Validity and Reliability Study of the Dating Violence Experiences Scale

Öz

In this study, the aim was to develop the Dating Violence Experiences Scale (DVES) to identify the instances of violence experienced by adults with past or current dating relationship experiences. The research group consisted of unmarried individuals aged 18 and above, with 465 participants for Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), 467 for Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), and 122 for criterion-related validity. The EFA results used for validity examinations revealed that the developed scale had a structure consisting of 51 items with six sub-dimensions, explaining 69.45% of the total variance. These sub-dimensions were Psychological Dating Violence (PDV), Physical Dating Violence (PhDV), Sexual Dating Violence (SDV), Economic Dating Violence (EDV), Digital Dating Violence (DDV), and Stalking/Persistent Tracking (S). The CFA results indicated that the fit indices obtained (χ2/df=3.86; SRMR=0.080; CFI=0.89; IFI=0.89; NFI=0.86; RFI=0.85, and RMSEA=0.078) were within the accepted reference range, confirming the factor structure obtained through EFA. The reliability examinations resulted in alpha internal consistency coefficients of .97 for PhDV sub-scale, .89 for PDV, .93 for SDV, .91 for EDV, .92 for DDV, and .87 for S. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the entire scale was .95. The results obtained demonstrate that DVES is a valid and reliable measurement tool for determining dating violence experiences in unmarried adults.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Dating
• Dating violence
• Scale development

Flört Şiddeti Yaşantıları Ölçeği Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Öz

Bu çalışmada, geçmişte ya da şu anda flört ilişkisi deneyimi olan yetişkinlerin, ilişkilerinde maruz kaldıkları şiddet durumlarını belirlemeye yönelik Flört Şiddeti Yaşantıları Ölçeği’nin (FŞYÖ) geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma grubu 18 yaş üstü bekâr bireylerden oluşmakta olup Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi (AFA) için 465, Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) için 467, ölçüt bağıntılı geçerlik için 122 katılımcı ile çalışılmıştır. Geçerlik incelemeleri kapsamında kullanılan AFA sonuçları, geliştirilen ölçeğin 51 maddeden oluşan 6 alt boyutlu bir yapıya sahip olduğunu ve bu yapının toplam varyansın %69,45’ni açıkladığını göstermiştir. Bu alt boyutlar Psikolojik Flört Şiddeti (PFŞ), Fiziksel Flört Şiddeti (FFŞ), Cinsel Flört Şiddeti (CFŞ) Ekonomik Flört Şiddeti (EFŞ), Dijital Flört Şiddeti (DFŞ) ve Stalking-Israrlı Takip’tir (S). DFA sonucunda ise elde edilen uyum indekslerinin (χ2/sd=3,86; SRMR=0,080; CFI=0,89; IFI=0,89; NFI=0,86; RFI=0,85 ve RMSEA=0,078) kabul edilen referans değerler aralığında olduğu saptanmış ve AFA ile elde edilen faktör yapısının doğrulandığı görülmüştür. Güvenirlik incelemeleri sonucunda elde edilen alfa iç tutarlık katsayıları ise; FFŞ alt ölçeği için .97, PFŞ için .89, CFŞ için .93, EFŞ için .91, DFŞ için .92, S için ise .87’dir. Ölçeğin bütünü için tabakalı alfa katsayısı ise .95’tir. Elde edilen sonuçlar FŞYÖ’nün bekâr yetişkinlerde flört şiddeti deneyimlerini belirlemede kullanılabilecek geçerli ve güvenilir düzeyde bir ölçüm aracı olduğunu göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Flört
• Flört şiddeti
• Ölçek geliştirme

Kaynakça

1. Aba, Y. & Kulakaç, Ö. (2016). Çatışmaların çözümüne yaklaşım yaklaşımı: kullanım ve güvenirlik çalışması. Bakırköy Tıp Dergisi, 12(1), 33-43.
2. Acquadro-Maran, D. & Varetto, A. (2018). Psychological impact of stalking on male and female health care professional victims of stalking and domestic violence. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 321. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00321
3. Adams, A. E., Sullivan, C. M., Bybee, D. & Greeson, M. R. (2008). Development of the scale of economic abuse. Violence Against Women, 14(5), 563–588. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 1077801208315529
4. Aizpitarte, A. & Rojas-Solís, J. L. (2019). Factor structure of the Violence in Adolescents' Dating Relationships Inventory for Mexican youth (VADRI-MX). International Journal of Psychological Research, 12(2), 29–36. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.4222
5. Akış, N., Haşıl-Korkmaz, N., Taneri, P. E., Özkaya, G. & Güney, E. (2019). Üniversite öğrencilerinde flört şiddeti sıklığı ve etkileyen etmenler. ESTÜDAM Halk Sağlığı Dergisi, 4(3), 294-300. https://doi.org/10.35232/estudamhsd.550913
6. Amar, A. F. & Gennaro, S. (2005). Dating violence in college women: associated physical injury, healthcare usage, and mental health symptoms. Nursing Research, 54(4), 235–242. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006199-200507000-00005
7. Avşar-Baldan, G. & Akış, N. (2017). Flört şiddeti. Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 43(1), 41-44.
8. Başar, D. & Sakallı, N. (2021). Stalking: Definition and its relationship with social psychological variables. Turkish Psychological Articles, 24(47), 22-36. https://doi.org/10.31828/tpy 1301996120201119m000030

9. Bilican-Gökkaya, V. & Öztürk, M. (2021). Çocukluktaki aile içi şiddet öyküsü ile flört şiddeti arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(4), 219-240. https://doi.org/10.18026/cbayarsos.959425
10. Borrajo, E., Gámez-Guadix, M. & Calvete, E. (2015). Cyber dating abuse: prevalence, context, and relationship with offline dating aggression. Psychological Reports, 116(2), 565–585. https://doi.org/10.2466/21.16.PR0.116k22w4
11. Brewer, N., Thomas, K. A. & Higdon, J. (2018). Intimate partner violence, health, sexuality, and academic performance among a national sample of undergraduates. Journal of American College Health: J of ACH, 66(7), 683–692. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.1454929
12. Buelna, C., Ulloa, E. C. & Ulibarri, M. D. (2009). Sexual relationship power as a mediator between dating violence and sexually transmitted infections among college women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24(8), 1338-1357. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260508322193
13. Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç-Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş. & Demirel, F. (2008). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (14. b.). Ankara: Pegem Yayınları.
14. Calikoglu, E., Yerli, E. & Tanriverdi, E. (2021). Dating violence among university students: A cross-sectional study from Eastern Turkey. EJMI, 5(1), 113-121.
15. Caridade, S., Sousa, H. F. P. & Dinis, M. A. P. (2020). Cyber and offline dating abuse in a Portuguese sample: Prevalence and context of abuse. Behavioral Sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 10(10), 152. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs10100152
16. Cascardi, M., Blank, S. & Dodani, V. (2019). Comparison of the CADRI and CTS2 for measuring psychological and physical dating violence perpetration and victimization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34(16), 3466–3491. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260516670182
17. CDC. (2015). Understanding Teen Dating Violence: Fact Sheet, 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/teen-dating-violence-2014-a.pdf sayfasından erişilmiştir.
18. Cebecioğlu, G. & Altıparmak, İ. B. (2017). Digital violence: A research on social networks. Sakarya University Journal of Education, 7(2), 423-431. https://doi.org/10.19126/suje.305282
19. Civan-Gökkaya, S. (2022). Flört Şiddeti Ölçeği’nin geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20(1), 197-222. https://doi.org/10.18026/ cbayarsos.1032755
20. DeGue, S., Valle, L. A., Holt, M. K., Massetti, G. M., Matjasko, J. L. & Tharp, A. T. (2014). A systematic review of primary prevention strategies for sexual violence perpetration. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 19(4), 346-362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2014.05.004
21. Devries, K. M., Mak, J. Y., Garcia-Moreno, C., Petzold, M., Child, J. C., Falder, G., ... & Watts, C. H. (2013). The global prevalence of intimate partner violence against women. Science, 340(6140), 1527-1528. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1240937
22. DSÖ. (2002). World Report on Violence and Health: Summary. Geneva: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/42510/WHR_2002.pdf?sequence=1 sayfasından erişilmiştir.
23. Duval, A., Lanning, B. A. & Patterson, M. S. (2020). A systematic review of dating violence risk factors among undergraduate college students. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 21(3), 567–585. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838018782207
24. Eslek, D., Kızıltepe, R. & Irmak, T. Y. (2021). Flört şiddetini anlamak: Nitel bir çalışma. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 24(48), 53-67. http://doi.org/10.31828/tpy1301996120210505m000039
25. Fanslow, J. L., Malihi, Z. A., Hashemi, L., Gulliver, P. J. & McIntosh, T. K. (2021). Lifetime prevalence of intimate partner violence and disability: Results from a population-based study in New Zealand. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 61(3), 320-328. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.amepre.2021.02.022
26. Fellmeth, G. L., Heffernan, C., Nurse, J., Habibula, S. & Sethi, D. (2013). Educational and skills‐based interventions for preventing relationship and dating violence in adolescents and young adults: a systematic review. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 9(1), i-124. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858. cd004534.pub3
27. Fernández-Antelo, I., Cuadrado-Gordillo, I. & Martín-Mora Parra, G. (2020). Synergy between acceptance of violence and sexist attitudes as a dating violence risk factor. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(14), 5209. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145209
28. Fernet, M., Hébert, M., Brodeur, G. & Théorêt, V. (2021). “When you’re in a relationship, you say no, but your partner insists”: sexual dating violence and ambiguity among girls and young women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(19-20), 9436-9459. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0886260519867149
29. Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (4. b.). SAGE Publications.
30. Fincham, F. D., Cui, M., Braithwaite, S. & Pasley, K. (2008). Attitudes toward intimate partner violence in dating relationships. Psychological Assessment, 20(3), 260-269. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.20.3.260
31. García-Díaz, V., Fernandez-Feito, A., Bringas-Molleda, C., Rodríguez-Díaz, F. J. & Lana, A. (2020). Tolerance of intimate partner violence and sexist attitudes among health sciences students from three Spanish universities. Gaceta Sanitaria, 34(2), 179–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.gaceta.2019.01.003
32. Ganson, K. T., Lisi, N. E., O’Connor, J. & Nagata, J. M. (2022). Association between binge eating and physical violence perpetration among US college students. Journal of Eating Disorders, 10(1), 171. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-022-00700-z
33. Gracia-Leiva, M., Puente-Martínez, A., Ubillos-Landa, S. & Páez-Rovira, D. (2019). La dating violence (DV): A systematic meta-analysis review. Anales de Psicología, 35(2), 300-313. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.35.2.333101
34. Haifley, C. K. (2021). Economic abuse: a literature review of a salient yet overlooked form of intimate partner violence. Theory in Action, 14(2), 82-91.
35. Halpern, C. T., Spriggs, A. L., Martin, S. L. & Kupper, L. L. (2009). Patterns of intimate partner violence victimization from adolescence to young adulthood in a nationally representative sample. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 45(5), 508–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.03.011
36. Hays, D. G., Michel, R. E., Cole, R. F., Emelianchik, K., Forman, J., Lorelle, S., McBride, R. & Sikes, A. (2011). A phenomenological investigation of adolescent dating relationships and dating violence counseling interventions. The Professional Counselor, 1(3), 222-233. https://doi.org/10.15241/dgh.1.3.222
37. Johnson, L., Chen, Y., Stylianou, A. & Arnold, A. (2022). Examining the impact of economic abuse on survivors of intimate partner violence: a scoping review. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13297-4
38. Katz, J. & Moore, J. (2013). Bystander education training for campus sexual assault prevention: An initial meta-analysis. Violence and Victims, 28(6), 1054-1067. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-12-00113
39. Kettrey, H. H. & Marx, R. A. (2021). Effects of bystander sexual assault prevention programs on promoting intervention skills and combatting the bystander effect: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 17, 343-367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-020-09417-y
40. Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4. b.). Guilford Press.
41. Konda. (2021). Türkiye’de Dijital Şiddet Araştırması. Toplumsal Bilgi ve İletişim Derneği. https://turkiye.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/digital_violence_report.pdf sayfasından erişilmiştir.
42. Krebs, C., Breiding, M. J., Browne, A. & Warner, T. (2011). The association between different types of intimate partner violence experienced by women. Journal of Family Violence, 26, 487-500. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-011-9383-3
43. Krug, E. G., Mercy, J. A., Dahlberg, L. L. & Zwi, A. B. (2002). The world report on violence and health. The Lancet, 360(9339), 1083-1088.
44. Lin, W-H. & Chiao, C. (2020). Adverse adolescence experiences, feeling lonely across life stages and loneliness in adulthood. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 20(3), 243–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2020.07.006
45. Marcos, V., Gancedo, Y., Castro, B. & Selaya, A. (2020). Dating violence victimization, perceived gravity in dating violence behaviors, sexism, romantic love myths and emotional dependence between female and male adolescents. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología y Salud, 11, 132–145. https://doi.org/10.23923/j.rips.2020.02.040
46. Moore, T. M., Elkins, S. R., McNulty, J. K., Kivisto, A. J. & Handsel, V. A. (2011). Alcohol use and intimate partner violence perpetration among college students: Assessing the temporal association using electronic diary technology. Psychology of Violence, 1(4), 315-328. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2010.71.78
47. Olgun-Kaval, N., Kılıç, G. & Arkar, H. (2022). Flört Şiddeti Ölçeği’nin (FŞÖ+) Türkçeye uyarlanması ve psikometrik özellikleri. International Ege Congress on Social Sciences & Humanities’de sunulmuş bildiri, 2-4 Eylül, Ege Üniversitesi, İzmir.
48. O'Leary, K. D. & Smith-Slep, A. M. (2003). A dyadic longitudinal model of adolescent dating aggression. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32(3), 314-327. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp3203_01
49. Polat, Y., İpekçi, N., Yurdagül, G., Öztürk, M., Tatlı, S. & Yavuzekinci, M. (2016). Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksekokulu öğrencilerinde flört şiddeti prevalansının belirlenmesi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 25(3), 361-380.
50. Postmus, J. L., Plummer, S. B., McMahon, S., Murshid, N. S. & Kim, M. S. (2012). Understanding economic abuse in the lives of survivors. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(3), 411-430. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260511421669
51. Redondo, I., Jaureguizar, J., Dosil, M. & Galende, N. (2022). Measuring cyber dating violence: Reliability and validity of the Escala de Ciber-Violencia en Parejas Adolescentes (Cib-VPA) in Spanish young adults. Clínica y Salud. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.5093/clysa2022a10
52. Rubio-Garay, F., Carrasco, M. A., Amor, A. & López-González, M. A. (2015). Factores asociados a la violencia en el noviazgo entre adolescentes: Una revisión crítica. Anuario de Psicología Jurídica, 25(1), 47-56. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.apj.2015.01.001
53. Set, Z. (2020). Flört şiddeti: Bir gözden geçirme. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 4(12), 444-454. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.674468
54. Shorey, R. C., Stuart, G. L. & Cornelius, T. L. (2011). Dating violence and substance use in college students: A review of the literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 16(6), 541–550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2011.08.003
55. Silverman, J. G., Raj, A. & Clements, K. (2004). Dating violence and associated sexual risk and pregnancy among adolescent girls in the United States. Pediatrics, 114(2), e220-e225. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.114.2.e220
56. Sjödin, A-K., Wallinius, M., Billstedt, E., Hofvander, B. & Nilsson, T. (2017). Dating violence compared to other types of violence: Similar offenders but different victims. The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 9(2), 83-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpal.2017.03.001
57. Smith, J., Mulford, C., Latzman, N. E., Tharp, A. T., Niolon, P. H. & Blachman-Demner, D. (2015). Taking stock of behavioral measures of adolescent dating violence. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 24(5), 674–692. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2015.1049767
58. Straus, M. A. (2004). Cross-cultural reliability and validity of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales: A study of university student dating couples in 17 nations. Cross-Cultural Research, 38, 407-432. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069397104269543
59. Swahn, M. H., Simon, T. R., Hertz, M. F., Arias, I., Bossarte, R. M., Ross, J. G., … & Hamburger, M. E. (2008). Linking dating violence, peer violence, and suicidal behaviors among high-risk youth. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 34(1), 30–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2007. 09.020
60. Tarriño-Concejero, L., García-Carpintero-Muñoz, M. L. Á., Barrientos-Trigo, S. & Gil-García, E. (2023). Dating violence and its relationship with anxiety, depression, and stress in young Andalusian university students. Enfermeria Clinica (English Edition), 33(1), 47–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfcle.2022.07.004
61. Terzioğlu, F., Gönenç, İ. M., Özdemir, F., Güvenç, G., Kök, G., Yılmaz-Sezer, N. & Demirtaş-Hiçyılmaz, B. (2016). The validity and reliability of the dating violence scale. Journal of Anatolia Nursing and Health Sciences, 19(4), 225-232.
62. Tomaszewska, P. & Schuster, I. (2021). Prevalence of teen dating violence in Europe: A systematic review of studies since 2010. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 178, 11–37. https://doi.org/10.1002/cad.20437
63. Toplu-Demirtaş, E., Hatipoğlu-Sümer, Z. & Fincham, F. (2017). Intimate partner violence in Turkey: The Turkish Intimate Partner Violence Attitude Scale-Revised. Journal of Family Violence, 32, 349-356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-016-9852-9
64. Ureña, J., Romera, E. M., Casas, J. A., Viejo, C. & Ortega-Ruiz, R. (2015). Psychometrics properties of Psychological Dating Violence Questionnaire: A study with young couples. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 15(1), 52-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2014.07.002
65. Ünal, Ö., Er-Vargün, G. & Akgün, S. (2022). Algılanan ebeveyn şiddeti, cinsiyetçilik ve kadına yönelik flört şiddetine yönelik tutumlar. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 14, 308-317.
66. Vagi, K. J., O'Malley Olsen, E., Basile, K. C. & Vivolo-Kantor, A. M. (2015). Teen dating violence (physical and sexual) among US high school students: Findings from the 2013 national youth risk behavior survey. JAMA Pediatrics, 169(5), 474-482. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics. 2014.3577
67. Van Camp, T., Hébert, M., Fernet, M., Blais, M. & Lavoie, F. (2013). Perceptions des jeunes victimes de violence sexuelle au sein de leurs relations amoureuses sur leur pire expérience. Journal International de Victimologie, 11(2), jidv30_4.
68. Weisz, A. N. & Black, B. M. (2010). Peer education and leadership in dating violence prevention: Strengths and challenges. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 19(6), 641-660. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2010.502089
69. Westrup, D. & Fremouw, W. J. (1998). Stalking behavior: A literature review and suggested functional analytic assessment technology. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 3(3), 255-274.
70. Wood, L., Voth-Schrag, R. & Busch-Armendariz, N. (2020). Mental health and academic impacts of intimate partner violence among IHE-attending women. Journal of American College Health: J of ACH, 68(3), 286–293. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.1546710