İnşaat Sürecinin İş Çizelgelemesi, Yönetimi ve Optimizasyonu

Öz

Bu çalışmada bina inşaatı ile ilgili iş paketlerinin metrajı, adam.saat ve malzeme gereksinimi hesaplamaları, aktivite süresi ve ekip sayılarının belirlenmesi ile iş çizelgelemesinin oluşturulması işlem adımları yapının geometrisi, imalatlar ve temin edilebilen kaynaklar ile ilişkilendirilip formülleştirilmiştir. Hesaplanan metraj değerleri Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı’nın hazırladığı birim fiyat analizlerinde kullanılan poz listelerindeki malzeme, işçilik ve makine kullanımları ile ilişkilendirilerek tüm iş kalemleri için gereken malzeme, işçilik ve iş makinesi miktarları belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca iş kalemleri arasındaki fiziksel ve mantıksal ilişkiler göz önüne alınarak doğrusal iş programı ile inşaatın tamamlanma süresi tahmin edilmiştir. İnşaatta çalışan taşeronların farklı çalışma takvimi olabileceği göz önüne alınarak farklı günlerde tatil yaparak çalışılması durumunda işin kaç takvim günü süreceği hesaplanmıştır. Buna ek olarak hava koşulları ve Ramazan ayı gibi etkenlerin de iş verimine etkisi dikkate alınmıştır. Şantiyede aynı anda çalışabilecek işçi sayısı, taahhüt edilen proje teslim süresi ve gecikme cezasına göre en uygun iş programının hazırlanması Tavlama Benzetimli Genetik Algoritma (TBGA) ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada kaynak kısıtlı iş programı ve zaman maliyet ödünleşim problemleri oluşturulurken proje paydaşlarının farklı çalışma günlerinin olabileceği ve iş verimlerinin mevsim koşullarına göre değişebileceği dikkate alındığı için inşaat projelerinin iş programlarının, daha fazla etkeni içerir biçimde oluşturulabilmesi sağlanmıştır. Bu yaklaşım etkin yapım yönetimi tekniklerinin hızlı biçimde uygulanmasını sağlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İş programı
• Optimizasyon
• Proje Yönetimi
• Yapı Bilgi Modeli
• Tavlama Benzetimli Genetik Algoritma

Scheduling, Management and Optimization of Construction Process

Öz

In this study, computation of quantity take-off, man.hour and material requirements; determination of activity durations and crew sizes; and preparation of construction schedule related with the construction of a building are formulated by associating them with the geometry of the building, the construction items, and the available resources. Obtained quantity take-off values is joined with the item codes of the unit price analysis of Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change of Republic of Türkiye and after this operation quantities of material, workmanship, and machinery requirements are computed by the corresponding unit price analysis data. Line-of-Balance schedule is prepared by considering the physical and logical constraints between the activities and construction duration is estimated. Construction project can be executed by different subcontractors which may have diverse workdays and the developed application computes the project duration in terms of calendar days by considering the different work calendars of the construction crews. Moreover work efficiency is estimated by considering the effects of seasonal conditions, and month Ramadan. Optimization of construction schedule is executed by Genetic Algorithm with Simulated Annealing (GASA) according to the restrictions on the construction duration and the maximum available labor as well as the delay penalty. In this study resource constrained project scheduling and time cost trade-off problems are formulated by taking the possibilities of the project stakeholders may have different workdays and the job efficiencies may deviate according to the seasonal conditions into account which makes preparation of construction schedules considering more factors possible. This approach provides fast implementation of efficient construction management techniques.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• construction schedule
• optimization
• project management
• Building Information Model
• Genetic Algorithm with Simulated Annealing

Kaynakça

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