Ancient Greek Theatre and Agonistic Culture

Öz

This article explores Ancient Greek theatre through the agons, which played an essential role in the culture of Greek society. The history of Greek theatrical performances goes back much further than the emergence of tragedy and comedy as a genre. Therefore, the term Greek theatre in this study refers not only to Classical Greek drama, but also to the whole artistic activity that takes place in the theatre as a venue; in other words, to the Greek mousike. The Greek musical agons were the most crucial element that conveyed this cultural accumulation up to the Roman Imperial Period. This study introduces an overview of the musical agons from the Archaic Period to the Roman Empire. Analyzing the accounts of ancient authors and epigraphic documents together, it is observed that these musical agons were characterized by the ever-changing sociopolitical conditions of each period. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Greek theatre
• Greek agons
• Artists of Dionysus
• Agones Mousikoi
• Agonistic Inscriptions

Eski Yunan Tiyatrosu ve Agon Kültürü

Öz

Bu çalışma Eski Yunan tiyatrosunu, bu toplumun kültüründe önemli bir yer edinmiş olan agonlar aracılığıyla ele almaktadır. Yunan teatral performanslarının tarihi tragedya ve komedyanın ortaya çıkışından çok daha eskiye dayanır. Bu bakımdan çalışmada Yunan tiyatrosu ifadesiyle, yalnızca Klasik Yunan dramasına değil, bir mekan olarak tiyatroda gerçekleşen tüm sanatsal aktiviteye, başka bir deyişle Yunan mousike’sine işaret edilmektedir. Bu kültürel birikimi Roma İmparatorluğu Dönemi’ne taşıyan en önemli unsur Yunan müzik agonlarıdır. Çalışmada Arkaik Dönem’den Roma İmparatorluğu Dönemi’ne uzanan süreçte müzik agonlarının panoramik bir görünümü sunulmaktadır. Konuyla ilgili Antik Çağ yazarlarının aktarımları ve epigrafik belgeler birlikte incelendiğinde söz konusu agonların her dönemin değişen sosyo-politik koşullarıyla şekil aldığı anlaşılmaktadır. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yunan Tiyatrosu
• Yunan Agonları
• Dionysos Sanatçıları
• agones mousikoi
• agonistik yazıtlar

Kaynakça

1. Aneziri, Sophia. “The Organisation of Music Contests in the Hellenistic Period and Artists’ Participation: An Attempt at Classification”, The Greek Theatre and Festivals. Editör Peter Wilson, 67-84. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. google scholar
2. Aneziri, Sophia. “World Travellers: The Associations of Artists of Dionysos”, Wandering Poets in the Ancient Greek Culture, Travel, Locality and Pan-Hellenism. Editörler Richard Hunter ve Ian Rutherford, 217-236. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. google scholar
3. Aneziri, Sophia. Die Vereine der dionysischen Techniten im Kontext der hellenistischen Gesselschaft: Untersuchungen zur Geschichte, Organisation und Wirkung der hellenistischen Technitenvereine. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2003. google scholar
4. Aristoteles, Peri Poietikes. Kassel, R. (Ed.). Aristotle’s Ars Poetica. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966. google scholar
5. Aristoteles, Problemata. Ross, W. D. (Ed.). Aristotelis politica. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1957. google scholar
6. Aristoteles, Rhetorike. Ross, W. D. (Ed.). Ars Rhetorica. Aristotle. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959. google scholar
7. Arrianos, Anabasis. Roos, A. G. (Ed.). Flavii Arriani Anabasis Alexandri. Arrian. Leipzig: Teubner, 1907. google scholar
8. Athenaios, Deipnosophistai. Kaibel (Ed.) Athenaeus. Deipnosophistae. Leipzig: Teubner, 1887. google scholar

9. Chaniotis, Angelos. “Zur Frage der Spezialisierung im griechischen Theater des Hellenismus und der Kaiserzeit auf der Grundlage der neuen Prosopographie der dionysischen Techniten”, Ktema 15 (1990), 89-108. google scholar
10. Çelgin, Güler. Eski Yunan Edebiyatı. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi, 1990. google scholar
11. CID IV. Corpus des inscriptions de Delphes. Paris 1977-. 4 vols. Vol. 4, IV, Documents Amphictioniques, Ed. François Lefévre, with contributions by Didier Laroche and Olivier Masson. Paris 2002. google scholar
12. Della Bona, Maria Elena. Agoni Poetico-musicali nella Grecia antica. Vol. 2: I Pythia di Delfi. Testi e commenti 30. Pisa/Roma: Fabrizio Serra, 2017. google scholar
13. Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica. Bekker, I., Dindorf, L. ve Vogel, F. (Ed.). Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica. 2 Vols. Leipzig: Teubner, 1888-1890. google scholar
14. FD III/3. Fouilles de Delphes, III. Épigraphie. Paris 1929-. Fasc. 3, Inscriptions depuis le trésor des Athéniens jusqu’aux bases de Gélon. 2 vols. Paris 1932-1943. (Vol. 1, ed. Georges Daux and Antoine Salać, 1932; vol. 2, Georges Daux, 1943). google scholar
15. Graf, Fritz, Roman Festivals in the Greek East, From the Early Empire to the Middle Byzantine Era. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015. google scholar
16. Harmon, Roger. “Technitai”, Brill’s New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World, vol. 14, Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2006. google scholar
17. Herodotos, Historiai. Godley, A. D. (Ed.). Herodotus. The Persian Wars. 4 vols. Loeb Classical Library nos. 117-120. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1920-1925. google scholar
18. Homeros, Ilias. Murray, A. T. (Ed.). Homer. Iliad. 2 vols. Loeb Classical Library nos. 170-171. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1924-1925. google scholar
19. Homeros, Odysseia. Murray, A. T. (Ed.). Homer. Odyssey. 2 vols. Loeb Classical Library nos. 104-105. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1919. google scholar
20. IG II/2. Inscriptiones Graecae II et III: Inscriptiones Atticae Euclidis anno posteriores, 2nd edition, Parts I-III, ed. Johannes Kirchner, (Berlin 1913-1940), Part II/2 (1927-1931) = Records of Magistrates and Catalogues (Nos. 1370-2788). google scholar
21. Jacoby, Felix. (Ed.) FGrH. Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker, 14 vols. Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung, 1923-1958. google scholar
22. Jones, Cristopher P. “Three New Letters of the Emperor Hadrian”, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik161 (1997) 145-156. google scholar
23. Kyle, Donald G. Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World. West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell, 2015 (second edition). google scholar
24. Lawler, Lillian Brady. “‘There Young Men Were Dancing’ The Dance in the Iliad”, The Classical Outlook25/2 (November 1947), 18-21 google scholar
25. Le Guen, Brigitte. “Associations of Artists and Hellenistic Rulers. The Case of the Guild Established in Ptolemaic Egypt and its Cypriot Subsidiary”, Frühmittelalterliche Studien 50/1 (2016), 231-254. google scholar
26. Le Guen, Brigitte. “Theatre, Religion, and Politics at Alexander’s Travelling Royal Court”, Greek Theatre in the Fourth Century B.C.. Editörler Eric Csapo, Hans R. Goette, J. Richard Green ve Peter Wilson, 249-274. Berlin-Boston: De Gruyter, 2014. google scholar
27. Leschhorn, Wolfgang. “Die Verbreitung von Agonen in den östlichen Provinzen des Römischen Reiches”, Colloquium Agonistik in der römischen Kaiserzeit, Landhaus Rothenberge (Münster), 25-27 Oktober 1995,Stadion 24/1 (1998), 31-57. google scholar
28. Liddell, Henry G., Scott, Robert, Jones, Henry S. ve McKenzie Roderick, (ed.) A Greek-English Lexicon, 19409; Suppl.: 1968, repr. 1992. google scholar
29. Lukianos, Pros ton apaideuton kai polla biblia onumenon. Harmon, A. M. (Ed.). Lucian. Works. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1921 google scholar
30. Mari, Manuela ve Stirpe, Paola. “The Greek Crown Games”, The Oxford Handbook of Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World. Editörler Alison Futrell ve Thomas F. Scanlon, 87-97. New York: Oxford University Press, 2021. google scholar
31. Miller, Stephen G. “The Organization and Functioning of the Olympic Games”, Sport and Festival in the Ancient Greek World. Editörler David J. Philips ve David Pritchard, 1-40. Wales: The Classical Press of Wales, 2003. google scholar
32. Miller, Stephen G. Ancient Greek Athletics. New Haven-London: Yale University Press, 2004. google scholar
33. Mitchell, Stephen. “Review: Festivals, Games, and Civic Life in Roman Asia Minor”, TheJournal of Roman Studies 80 (1990) 183-193. google scholar
34. Moloney, Eoghan. “Philippus in acie tutior quam in theatro fuit... (Curtius 9,6,25): The Macedonian Kings and Greek Theatre”, Greek Theatre in the Fourth Century B.C.. Editörler Eric Csapo, Hans R. Goette, J. Richard Green ve Peter Wilson, 231-248. Berlin-Boston: De Gruyter, 2014. google scholar
35. Murray, Penelope ve Wilson, Peter. “Introduction: Mousike, not Music”, Music and the Muses: The Culture of Mousike in the Classical Athenian City. Editörler Penelope Murray ve Peter Wilson, 1-8. New York: Oxford, 2004. google scholar
36. Pausanias, Periegesis tes Hellados. Spiro, F. (Ed.). Pausaniae Graeciae descriptio. 3 vols. Leipzig: Teubner, 1903. google scholar
37. Petzl, Georg ve Schwertheim Elmar. Hadrian und die dionysischen Künstler. Drei in Alexandria Troas neugefundene Briefe des Kaisers an die Künstler. Bonn: Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, 2006. google scholar Philostratos, Bios Apolloniou Tyaneos. Kayser, C. L. (Ed.). Flavii Philostrati Opera, Vol 1. Philostratus the Athenian. Leipzig: Teubner, 1970. google scholar
38. Plutarkhos, Bioi Paralleloi (Perikles) Perrin, B. (Ed.). Plutarch. Plutarch’s Lives. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1916. google scholar
39. Power, Timothy. “Musical Competitors and Competitions in Greece and Rome”, A Companion to Ancient Greek and Roman Music. Editörler Tosca. A. C. Lynch ve Eleonora Rocconi, 187-199. Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell, 2020. google scholar
40. Price, Simon R. F. Ritüel ve İktidar:Küçük Asya’da Roma İmparatorluk Kültü, çev. Taylan Esin. İstanbul: İmge Kitabevi Yayınları, 2004. google scholar
41. Revermann, Martin. “Euripides, Tragedy and Macedon: Some Conditions of Reception”, Euripides and Tragic Theater in the Late Fifth Century. Editörler Martin Cropp, Kevin Lee ve David Sansone, 451-467. Champaign/Illinois: Stipes Publishing, 1999. google scholar
42. Robert, Louis. “Discours D’ouverture”, actes du VIIIe congrès international d’épigraphie grecque et latine à athènes. Athens, 3-9 October 1982 (1984), 35-45 (= Opera Minora Selecta (OMS) VI: 709-719) google scholar
43. Rogers, Guy M. “Demosthenes of Oenoanda and Models of Euergetism”, TheJournal of Roman Studies 81 (1991) 91-100. google scholar
44. Romano, David G. “Athletic Festivals in the Northern Peloponnese and Central Greece”, A Companion to Sport and Spectacle in Greek and Roman Antiquity. Editörler Paul Christesen ve Donald G. Kyle, 176-191. West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell, 2014. google scholar
45. Rotstein, Andrea. “Aristotle, ‘Poetics’ 1447a13-16 and Musical Contests”, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 149 (2004), 39-42. google scholar
46. Rotstein, Andrea. “Mousikoi Agones and the Conceptualization of Genre in Ancient Greece”, Classical Antiquity 31/1 (2012), 92-127. google scholar
47. Roueché, Charlotte. Performers and Partisans at Aphrodisias in the Roman and Late Roman Periods. London: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies, 1993. google scholar
48. Scholia in Nemeonicarum. Drachmann, A. B. (Ed.). Scholia in Pindarum Nemean Odes. Leipzig: Teubner, 1927. google scholar
49. Sinn, Ulrich. “Origins of the Olympics to the Sixth Century BCE”, The Oxford Handbook of Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World. Editörler Alison Futrell ve Thomas F. Scanlon, 65-73. New York: Oxford University Press, 2021. google scholar
50. Slater, William. “Deconstructing Festivals”, The Greek Theatre and Festivals. Editör Peter Wilson, 21-47. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. google scholar
51. Stephanis, I. E. Διονυσιακοί Τεχνίται Συμβολές στην προσωπογραφία του θεάτρου και της μουσικής των αρχαίων Ελλήνω. Heraklion: Πανεπιστημιακές Εκδόσεις Κρήτης, 1988. google scholar
52. Strabon, Geographika. Meineke, A. (Ed.). Strabo. Geographica. Leipzig: Teubner, 1977. google scholar
53. Tacitus, Annales. Fisher, C. D. (Ed.). Annales ab excessu divi Augusti. Cornelius Tacitus. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1906. google scholar
54. van Nijf, Onno. “Local Festivals”, The Oxford Handbook of Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World. Editörler Alison Futrell ve Thomas F. Scanlon, 475-487. New York: Oxford University Press, 2021 google scholar
55. Weir, Robert. Roman Delphi and its Pythian Games. Oxford: BAR Publishing, 2004. google scholar
56. Wilson, Peter. “Thamyris the Thracian: The Archetypal Wandering Poet”, Wandering Poets in Ancient Greek Culture: Travel, Locality and Pan‐Hellenism. Editörler Ian Rutherford & Richard L. Hunter, 46-79. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. google scholar
57. Wilson, Peter. The Athenian Institution of the Khoregia. The Chorus, the City and the Stage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. google scholar
58. Wörrle, Michael. Stadt und Fest in kaiserzeitlichen Kleinasien: Studien zu einer agonistischen Stiftung aus Oenoanda. Munich: Beck, 1988. google scholar
59. Zuiderhoek, Arjan. The Politics of Munificence in the Roman Empire: Citizens, Elites and Benefactors in Asia Minor. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. google scholar