımı sonucunda kanalizasyona deşarj kriterlerine uygunluğu da araştırılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Şekerleme endüstrisi
• Gerçek atıksu
• Koagülasyon-flokülasyon

Assessment of Real Confectionery Industry Wastewater: Characterization and Treatability with Coagulation-Flocculation

Abstract

Although the content of confectionery industry wastewater varies according to the process; it is important to treat it with appropriate methods due to the high organic pollutants it contains. When these wastewaters from the confectionery industry are discharged without pre-treatment, they cause serious environmental problems such as eutrophication. In this study, real confectionery industry wastewater was taken from Gebze Plastics Organised Industrial Zone (Turkiye). Pollutant concentrations were determined by detailed characterisation of the wastewater. Lime (Ca(OH)2), polyaluminium chloride (PAC) and Ammonim Persulfate ((NH4)2S2O8) coagulants were added and chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphate (TP), orthophosphates (PO4-P), total nitrogen (TN) and ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N) removal by coagulation-flocculation were investigated. In the study, COD, TP, PO4-P and NH4-N removal efficiencies were ≥86% and TN removal efficiency was 43%. Conformity of confectionery industry wastewater, which causes serious environmental problems such as eutrophication in case of direct discharge to the receiving environment, to the sewage discharge criteria after pretreatment was also investigated.

Keywords

• Confectionery industry
• Real wastewater
• Coagulation flocculation

Kaynakça

1. García-Morales MA, Juárez JCG, Martínez-Gallegos S, Roa-Morales G, Peralta E, Del Campo López EM, et al. Pretreatment of Real Wastewater from the Chocolate Manufacturing Industry through an Integrated Process of Electrocoagulation and Sand Filtration. International Journal of Photoenergy 2018;2018:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2146751
2. Edwards WP. The science of sugar confectionery. Royal Society of Chemistry; 2018.
3. El-Kalyoubi M, Khallaf MF, Abdelrashid A, Mostafa EM. Quality characteristics of chocolate–Containing some fat replacer. Annals of Agricultural Sciences 2011;56:89–96.
4. Beal LJ, Raman DR. Sequential two-stage anaerobic treatment of confectionery wastewater. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 2000;76:211–7.
5. Chakraborty B, Kundu P, Mukherjee J, Mukherjee S. Kinetics Study of a Suspended Growth System for Biological Treatment of Bakery and Confectionery Wastewater. In: Ramkrishna D, Sengupta S, Dey Bandyopadhyay S, Ghosh A, editors. Advances in Bioprocess Engineering and Technology, Singapore: Springer Singapore; 2021, p. 339–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7409-2_34.
6. Patsialou S, Politou E, Nousis S, Liakopoulou P, Vayenas DV, Tekerlekopoulou AG. Hybrid treatment of confectionery wastewater using a biofilter and a cyanobacteria-based system with simultaneous valuable metabolic compounds production. Algal Research 2024;79:103483.
7. Demirel B, Yenigun O, Onay TT. Anaerobic treatment of dairy wastewaters: a review. Process Biochemistry 2005;40:2583–95.
8. Qasim W, Mane AV. Characterization and treatment of selected food industrial effluents by coagulation and adsorption techniques. Water Resources and Industry 2013;4:1–12.

9. Zajda M, Aleksander-Kwaterczak U. Wastewater treatment methods for effluents from the confectionery industry–an overview. Journal of Ecological Engineering 2019;20:293–304.
10. Nasr FA, Abdelfattah I, El-Shafai SA. Cost effective management of confectionery industrial wastewater. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry 2022;65:391–9.
11. Hinkova A, Bubnık Z, Kadlec P, Pridal J. Potentials of separation membranes in the sugar industry. Separation and Purification Technology 2002;26:101–10.
12. Saxena C, Madan S. Evaluation of adsorbents efficacy for the removal of pollutants from sugar mill effluent. ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science 2012;7:325–9.
13. Sahu OP, Chaudhari PK. Physicochemical Treatment of Sugar Industry Wastewater: Coagulation Processes. Environmental Quality Management 2014;23.
14. Sahu OP, Chaudhari PK. Electrochemical treatment of sugar industry wastewater: COD and color removal. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 2015;739:122–9.
15. Sawadogo B, Moussa AWN, Konaté Y, Tiendrebeogo C, Sossou S, Sidibé SDS, et al. Integrated coagulation-flocculation with nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membrane for treating sugar cane industry effluent. Heliyon 2024;10.
16. Vanerkar AP, Satyanarayan S, Satyanarayan S. Treatment of food processing industry wastewater by a coagulation/flocculation process. International Journal of Chemical and Physical Sciences 2013;2:63–72.
17. Lee CS, Robinson J, Chong MF. A review on application of flocculants in wastewater treatment. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 2014;92:489–508.
18. Bhatia S, Othman Z, Ahmad AL. Pretreatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) using Moringa oleifera seeds as natural coagulant. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2007;145:120–6.
19. Verma AK, Dash RR, Bhunia P. A review on chemical coagulation/flocculation technologies for removal of colour from textile wastewaters. Journal of Environmental Management 2012;93:154–68.
20. Devi R, Singh V, Kumar A. COD and BOD reduction from coffee processing wastewater using Avacado peel carbon. Bioresource Technology 2008;99:1853–60.
21. Nayl AEA, Elkhashab RA, El Malah T, Yakout SM, El-Khateeb MA, Ali MM, et al. Adsorption studies on the removal of COD and BOD from treated sewage using activated carbon prepared from date palm waste. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2017;24:22284–93.
22. Sanou Y, Pare S, Baba G, Segbeaya NK, Bonzi-Coulibaly LY. Removal of COD in wastewaters by activated charcoal from rice husk. Revue Des Sciences de l’eau 2016;29:265–77.
23. Byadgi SA, Sharanappanavar MS, Dhamoji B, Nadaf A, Munennavar S. Treatment of sugar industry waste water using zinc electrodes. International Journal of Engineering Technology Science and Research 2017;4:664–8.
24. Raziya B, Desai GP. Treatment of industrial wastewater by using sugarcane bagasse. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 2019;6:2944–9.
25. APHA (American Public Health Association). Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water. 19th edition. New York: American Public Health Association Inc.,; 1995.
26. Zhao C, Zhou J, Yan Y, Yang L, Xing G, Li H, et al. Application of coagulation/flocculation in oily wastewater treatment: A review. Science of The Total Environment 2021;765:142795.
27. Duan J, Gregory J. Coagulation by hydrolysing metal salts. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 2003;100:475–502.
28. Sun Y, Zhu C, Zheng H, Sun W, Xu Y, Xiao X, et al. Characterization and coagulation behavior of polymeric aluminum ferric silicate for high-concentration oily wastewater treatment. Chemical Engineering Research and Design 2017;119:23–32.
29. Poddar PK, Sahu O. Quality and management of wastewater in sugar industry. Appl Water Sci 2017;7:461–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-015-0264-4.
30. Fito J, Tefera N, Van Hulle SWH. Sugarcane biorefineries wastewater: bioremediation technologies for environmental sustainability. Chem Biol Technol Agric 2019;6:6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40538-019-0144-5.
31. Ozgun H, Karagul N, Dereli RK, Ersahin ME, Coskuner T, Ciftci DI, et al. Confectionery industry: a case study on treatability-based effluent characterization and treatment system performance. Water Science and Technology 2012;66:15–20.
32. Kannah Y, Yeom IT, Do K-U. Profitable sludge management via novel combined ozone disperser pretreatment coupled with membrane bioreactor for treating confectionary wastewater. Journal of Cleaner Production 2019;239:118102.
33. Panhwar A. Chemical Treatment Options of Wastewater from Sugarcane Industry and Its Priority Parameters Comparison as per Smart Rules of Sindh Environmental Protection Agency. Pakistan Journal of Science 2021;73.
34. Aziz N, Effendy N, Basuki KT. Comparison of poly aluminium chloride (pac) and aluminium sulphate coagulants efficiency in waste water treatment plant. Jurnal Inovasi Teknik Kimia 2017;2.
35. Sahu OP, Chaudhari PK. Review on chemical treatment of industrial waste water. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 2013;17:241–57.
36. Internet Reference https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=7221&MevzuatTur=7&MevzuatTertip=5 (14.01.2025)