Bedenleşme ve Enaksiyon Teorilerinin Çağdaş Tiyatro Uygulamalarına Yansımaları: Oyunculuk Eğitiminde Somatik Yaklaşım

Öz

Yirmi birinci yüzyılda bilişsel bilimler, sinirbilimleri ve fenomenolojinin ortaklığında gelişen enaksiyon teorileri, doğrudan tiyatro ve performans sanatları alanına giren imgelem, algı, duygu, his ve düşünce gibi bilişsel süreçlere ilişkin kavrayışımızı değiştirir. Enaksiyon teorileriyle anlamlandırma süreçlerinde bedensel eylemliliğe yapılan vurgu, kişinin birincil hareket deneyimini anahtar kavram haline getirir. Bu çalışmada da tiyatro ve performans alanında bu kavrayış değişikliğinin izi teorik olarak sürülerek, bedenleşmiş bilinç kavramıtartışmaya açılır. Bu bağlamda hareket deneyimi üzerine öz-gözlemsel bir uygulama alanı olan somatik uygulamaların bedenleşmiş bir deneyimi nasıl sağladığı ve böylelikle oyunculuk eğitimine nasıl katkı sağlayabileceği üzerinde durulur. Özetle, bu makalenin temel amacı bedenleşme teorilerinden kısaca bahsederek olası tartışma alanlarına işaret etmek ve somatik uygulamaların oyunculuk eğitimine nasıl katkı sunabileceğini tartışmaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• bedenleşme
• enaksiyon
• somatik yaklaşım
• performatif beden bilinci
• oyunculuk eğitimi

Reflections of Embodiment and Enaction Theories on Contemporary Theater Practices: Somatic Approach in Acting Training

Öz

In the 21st century, enaction theories that have emerged as a result of the intersection of neuroscience, cognitive science, and phenomenology have changed our understanding of cognitive processes, such as imagination, perception, feeling, emotion, and thought, which are directly related to theater and performing arts. In enaction theories, the emphasis on bodily action in the process of providing meaning makes one’s primary movement experience a key concept. The study thus traces such theoretical shift in theater and performing arts and discusses the concept of embodied consciousness that expectedly occurs during the performance. Furthermore, based on embodiment theories, the study elucidates how somatic practices provide an embodied experience that facilitates performative awareness and how such practices contribute to actor training. Briefly, the main objectives of this study are to highlight possible discussions and emphasize the contribution of somatic practices in actor training based on embodied theories.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Embodiment
• Enaction
• Somatic Approach
• Performative body consciousness
• Actor training

Kaynakça

1. Andreasen, Nancy C. Yaratıcı Beyin: Dehanın Nörobilimi, çev. Kıvanç Güney. Ankara: Akılçelen, 2019. google scholar
2. Barba, Eugenio, ve Nicola Savarese. Oyuncunun Gizli Sanatı: Tiyatro Antropoloji Sözlüğü, çev. Ayşın Candan. İstanbul: YKY,2000. google scholar
3. Barret, Louise. Beynin Ötesi, çev. İlkay A. Demir. İstanbul: Alfa, 2007. google scholar
4. Bartenieff, Irmgard, ve Dori Lewis. Body Movement: Coping with the Environment. NY: Routledge, 1980. google scholar
5. Batson, Glenna. “Somatic Studies and Dance”. Erişim: 10 Temmuz 2018 https://www.iadms.org/page/248. google scholar
6. Bumin, Tülin. Tartışılan Modernlik: Descartes ve Spinoza. İstanbul: YKY, 2019. google scholar
7. Colombetti, Giovanna. The Feeling Body: Affective Science Meets the Enactive Mind. Cambridge: MIT Press. 20014. google scholar
8. Damasio, Antonio. Descartes’in Yanılgısı: Duygu, Akıl ve İnsan Beyni. çev. Bahar Atlamaz. İstanbul: Varlık Bilim, 2006. google scholar

9. Descartes. Meditasyonlar: Metafizik Üzerine Düşünceler, çev. Çiğdem Dürüşken, İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları, 2019. google scholar
10. Eddy, Martha. “A Brief History Of Somatic Practices And Dance: Historical Development Of The Field of Somatic Education And its Relationship To Dance.” Journal Of Dance And Somatic Practices, 2009. google scholar
11. Edmund Husserl, Fenomenoloji Üzerine Beş Ders, çev. Harun Tepe. Ankara: Bilgesu Yayıncılık, 2015. google scholar
12. Moshe Feldenkrais, “Bodily Expressions”, Embodied Wisdom The Collected Papers of Moshe Feldenkrais. California: North Atlantic Books, 2010. google scholar
13. Moshe Feldenkrais, “Awarness Through Movement”, Embodied Wisdom The Collected Papers of Moshe Feldenkrais. California: North Atlantic Books, 2010. google scholar
14. Fischer-Lichte, Erica. Performatif Estetik. çev: Tufan Acil. İstanbul: Ayrıntı, 2004. google scholar
15. Gallagher, Shaun. How the Body Shapes the Mind. NY: Oxford University Press, 2005. google scholar
16. Gallagher, Shaun. “Phenomenological And Experimental Contributions To Understanding Embodied Experience” Body, Language and Mind: Vol1: Embodiment, Ed. Tom Ziemke, Jordan Zlatev ve Roslyn M. Frank, 271-280. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2007. google scholar
17. Gallagher, Shaun. “Theory, Practice and Performance”. Connection Science. 2006. google scholar
18. Gallagher, Shaun, ve Dan Zahavi. The Phenomenological Mind an Introduction to Philosophy of Mind and Cognitive Science. New York: Routledge, 2008. google scholar
19. Gare, Arren. “The Grand Narratıve Of The Age Of Reembodıments: Beyond Modernısm And Postmodernısm” Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy 9/1, 327-357, 2003. google scholar
20. Green, Jill. “Somatic Knowledge: The Body as Content and Methodology in Dance Education” Journal of Dance Education, 18 March: 114-118, 2011. google scholar
21. Grotowski, Jerzy. “Yoksul Bir Tiyatroya Doğru”, Yoksul Bir Tiyatroya Doğru, çev. Osman Akınhay, İstanbul: Agora. 2016. google scholar
22. Hackney, Peggy. Making Connections: Total Body Integration Through Bartenieff Fundemantals. NY: Routledge.2002. google scholar
23. Hanna, Thomas. Somatics: Reawakening the Mind’s Control of Movement. Cambridge: Da Capo Press.1988. google scholar
24. Hanna, Thomas. The Body of Life: Creating New Pathways for Sensory Awareness and Fluid Movement. New York: Healing Arts Press. 1980. google scholar
25. Harvie, Jen. Making Contemporary Theatre: International Rehearsal Processes, Manchester: Manchester Universty Press, 2010. google scholar
26. Jay, Martin. Deneyim Şarkıları, çev. Barış Engin Aksoy. İstanbul: Metis, 2012. google scholar
27. Johnson, Mark. The Meaning of the Body: Aesthetics of Human Understanding. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2007. google scholar
28. Johnson, Mark. The Body in The Mind: The Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination, and Reason. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1992. google scholar
29. Juhan, Deane. Job’s Body: A Handbook for Bodywork. NY: Station Hill Press. 1998 google scholar
30. Keysers, Christian. Empatik Beyin: Ayna nöronların keşfi insan doğasını anlama yetimizi nasıl değiştirdi?, çev. Ayber Eper. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları, 2019. google scholar
31. Lakoff, George, and Johnson Mark. Philosophy in The Flesh: The Embodied Mind And Its Challenge to Western Thought. NY: Basic Books. 1999. google scholar
32. Leder, Drew. The Absent Body. London: The University of Chicago Press. 1990. google scholar
33. Legrand, Dorothee. “Pre-reflective self-consciousness: On being bodily in the World” Janus Head 9/2, 493519. 2007. google scholar
34. Lehmann, Hans-Thies. Postdramatic Theatre. Çeviren Karen Jürs-Munby. NY: Routledge. 2006. google scholar
35. Lutterbie, John. “Neuroscience and Creativity in the Rehearsal Process”. Performance and Cognition: Theatre Studies and the Cognitive Turn içinde, Ed. Bruce McConachie ve F. Elizabeth Hart. NY: Routledge. 2006. google scholar
36. Merleau-Ponty, Maurice. Algının Fenomenolojisi, çev. Emine Sarıkartal, İstanbul: İthaki Yayınları, 2016. google scholar
37. Montero, Barbara Gail. “Thinking In The Zone: The Expert Mind In Action.” The Southern Journal of Philosophy 53, 126-140. 2015. google scholar
38. Nearman, Mark J. “Zeami’s Kyui. A Pedagogical Guide for Teachers of Acting.” Monumenta Nipponica 33, 299-332. 1978. google scholar
39. Pavis, Patrice. Contemporary Mise En Scene: Staging Theatre Today, çev. Joel Anderson. London/New York: Routledge, 2013. google scholar
40. Peirce, C. S., James, W. & Dewey, J. Felsefenin Yeniden Yapılandırılması, Pragmatizm: Pratik Bir Felsefe Seçme Yazılar, çev. ve Ed. Sarah Çelik, İstanbul: Doruk Yayımcılık, 2018. google scholar
41. Ramachandran, V.S. Öykücü Beyin, çev. Ayşe Cankız Çevik. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları, 2016. google scholar
42. Schmidt, Richard ve Lee, Tim. Motor Control and Learning: A Behavioral Emphasis. NY: Human Kinetics.2011. google scholar
43. Seigel, Jerrold. The Idea of the Self: Thought and Experience in Western Europe since the Seventeenth Century. NY: Cambridge University Press. 2005. google scholar
44. Sheets-Johnstone, Maxine. The Primacy of Movement. Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 2011. google scholar
45. Shusterman, Richard. “Body Consciousness and Performance: Somaesthetics East and West” The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 67/2, 133-145, 2009. google scholar
46. Sinigaglia, Corrado, ve Giacomo Rizzolatti, Beyindeki Aynalar:Zihinlerimiz Eylemleri ve Duyguları Nasıl Paylaşır?, çev. Devin Keleş İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları, 2016. google scholar
47. Star Institute, Your 8 Senses, erişim: 20.05.2019 https://www.spdstar.org/basic/your-8-senses#f8. google scholar
48. The International Somatic Movement Education and Therapy Association (ISMETA) Erişim: 04.01.2019, https://ismeta.org/about-ismeta/scope-of-practice . google scholar
49. Toner, John., Montero Barbara Gail, ve Moran Aidan. “Reflective and Prereflective Bodily Awareness in Skilled Action” Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, andPractice 3/4, 303-315, 2016. google scholar
50. Tribble, Evelyn B. “Distributed Cognition, Mindful Bodies and the Arts of Acting”, Ed: R. Blair, A. Cook,&N. Shaughnessy, Theatre, Performance and Cognition (Performance and Science:Interdisciplinary Dialogues). London: Bloomsbury,2016. google scholar
51. Varela, Francisco; Rosch, Eleanor, ve Thompson, Evan. The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience. Massachusetts: MIT Press. 1991. google scholar
52. Whyman, Rose. Oyunculukta Stanislavski Sistemi:Modern Performans Alanındaki Mirası ve Etkisi, çev. Hakan Gür. İstanbul: Dost. 2012. google scholar
53. Zahavi, Dan. Husserl’in Fenomenolojisi, çev. Seçim Bayazit. İstanbul: Say Yayınları. 2018. google scholar