Yıl 2014,
Cilt: 25 Sayı: 125, - , 01.06.2014
Aydın Mert
Yasin Fahjan
Ali Pınar
Lawrence Hutchıngs
Öz
The main objective of this study is to simulate broad-frequency-band strong ground motion waveforms resulting from the rupture of the Prince Island Fault and to provide input accelerograms for linear and non-linear time history analyses for engineering structures. Simulations are performed using Green’s Function methodology developed by Hutchings and Wu (1990) [1]. The methodology considers physical based rupture process and takes into account different source parameters to investigate their effects on amplitude and frequency content of simulated waveforms. As a result, the low frequency energy content of the simulated waveforms has significant role in the characteristic of strong ground motion for large earthquake in Marmara region
Kaynakça
- Hutchings, L. And Wu, F., Empirical Green’s Functions From Small Earthquakes: A Waveform Study of Locally Recorded Aftershocks of the San Fernando Earthquake, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 1187-1214, 1990.
- Fahjan, M. Y., Türkiye Deprem Yönetmeliği (DBYBHY,2007) Tasarım İvme Spektrumuna Uygun Gerçek Deprem Kayıtlarının Seçilmesi ve Ölçeklenmesi, İMO Teknik Dergi, 292, 4423-4444, 2008.
- Abrahamson, N. A., Non-stationary Spectral Matching Program RSPMATCH, PG&E Internal Report, 1998.
- Erdik, M., Durukal, E., Siyahi, B., Fahjan, Y., Şeşetyan, K., Demircioğlu, M., Akman, H., Depreme Dayanıklı Yapı Tasarımında Deprem Yer Hareketinin Belirlenmesi, Beşinci Ulusal Deprem Mühendisliği Konferansı, İstanbul, 26-30 Mayıs 2003.
- Bommer, J. J., Acevedo, A. B., Douglas, J., The Selection and Scaling of Real Earthquake Accelograms for Use in Seismic Design and Assesment, Proceedings of ACI International Conference on Seismic Bridge Design and Retrofit, American Concrete Institute, 2003.
- Naeim, F., Kelly, J. M., Design of Seismic Isolated Structures: From Theory to Practice, John Wiley &Sons, 1999.
- Barka, A.A., Slip distribution along the North Anatolian Fault associated with large earthquakes of the period 1939 to 1967, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 86, 1238-1254.
- Toksoz, M.N., A.F. Shakal, and A.J. Micheal, Space-time migration of earthquakes along the North Anatolian Fault and seismic gaps, Pure Appl. Geophys, 117, 1258- 1270.
- Pinar, A., Kuge, K., Honkuro, Y., Moment tensor inversion of recent small to moderate sized earthquakes: implications for seismic hazard and active tectonics beneath the Sea of Marmara. Geophys. J. Int., 153, 133–145, 2003.
- Hutchings, L., "Prediction" of Strong Ground Motion for the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake Using Empirical Green’s Functions. Bull, Seismol. Soc. Am, 81, 88–121, 1991.
- Hadley, D. M., Helmberger D. V., Simulation of Strong Ground Motions. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. , 70, 617-630, 1980.
- Boore, D. M., Stochastic Simulation of High-Frequency Ground Motions Based on Seismological Models of theRadiated Spectra, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 73, 1865-1894, 1983.
- Irikura, K., Semi-Empirical Estimation of Strong Ground Motions During Large Earthquakes. Bull. Disaster Prevention. Res. Inst Kyoto Univ. 33, 63–104, 1983.
- Kramer S. T., Geotechnical Earthquake Enginnering, Prentice-Hall, Inc, 1996.
- Hartzell, S. H., Earthquake Aftershocks as Green’s Functions, Geophys.Res.Lett, 5, 1- 4, 1978.
- Wu, F., Prediction of Strong Ground Motion Using Small Earthquakes, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Microzonation. Vol II San Francisco, 701-704, 1978.
- Aki, K., Seismic Displacements Near a Fault, J. Geophys. Res., 73,5359-5376, 1968.
- Bouchon, M. Aki, K.., Discrete Wave-Number Representation of Seismic Wavefields, Bull. Seism.Soc. Am. 67, 259-277, 1977.
- Brune, J.N., Tectonic Stress and the Spectra of Seismic Shear Waves from Earthquakes, J. Geophys. Res.,75, 4997–5010, 1970, (Correction, J. Geophys. Res. 76 (20), 5002, 1971)
- McGuire R. K., Hanks, T.C., RMS Acceleration and Spectral Amplitudes of Strong Ground Motion During the San Fernando, California Earthquake, Bull. Seism.Soc. Am. 70, 1907-1919, 1980.
- Atkinson, G. M., Silva, W., Stochastic Modeling of California Ground Motions, , Bull. Seism.Soc. Am. 90, 255-274, 2000.
- Boore, D. M., Simulation of Ground Motion Using the Stochastic Method, Pure appl. Geophys. 160, 635-676, 2003.
- Beresnev, I., Atkinson, G., Modelling Finite Fault Radiation from the n Spectrum, Bull. Seism.Soc. Am. 87, 67-84,1997.
- Tanırcan, G., İstanbul için 3 boyutlu hız modeli ile yer hareketi simülasyonu, Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 27, No 1, 27-35, 2012.
- Erdik M., Durukal, E., A Hybrid Procedure for the Assesment of Design Basis Earthquake Ground Motions for Near-Fault Conditions, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 21, 431-443, 2001.
- Pulido N, Ojeda A, Atakan K, Kubo T., Strong Ground Motion Estimation in the Sea of Marmara Region (Turkey) Based on a Scenario Earthquake, Tectonophysics, 391:357–374, 2004.
- Mathilde, B. S., Pulido, N., Atakan, K., Sensitivity of Ground Motion Simulations to Earthquake Source Parameters: A Case Study for Istanbul, Turkey, Bull. Seism.Soc. Am. 97, 881-900, 2007.
- Ansal, A., Akıncı, A., Cultera, G., Erdik, M., Pessina, V., Tönük, G., Ameri, G., Loss Estimataion in İstanbul Based on Deterministic Earthquake Scenarios of The Marmara Sea Region (Turkey), Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 29, 699- 709, 2009.
- Mert A., İstanbul İçin Tasarım Esaslı Kuvvetli Yer Hareketi Dalga Formlarının Zaman Ortamında Türetilmesi, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2011.
- Okay, I.A., Demirbağ, E., Kurt, H., Okay, N., Kuşçu, İ., An active, Deep Marine Strike-Slip Basin Along the North Anatolian Fault in Turkey, Tectonics, V: 18, No: 1, 129-147, 1999.
- Okay, I.A., Kaşlılar Ö. A., İmren, C., Boztepe G. A., Demirbağ, E., Geometry of Active Faults and Strike Slip Basins in the Marmara Sea, Northwest Turkey: A Multichanel Seismic Reflection Study. NATO Advanced Research Seminar , May 14- 17, 2000, Istanbul, Abstracts 20-21.
- İmren C., Le Pichon, X., Rangin C., Demirbağ E., Ecevitoğlu B., Görür N., The Anatolian fault within the Sea of Marmara: A new interpretation based on Multi channel seismic and multibeam bathymetry data, Earth Planet Sci Letter, 186, 143- 158, 2001.
- Le Pichon, X., Sengör, A.M.C., Demirbag, E., Rangin, C., Imren, C., Armijo, R., Görür, N., Cagatay, N., Mercıer De Lepınay, B.,Meyer, B., Saatcılar, R., Tok, B., The active main Marmara fault. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 192, 595–616, 2001.
- Gökaşan, E., Alpar, B., Gazioğlu, C., Yücel, Z.Y., Tok, B., Doğan, E., Guneysu, C., Active Tectonics of the Izmit Gulf (NE Marmara Sea): from High Resolution Seismic and Multi-Beam Bathymetry Data, Mar Geol, 175(1–4):271–294, 2001.
- Armijo, R., Pondard, N., Meyer, B., Submarine Fault Scarps in the Sea of Marmara Pull-Apart North Anatolian Fault: Implications for Seismic Hazard in Istanbul, Geochem Geophys Geosyst, 6:Q06009:29., 2005.
- Pınar, A., Kuge, K., Honkura, Y., Moment Inversion of Recent Small to Moderate Sized Earthquakes: Implications for Seismic Hazard and Active Tectonics Beneath the Sea of Marmara, Geophys J Int, 153:133–145, 2003.
- Orgulu, G., Seismicity and Source Parameters for Small-Scale Earthquakes Along the Splays of the North Anatolian Fault (NAF) In the Marmara Sea, Geophysical Journal International 184, 385-404, 2011.
- Carton, H., Singh, S.C., Hirn, A., Bazin, S., Voogd, B., Vigner, A., Ricolleau, A., Cetin, S., Oçakoğlu, N., Karakoç., Sevilgen, V., Seismic imaging of the three- dimensional architecture of the Çınarcık Basin along North Anatolian Fault, Journal of Geophysical research, Vol. 112, 2007.
- Laigle, M., Becel, A., Voogd B., Hirn, A., Taymaz, T., Özalaybey, S., A first Deep Seismic Survey in the Sea of Marmara: Deep Basins and Whole Crust Architecture and Evoluation, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 270, 168-179, 2008.
- Becel, A., Laigle, M., Voogd, B., Hirn, A., Taymaz, T., Galve, A., Shimamura, H., Murai, Y., Lepine, J.C., Sapın, M., Özalaybey, S., Moho, Crustal Architecture and Deep Deformation Under the North Marmara Trough from the SEISMARMARA Leg 1 Offshore-Onshore Reflection-Refraction Survey, Tectonophysics, 467, 1-21, 2009.
- Yılmaz Y, Gökaşan E, Erbay AA., Morphotectonic Development of the Marmara Region. Tectonophysics doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2009.05.012, 2009.
- Oncel, A.O. & Wilson, T., Evaluation of earthquake potential along the Northern Anatolian Fault Zone in the Marmara Sea using comparisons of GPS strain and seismotectonics parameters. Tectonophysics., 418:205-218, 2006.
- Hanks T.C. & Kanamori H. A moment magnitude scale. J. Geophys. Res., 84, 2348- 2350, 1979.
- Wells D.L. & Coppersmith K.J., New empirical relationships among magnitude,
- rupture length, rupture width, rupture area and surface displacement. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 84: 974-1002, 1994.
- Larsen S., E3D: 2D/3D Elastic Finite-Difference Wave Propagation Code, 1995.
- Karabulut H., Özalaybey S., Taymaz T., Aktar M., Selvi O., Kocaoğlu A., A Tomographic Image of the Shallow Crustal Structure in The Eastern Marmara, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(24, 2777), 2003.
- Hutchings, L., Program NetMoment, a Simultaneous calculation of Moment, Source Corner Frequency, and Site Specific t* from Network Recordings, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-ID 135693, 2001.
- Hutchings, L., Ioannidou, E., Kalogeras, I., Voulgaris, N., Savy, J., Foxall,W., Scognamiglio, L., Stavrakakis, G., A Physically-Based Strong Ground-Motion Prediction Methodology; Application to PSHA and the 1999 M=6.0 Athens Earthquake.Geophys. J. Int., 168,569–680, 2007.
- Akıncı, A., Malagnini, L., Herrmann, R. B., Gok, R., Sorensen, M. B., Ground Motion Scaling in the Marmara Region, Turkey, Geophys. J. Int. 166, 635-651, 2006.
- Lama, R.D. and Vutukuri, V.S., Handbook on Mechanical Properties of Rocks, Volume II: Testing Techniques and Results, Trans Tech. Publications, 1978, 245 pp., J. Phys. Earth. 42, 377–397, 1978.
- Prejean, S.G., Ellsworth, W.L., Observations of Earthquake Source Parameters and Attenuation at 2 km Depth in the Long Valley Caldera, Eastern California, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. ,91, 165–177, 2001.
- Scognamiglio L., Hutchings, L, A test of a Physically-based strong ground motion prediction methodology with the 26 September 1997, Mw=6.0 Colfiorito (Umbria- Marche Sequence), Italy earthquake, Tectonophysics, 476:145-158, 2009.
- Kostrov, B.V. and S. Das., Principles of earthquake source mechanics. In: Cambridge Monographs on Mechanics and Applied Mathematics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1988.
- Irikura, K. and K. Kamae:Estimation of strong ground motion in broad-frequency
- band based on a seismic source scaling model and an empirical Green’s function technique, Annali Di Geofisica, Vol. XXXVII, N.6, 1721-1743, 1994.
- Beresnev, I. A. and G. M. Atkinson., Modeling finite-fault radiation from the wn spectrum, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 87: 67-84, 1997.
- Kamae, K., Irikura, K. ve Pitarka, A., “A Technique for Simulating Strong Ground motion using Hybrid Green’s Function”, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Cilt 88, No 2, 357- 367, 1998.
- Hartzell, S., S. Harmsen, A. Frankel, and S. Larsen., Calculation of broadband time histories of ground motion: comparison of methods and validation using strong- ground motion from the 1994 Northridge earthquake, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 89: 1484–1504, 1999.
- Pitarka A., Somerville P., Fukushima Y., Uetake T., ve Irikura,K., “Simulation of Near-Fault Strong-Ground Motion Using Hybrid Green's Functions” Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. Cilt 90, 566-586, 2000.
- Pulido N., Ojeda, A., Kuvvet A. ve Kubo, T.,“Strong Ground Motion Estimation in the Sea Region (Turkey) Based on a Scenario Earthquake”, Tectonophysics, Cilt 391, 357-374, 2004.
- Graves, R. W., and A. Pitarka., Broadband time history simulation using a hybrid approach, Proc. 13th World Conf. Earthq. Eng., Vancouver, Canada, paper no. 1098, 2004.
- Mena, B., E. Durukal, and M. Erdik. Effectiveness of hybrid Green’sfunction method in the simulation of near-field strong motion: An application to the 2004 Parkfield earthquake, Bull. Seismol. Soc.Am. 96, 183–205, 2006.
- Pulido, N., and M. Matsuoka. Broadband Strong Motion Simulation of the 2004 Niigata-ken Chuetsu Earthquake: Source and Site Effects. Third International Symposium on the Effects of Surface Geology on Seismic Motion, Grenoble, France, 1, 657-666, 2006.
- Liu, P., R. Archuleta, and S. H. Hartzell., Prediction of broadband ground motion
- time histories: Frequency method with correlation random source parameters, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 96, 2118–2130, 2006.
- Rodgers, A. J., E. Matzel, M. Pasyanos, A. Petersson, B. Sjogreen, C. Bono, O. Vorobiev, T. Antoun, and W. Walter (2008). Seismic simulations using parallel computing and three dimensional Earth models to improve nuclear explosion phenomenology and monitoring, 30th Monitoring Research Review, Portsmouth, Virginia, 23–25 September 2008.
- Mai, P. M., J. Ripperger, J.-P. Ampuero, and J.-P. Hillers (2006). Frontiers in source modeling for near-source ground-motion prediction, in Proc. of the 3rd Int. Symp. on the Effects of Surface Geology on Seismic Motion, Grenoble, France, 30 August–1 September 97–114, 2006.
- Aki, K., Richards, P.G., Quantitative Seismology, Theory and Methods, Volumes I and II, W. H. Freeman, New York, 1980.
- Abrahamson, N. A., and W. J. Silva., Summary of the Abrahamson and Silva NGA ground motion relations, Earthq. Spectra 24, no. S1,67–97, 2008.
- Boore, D. M., and G. M. Atkinson., Ground-motion prediction equations for the average horizontal component of PGA, PGV, and 5%-damped PSA at spectral periods between 0.01 s and 10.0 s, Earthquake Spectra 24, 99–113, 2008.
- Campbell, K. W., and Bozorgnia, Y., 2008. NGA ground motion model for the geometric mean horizontal component of PGA, PGV, PGD and 5% damped linear elastic response spectra for periods ranging from 0.01 to 10 s, Earthquake Spectra 24, 139-171, 2008.
- Erdik, M., Durukal, E., Şeşetyan, K., Istanbul için kuvvetli yer hareketi Benzeşimi ve yakın saha bölgelerindeki deprem hareketleri özelliklerinin belirlenmesi, Proje Raporu, Proje No:103I050, Istanbul, 2008.
Strong Ground Motion Simulations Around Prince Islands Fault
Yıl 2014,
Cilt: 25 Sayı: 125, - , 01.06.2014
Aydın Mert
Yasin Fahjan
Ali Pınar
Lawrence Hutchıngs
Kaynakça
- Hutchings, L. And Wu, F., Empirical Green’s Functions From Small Earthquakes: A Waveform Study of Locally Recorded Aftershocks of the San Fernando Earthquake, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 1187-1214, 1990.
- Fahjan, M. Y., Türkiye Deprem Yönetmeliği (DBYBHY,2007) Tasarım İvme Spektrumuna Uygun Gerçek Deprem Kayıtlarının Seçilmesi ve Ölçeklenmesi, İMO Teknik Dergi, 292, 4423-4444, 2008.
- Abrahamson, N. A., Non-stationary Spectral Matching Program RSPMATCH, PG&E Internal Report, 1998.
- Erdik, M., Durukal, E., Siyahi, B., Fahjan, Y., Şeşetyan, K., Demircioğlu, M., Akman, H., Depreme Dayanıklı Yapı Tasarımında Deprem Yer Hareketinin Belirlenmesi, Beşinci Ulusal Deprem Mühendisliği Konferansı, İstanbul, 26-30 Mayıs 2003.
- Bommer, J. J., Acevedo, A. B., Douglas, J., The Selection and Scaling of Real Earthquake Accelograms for Use in Seismic Design and Assesment, Proceedings of ACI International Conference on Seismic Bridge Design and Retrofit, American Concrete Institute, 2003.
- Naeim, F., Kelly, J. M., Design of Seismic Isolated Structures: From Theory to Practice, John Wiley &Sons, 1999.
- Barka, A.A., Slip distribution along the North Anatolian Fault associated with large earthquakes of the period 1939 to 1967, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 86, 1238-1254.
- Toksoz, M.N., A.F. Shakal, and A.J. Micheal, Space-time migration of earthquakes along the North Anatolian Fault and seismic gaps, Pure Appl. Geophys, 117, 1258- 1270.
- Pinar, A., Kuge, K., Honkuro, Y., Moment tensor inversion of recent small to moderate sized earthquakes: implications for seismic hazard and active tectonics beneath the Sea of Marmara. Geophys. J. Int., 153, 133–145, 2003.
- Hutchings, L., "Prediction" of Strong Ground Motion for the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake Using Empirical Green’s Functions. Bull, Seismol. Soc. Am, 81, 88–121, 1991.
- Hadley, D. M., Helmberger D. V., Simulation of Strong Ground Motions. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. , 70, 617-630, 1980.
- Boore, D. M., Stochastic Simulation of High-Frequency Ground Motions Based on Seismological Models of theRadiated Spectra, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 73, 1865-1894, 1983.
- Irikura, K., Semi-Empirical Estimation of Strong Ground Motions During Large Earthquakes. Bull. Disaster Prevention. Res. Inst Kyoto Univ. 33, 63–104, 1983.
- Kramer S. T., Geotechnical Earthquake Enginnering, Prentice-Hall, Inc, 1996.
- Hartzell, S. H., Earthquake Aftershocks as Green’s Functions, Geophys.Res.Lett, 5, 1- 4, 1978.
- Wu, F., Prediction of Strong Ground Motion Using Small Earthquakes, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Microzonation. Vol II San Francisco, 701-704, 1978.
- Aki, K., Seismic Displacements Near a Fault, J. Geophys. Res., 73,5359-5376, 1968.
- Bouchon, M. Aki, K.., Discrete Wave-Number Representation of Seismic Wavefields, Bull. Seism.Soc. Am. 67, 259-277, 1977.
- Brune, J.N., Tectonic Stress and the Spectra of Seismic Shear Waves from Earthquakes, J. Geophys. Res.,75, 4997–5010, 1970, (Correction, J. Geophys. Res. 76 (20), 5002, 1971)
- McGuire R. K., Hanks, T.C., RMS Acceleration and Spectral Amplitudes of Strong Ground Motion During the San Fernando, California Earthquake, Bull. Seism.Soc. Am. 70, 1907-1919, 1980.
- Atkinson, G. M., Silva, W., Stochastic Modeling of California Ground Motions, , Bull. Seism.Soc. Am. 90, 255-274, 2000.
- Boore, D. M., Simulation of Ground Motion Using the Stochastic Method, Pure appl. Geophys. 160, 635-676, 2003.
- Beresnev, I., Atkinson, G., Modelling Finite Fault Radiation from the n Spectrum, Bull. Seism.Soc. Am. 87, 67-84,1997.
- Tanırcan, G., İstanbul için 3 boyutlu hız modeli ile yer hareketi simülasyonu, Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 27, No 1, 27-35, 2012.
- Erdik M., Durukal, E., A Hybrid Procedure for the Assesment of Design Basis Earthquake Ground Motions for Near-Fault Conditions, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 21, 431-443, 2001.
- Pulido N, Ojeda A, Atakan K, Kubo T., Strong Ground Motion Estimation in the Sea of Marmara Region (Turkey) Based on a Scenario Earthquake, Tectonophysics, 391:357–374, 2004.
- Mathilde, B. S., Pulido, N., Atakan, K., Sensitivity of Ground Motion Simulations to Earthquake Source Parameters: A Case Study for Istanbul, Turkey, Bull. Seism.Soc. Am. 97, 881-900, 2007.
- Ansal, A., Akıncı, A., Cultera, G., Erdik, M., Pessina, V., Tönük, G., Ameri, G., Loss Estimataion in İstanbul Based on Deterministic Earthquake Scenarios of The Marmara Sea Region (Turkey), Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 29, 699- 709, 2009.
- Mert A., İstanbul İçin Tasarım Esaslı Kuvvetli Yer Hareketi Dalga Formlarının Zaman Ortamında Türetilmesi, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2011.
- Okay, I.A., Demirbağ, E., Kurt, H., Okay, N., Kuşçu, İ., An active, Deep Marine Strike-Slip Basin Along the North Anatolian Fault in Turkey, Tectonics, V: 18, No: 1, 129-147, 1999.
- Okay, I.A., Kaşlılar Ö. A., İmren, C., Boztepe G. A., Demirbağ, E., Geometry of Active Faults and Strike Slip Basins in the Marmara Sea, Northwest Turkey: A Multichanel Seismic Reflection Study. NATO Advanced Research Seminar , May 14- 17, 2000, Istanbul, Abstracts 20-21.
- İmren C., Le Pichon, X., Rangin C., Demirbağ E., Ecevitoğlu B., Görür N., The Anatolian fault within the Sea of Marmara: A new interpretation based on Multi channel seismic and multibeam bathymetry data, Earth Planet Sci Letter, 186, 143- 158, 2001.
- Le Pichon, X., Sengör, A.M.C., Demirbag, E., Rangin, C., Imren, C., Armijo, R., Görür, N., Cagatay, N., Mercıer De Lepınay, B.,Meyer, B., Saatcılar, R., Tok, B., The active main Marmara fault. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 192, 595–616, 2001.
- Gökaşan, E., Alpar, B., Gazioğlu, C., Yücel, Z.Y., Tok, B., Doğan, E., Guneysu, C., Active Tectonics of the Izmit Gulf (NE Marmara Sea): from High Resolution Seismic and Multi-Beam Bathymetry Data, Mar Geol, 175(1–4):271–294, 2001.
- Armijo, R., Pondard, N., Meyer, B., Submarine Fault Scarps in the Sea of Marmara Pull-Apart North Anatolian Fault: Implications for Seismic Hazard in Istanbul, Geochem Geophys Geosyst, 6:Q06009:29., 2005.
- Pınar, A., Kuge, K., Honkura, Y., Moment Inversion of Recent Small to Moderate Sized Earthquakes: Implications for Seismic Hazard and Active Tectonics Beneath the Sea of Marmara, Geophys J Int, 153:133–145, 2003.
- Orgulu, G., Seismicity and Source Parameters for Small-Scale Earthquakes Along the Splays of the North Anatolian Fault (NAF) In the Marmara Sea, Geophysical Journal International 184, 385-404, 2011.
- Carton, H., Singh, S.C., Hirn, A., Bazin, S., Voogd, B., Vigner, A., Ricolleau, A., Cetin, S., Oçakoğlu, N., Karakoç., Sevilgen, V., Seismic imaging of the three- dimensional architecture of the Çınarcık Basin along North Anatolian Fault, Journal of Geophysical research, Vol. 112, 2007.
- Laigle, M., Becel, A., Voogd B., Hirn, A., Taymaz, T., Özalaybey, S., A first Deep Seismic Survey in the Sea of Marmara: Deep Basins and Whole Crust Architecture and Evoluation, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 270, 168-179, 2008.
- Becel, A., Laigle, M., Voogd, B., Hirn, A., Taymaz, T., Galve, A., Shimamura, H., Murai, Y., Lepine, J.C., Sapın, M., Özalaybey, S., Moho, Crustal Architecture and Deep Deformation Under the North Marmara Trough from the SEISMARMARA Leg 1 Offshore-Onshore Reflection-Refraction Survey, Tectonophysics, 467, 1-21, 2009.
- Yılmaz Y, Gökaşan E, Erbay AA., Morphotectonic Development of the Marmara Region. Tectonophysics doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2009.05.012, 2009.
- Oncel, A.O. & Wilson, T., Evaluation of earthquake potential along the Northern Anatolian Fault Zone in the Marmara Sea using comparisons of GPS strain and seismotectonics parameters. Tectonophysics., 418:205-218, 2006.
- Hanks T.C. & Kanamori H. A moment magnitude scale. J. Geophys. Res., 84, 2348- 2350, 1979.
- Wells D.L. & Coppersmith K.J., New empirical relationships among magnitude,
- rupture length, rupture width, rupture area and surface displacement. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 84: 974-1002, 1994.
- Larsen S., E3D: 2D/3D Elastic Finite-Difference Wave Propagation Code, 1995.
- Karabulut H., Özalaybey S., Taymaz T., Aktar M., Selvi O., Kocaoğlu A., A Tomographic Image of the Shallow Crustal Structure in The Eastern Marmara, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(24, 2777), 2003.
- Hutchings, L., Program NetMoment, a Simultaneous calculation of Moment, Source Corner Frequency, and Site Specific t* from Network Recordings, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-ID 135693, 2001.
- Hutchings, L., Ioannidou, E., Kalogeras, I., Voulgaris, N., Savy, J., Foxall,W., Scognamiglio, L., Stavrakakis, G., A Physically-Based Strong Ground-Motion Prediction Methodology; Application to PSHA and the 1999 M=6.0 Athens Earthquake.Geophys. J. Int., 168,569–680, 2007.
- Akıncı, A., Malagnini, L., Herrmann, R. B., Gok, R., Sorensen, M. B., Ground Motion Scaling in the Marmara Region, Turkey, Geophys. J. Int. 166, 635-651, 2006.
- Lama, R.D. and Vutukuri, V.S., Handbook on Mechanical Properties of Rocks, Volume II: Testing Techniques and Results, Trans Tech. Publications, 1978, 245 pp., J. Phys. Earth. 42, 377–397, 1978.
- Prejean, S.G., Ellsworth, W.L., Observations of Earthquake Source Parameters and Attenuation at 2 km Depth in the Long Valley Caldera, Eastern California, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. ,91, 165–177, 2001.
- Scognamiglio L., Hutchings, L, A test of a Physically-based strong ground motion prediction methodology with the 26 September 1997, Mw=6.0 Colfiorito (Umbria- Marche Sequence), Italy earthquake, Tectonophysics, 476:145-158, 2009.
- Kostrov, B.V. and S. Das., Principles of earthquake source mechanics. In: Cambridge Monographs on Mechanics and Applied Mathematics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1988.
- Irikura, K. and K. Kamae:Estimation of strong ground motion in broad-frequency
- band based on a seismic source scaling model and an empirical Green’s function technique, Annali Di Geofisica, Vol. XXXVII, N.6, 1721-1743, 1994.
- Beresnev, I. A. and G. M. Atkinson., Modeling finite-fault radiation from the wn spectrum, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 87: 67-84, 1997.
- Kamae, K., Irikura, K. ve Pitarka, A., “A Technique for Simulating Strong Ground motion using Hybrid Green’s Function”, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Cilt 88, No 2, 357- 367, 1998.
- Hartzell, S., S. Harmsen, A. Frankel, and S. Larsen., Calculation of broadband time histories of ground motion: comparison of methods and validation using strong- ground motion from the 1994 Northridge earthquake, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 89: 1484–1504, 1999.
- Pitarka A., Somerville P., Fukushima Y., Uetake T., ve Irikura,K., “Simulation of Near-Fault Strong-Ground Motion Using Hybrid Green's Functions” Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. Cilt 90, 566-586, 2000.
- Pulido N., Ojeda, A., Kuvvet A. ve Kubo, T.,“Strong Ground Motion Estimation in the Sea Region (Turkey) Based on a Scenario Earthquake”, Tectonophysics, Cilt 391, 357-374, 2004.
- Graves, R. W., and A. Pitarka., Broadband time history simulation using a hybrid approach, Proc. 13th World Conf. Earthq. Eng., Vancouver, Canada, paper no. 1098, 2004.
- Mena, B., E. Durukal, and M. Erdik. Effectiveness of hybrid Green’sfunction method in the simulation of near-field strong motion: An application to the 2004 Parkfield earthquake, Bull. Seismol. Soc.Am. 96, 183–205, 2006.
- Pulido, N., and M. Matsuoka. Broadband Strong Motion Simulation of the 2004 Niigata-ken Chuetsu Earthquake: Source and Site Effects. Third International Symposium on the Effects of Surface Geology on Seismic Motion, Grenoble, France, 1, 657-666, 2006.
- Liu, P., R. Archuleta, and S. H. Hartzell., Prediction of broadband ground motion
- time histories: Frequency method with correlation random source parameters, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 96, 2118–2130, 2006.
- Rodgers, A. J., E. Matzel, M. Pasyanos, A. Petersson, B. Sjogreen, C. Bono, O. Vorobiev, T. Antoun, and W. Walter (2008). Seismic simulations using parallel computing and three dimensional Earth models to improve nuclear explosion phenomenology and monitoring, 30th Monitoring Research Review, Portsmouth, Virginia, 23–25 September 2008.
- Mai, P. M., J. Ripperger, J.-P. Ampuero, and J.-P. Hillers (2006). Frontiers in source modeling for near-source ground-motion prediction, in Proc. of the 3rd Int. Symp. on the Effects of Surface Geology on Seismic Motion, Grenoble, France, 30 August–1 September 97–114, 2006.
- Aki, K., Richards, P.G., Quantitative Seismology, Theory and Methods, Volumes I and II, W. H. Freeman, New York, 1980.
- Abrahamson, N. A., and W. J. Silva., Summary of the Abrahamson and Silva NGA ground motion relations, Earthq. Spectra 24, no. S1,67–97, 2008.
- Boore, D. M., and G. M. Atkinson., Ground-motion prediction equations for the average horizontal component of PGA, PGV, and 5%-damped PSA at spectral periods between 0.01 s and 10.0 s, Earthquake Spectra 24, 99–113, 2008.
- Campbell, K. W., and Bozorgnia, Y., 2008. NGA ground motion model for the geometric mean horizontal component of PGA, PGV, PGD and 5% damped linear elastic response spectra for periods ranging from 0.01 to 10 s, Earthquake Spectra 24, 139-171, 2008.
- Erdik, M., Durukal, E., Şeşetyan, K., Istanbul için kuvvetli yer hareketi Benzeşimi ve yakın saha bölgelerindeki deprem hareketleri özelliklerinin belirlenmesi, Proje Raporu, Proje No:103I050, Istanbul, 2008.