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Geotechnical Assessment of Compacted Sand Bentonite Mixtures to be Utilized in Underground Nuclear Waste Repositories and Barrier Design

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 3, 7477 - 7496, 01.07.2016

Haluk Akgün , Mahir Ada Mustafa Kerem Koçkar

Öz

This
study assesses the mechanical and hydrological performance of compacted sand
bentonite mixtures to be utilized in sealing underground nuclear waste
repositories. In order to assess the performance of
this material and to obtain an optimum sand bentonite mixture, a variety of
laboratory tests, namely, compaction, falling head permeability, swelling,
unconfined compression and shear strength tests were performed on sand bentonite
mixtures possessing bentonite contents ranging from 5% to 15%. Sand
bentonite barrier design was performed for the optimum seal selected as a
function of the axial stress applied to the barrier and barrier
length-to-radius ratio (L/a).

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sand bentonite mixture nuclear waste disposal barrier design

Kaynakça

  • TEÜD Şti., Türkiye’nin Elektrik Üretimi ve Dağıtımı, Türkiye Elektrik Üretim ve Dağıtım Şirketi, Ankara, 1999.
  • IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), “Sealing of Underground Repositories for Radioactive Wastes”, Editörler: Gray, M., Gera, F., Wiley, J.R., Dlouhy, Z., Squires, D., International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Unipub, Lanham, MD, Tech Reps Series No. 319, 1990.
  • IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), “Hydrogeological Investigation of Sites for the Geological Disposal of Radioactive Waste”, Technical Reports Series No. 391, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1999.
  • IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), “The Use of Scientific and Technical Results from Underground Research Laboratory Investigations for the Geological Disposal of Radioactive Waste”, IAEA-TECDOC-1243, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 2001.
  • IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), “Scientific and Technical Basis for the Geological Disposal of Radioactive Wastes”, Technical Reports Series No. 4I3, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 2003.10.
  • OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), “Geological Disposal of Nuclear Waste in Perspective”, OECD, Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA), Paris, 2000.
  • CTECH, “Conceptual Design for a Deep Geologic Repository for Used Nuclear Fuel”, CTECH Report 1106/MD18085/REP/01, 2002.
  • SKB (Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co.), “Long-term Safety for KBS-3 Repositories at Forsmark and Laxemar - A First Evaluation”, Technical Report TR-06-09, SKB, Stockholm, 2006.
  • ANDRA (French National Radioactive Waste Management Agency), “The Deep Geological Concept as Developed by ANDRA,”. ANDRA, www.andra.fr, 4 p, 2011.
  • Pusch, R. ve Bergström A, “Highly Compacted Bentonite for Borehole and Shaft Plugging”, Proceedings of the Workshop on Borehole and Shaft Plugging, Columbus, OH, May 7–9, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, 161–168, 1980.
  • Meyer, D. ve Howard, J.J., “Evaluation of Clays and Clay Minerals for Application to Repository Sealing”, ONWI-486, Office of Nuclear Waste Isolation, Battelle Memorial Institute, OH, 1983.
  • Pusch, R., “Waste Disposal in Rock”, Developments in Geotechnical Engineering 76, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 490 s. 1994.
  • Akgün, H., “Shear Strength of Cement-grout Borehole Plug”, In Situ, 24: 107-137, 2000.
  • Akgün, H. ve Daemen, J.J.K., “Performance Assessment of Cement Grout Borehole Plugs in Basalt”, Engineering Geology, 37: 137-148, 1994.
  • Akgün, H. ve Daemen, J.J.K., “Design Implications of Analytical and Laboratory Studies of Permanent Abandonment Plugs, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 36: 21-38, 1999.
  • Ada, M., Sıkıştırılmış Bentonit/Kum Karışımlarının Performanslarının Yeraltı Atık Depolama Haznelerinin İzolasyonunda Değerlendirilmesi, Y. Lisans Tezi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, 107 s, Ankara, 2007.
  • Coulon, H., Lajudie, A., Debrabant, P., Atabek, R., Jorda, M. ve Andre-Jehan, R., “Choice of French Clays as Engineered Barrier Components for Waste Disposal”, In: Bates, J.K., Seefeldt, W.B. (Eds.), Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management X, Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, Boston, MA, December 1–4, 1986: Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, PA, 84: 813–824, 1987.
  • DOE/WIPP, “U.S. Waste Isolation Pilot Plant Sealing System Design Report”, DOE/WIPP-95-3117, Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, U.S. Department of Energy, 1995.
  • Daemen, J.J.K. ve Ran, C., “Bentonite as a Waste Isolation Pilot Plant Shaft Sealing Material”, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, Contractor Report SAND96–1968, 1996.
  • D’Appolonia, D.J., “Soil-bentonite Slurry Trench Cutoffs”, ASCE Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, 106(4): 339-417, 1980.
  • Lundgren, T.A., “Some Bentonite Sealants in Soil Mixed Blankets,” Proceedings, 10th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Stockholm, 2: 349-354, 1981.
  • Chapuis, R.P., “Permeability Testing of Soil-bentonite Mixtures,” Proceedings, 10thInternational Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Stockholm, 4: 744-745, 1981.
  • Chapuis, R.P., Sand-Bentonite Liners: Predicting Permeability from Laboratory Tests”, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 27: 47-57, 1990.
  • Abeele,W. V., “The Infuence of Bentonite on the Permeability of Sandy Silt”, Nuclear and Chemical Waste Management, 6: 81-88, 1981.
  • Sällfors, G., Peirce, J. ve Petersson, E., “Clay Liners Construction and Quality Control”, ASCE Journal of Environmental Engineering, 112(2): 13-24, 1986.
  • Mollins, L.H., Stewart, D. Ve Cousens, T.W., “Predicting the Properties of Bentonite-sand Mixtures”, Clay Minerals, 31: 243-252, 1998.
  • Demirtaşlı, E., “Çamalanı Nükleer Santrali ve Civarının Jeolojisi”, Nihai Rapor, MTA, 102 s, Ankara, 1985.
  • METU EERC, “Akkuyu II Nuclear Power Plant Geological and Geotechnical Investigations, Progress Report No. 1, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, 1984.
  • Elektrik İşleri Etüd İdaresi (EİEİ), “Akkuyu II (Çamalanı) Nükleer Santrali Pressiyometre Deney Sonuçları”, Elektrik İşleri Etüd İdaresi (EİEİ), Ankara, 1985.
  • BENIPA, “Bentonite Barriers in Integrated Performance Assessment”, Final Report, Office for Official Publications of the European Commission, 104 pp., Luxembourg, 2004.
  • Çanbensan (Çankırı Bentonit San. Tic. A.Ş.), “Çanbensan Doğal Bentonitinin Fiziksel ve Mekanik Özellikleri”, 2010.
  • ASTM D854-10, “Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Water Pycnometer”, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 4, Vol. 04.08, Soil and Rock (I), ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, 2010.
  • ASTM D422-63, “Test Method for Particle-size Analysis of Soils”, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 4, Vol. 04.08, Soil and Rock (I), ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, 2007.
  • ASTM D2487-11, “Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)”, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 4, Vol. 04.08, Soil and Rock (I), ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2011.
  • ASTM D0698-12, “Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3 (600 kN-m/m3))”, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 4, Vol. 04.08, Soil and Rock (I), ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, 2012.
  • ASTM D4546-08, “Standard Test Methods for One-dimensional Swell or Settlement Potential of Cohesive Soils”, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 4, Vol. 04.08, Soil and Rock (I), ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, 2008.
  • ASTM D2166-06, “Standard Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cohesive Soil”, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 4, Vol. 04.08, Soil and Rock (I), ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, 2006.
  • ASTM D6528-07, “Standard Test Method for Consolidated Undrained Direct Simple Shear Testing of Cohesive Soils”, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 4, Vol. 04.08, Soil and Rock (I), ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, 2007.
  • ASTM D5856-95, “Test Method for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Porous Material Using a Rigid-wall, Compaction-mold Permeameter”, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 4, Vol. 04.08, Soil and Rock (I), ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, 2007.
  • Mitchell, J.K., Hooper, D.R. ve Campanella, R.G., “Permeability of Compacted Clay”, Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, 91: 41–65, 1965.
  • Lambe, T.W. ve Whitman, R.V., “Soil Mechanics”, J. Wiley, New York, 1969.
  • Dixon, D.A., Gray, M.N. ve Thomas, A.W., “A Study of the Compaction Properties of Potential Clay-sand Buffer Mixtures for Use in Nuclear Fuel Waste Disposal”, Engineering Geology, 21: 247-255, 1985.
  • Benson, C. ve Daniel, D., “Influence of Clods on Hydraulic Conductivity of Compacted Clay”, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, 116: 1231-1248, 1990.
  • Mitchell, J.K., “Fundamentals of Soil Behavior (2nd Ed.), Wiley, New York, 422 s, 1993.
  • Met, İ., Akgün, H. ve Türkmenoğlu, A.G., “Environmental Geological and Geotechnical Investigations Related to the Potential Use of Ankara Clay as a Compacted Landfill Liner Material, Turkey”, Environmental Geology, 47: 225-236, 2005.
  • ASTM D5890-02. Standard Test Method for Swell Index of Clay Mineral Component of Geosynthetic Clay Liners. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 4, Vol. 04.08, Soil and Rock (I); ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2002.
  • BSI BS 1377, “British Standard Methods of Test for Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes, Parts 1-3”, British Standards Institution, London, England, 1990.
  • ASTM D4318-10. Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 4, Vol. 04.08, Soil and Rock (I); ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2010.
  • Komine, H. ve Ogata, N., “Prediction of Swelling Characteristics of Compacted Bentonite”, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 33: 11-12, 1996.
  • Kenney, T.C., van Veen, W.A., Swallow, M.A. ve Sungaila, M.A., “Hydraulic Conductivity of Compacted Bentonite-Sand Mixture. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 29: 364-374, 1992.
  • Gökalp Z., Başaran M. ve Uzun, O., “Compaction and swelling characteristics of sand-bentonite and pumice-bentonite mixtures”, Clay Minerals, 46: 49-459, 2011.
  • Ören, A.H., Durukan, S. ve Kayalar, A.Ş., “Influence of compaction water content on the hydraulic conductivity of sand-bentonite and zeolite-bentonite mixtures”, Clay Minerals, 49: 109-121, 2014.
  • Komine, H., “Simplified evaluation on hydraulic conductivities of sand-bentonite mixture backfill”, Applied Clay Science, 26: 13-19, 2004.
  • Komine, H., “Predicting hydraulic conductivity of sand-bentonite mixture backfill before and after swelling deformation for underground disposal of radioactive wastes”, Engineering Geology, 114: 123-134, 2010
  • Tripathi, K.K. ve Viswanadham, B.V.S., “Evaluation of the permeability behaviour of sand-bentonite mixtures through laboratory tests”, Indian Geotechnical Journal, 42(4): 267-277, 2012.
  • Cho, W.J., Lee, J.O. ve Kang, C.H., “A compilation and evaluation of thermal and mechanical properties of bentonite-based buffer materials for a high-level waste repository”, Journal of the Korean Nuclear Society, 34(1): 90-103, 2002.
  • Chapuis, R.P., “The 2000 R.M. Hardy Lecture: Full-scale Hydraulic Performance of Soil-Bentonite and Compacted Clay Liners”, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 39: 417-439, 2002.
  • Komine, H., “Simplified Evaluation for Swelling Characteristics of Bentonites”, Engineering Geology, 71: 265–279, 2004.
  • Kaoser, S., Barrington, S., Elektorowicz, M. ve Ayadat, T., “The Influence of Hydraulic Gradient and Rate of Erosion on Hydraulic Conductivity of Sand-Bentonite Mixtures”, Soil and Sediment Contamination, 15: 481-496, 2006.
  • Tashiro, S., Fujiwara, A. ve Senoo, M., “Study on the Permeability of Engineered Barriers for the Enhancement of a Radioactive Waste Repository System”, Nuclear Technology, 121: 14-23, 1998.
  • Kaya, A., Durukan, S., Ören A.H. ve Yukselen Y., “Bentonit-Zeolit Karışımlarının Mühendislik Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi”, Teknik Dergi, 17: 3879-3892, 2006.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 258 Subtitle D, Criteria for Municipal Solid Waste Landfills”, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, New York, 2010.
  • T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı, http://www.mevzuat.adalet.gov.tr/html/20743.html, 2010.

Yeraltı Nükleer Atık Haznelerinde Kullanılabilecek Sıkıştırılmış Kum Bentonit Karışımlarının Geoteknik Değerlendirmesi ve Bariyer Tasarımı

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 3, 7477 - 7496, 01.07.2016

Haluk Akgün , Mahir Ada Mustafa Kerem Koçkar

Öz

Bu çalışmada, yeraltı nükleer atık
depolama haznelerinin sızdırmazlığının sağlanması için geoteknik ve hidrolojik
açıdan sıkıştırılmış kum bentonit izolasyon malzemesi tasarlanması
amaçlanmaktadır. Optimum karışım miktarını belirlemek için %5 ile %15 oranları aralığında
bentonit içeren kum bentonit karışımları üzerinde kompaksiyon, düşen seviyeli
hidrolik iletkenlik, şişme basıncı, serbest basınç ve basit kesme deneyleri
yapılmıştır. Seçilen optimum kum
bentonit bariyer karışımının tasarımı, bariyere uygulanan düşey gerilmenin ve
bariyer yükseklik-yarıçap oranının (L/a) fonksiyonu olarak yapılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kum bentonit karışımı nükleer atık depolaması bariyer tasarımı

Kaynakça

  • TEÜD Şti., Türkiye’nin Elektrik Üretimi ve Dağıtımı, Türkiye Elektrik Üretim ve Dağıtım Şirketi, Ankara, 1999.
  • IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), “Sealing of Underground Repositories for Radioactive Wastes”, Editörler: Gray, M., Gera, F., Wiley, J.R., Dlouhy, Z., Squires, D., International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Unipub, Lanham, MD, Tech Reps Series No. 319, 1990.
  • IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), “Hydrogeological Investigation of Sites for the Geological Disposal of Radioactive Waste”, Technical Reports Series No. 391, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1999.
  • IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), “The Use of Scientific and Technical Results from Underground Research Laboratory Investigations for the Geological Disposal of Radioactive Waste”, IAEA-TECDOC-1243, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 2001.
  • IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), “Scientific and Technical Basis for the Geological Disposal of Radioactive Wastes”, Technical Reports Series No. 4I3, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 2003.10.
  • OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), “Geological Disposal of Nuclear Waste in Perspective”, OECD, Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA), Paris, 2000.
  • CTECH, “Conceptual Design for a Deep Geologic Repository for Used Nuclear Fuel”, CTECH Report 1106/MD18085/REP/01, 2002.
  • SKB (Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co.), “Long-term Safety for KBS-3 Repositories at Forsmark and Laxemar - A First Evaluation”, Technical Report TR-06-09, SKB, Stockholm, 2006.
  • ANDRA (French National Radioactive Waste Management Agency), “The Deep Geological Concept as Developed by ANDRA,”. ANDRA, www.andra.fr, 4 p, 2011.
  • Pusch, R. ve Bergström A, “Highly Compacted Bentonite for Borehole and Shaft Plugging”, Proceedings of the Workshop on Borehole and Shaft Plugging, Columbus, OH, May 7–9, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, 161–168, 1980.
  • Meyer, D. ve Howard, J.J., “Evaluation of Clays and Clay Minerals for Application to Repository Sealing”, ONWI-486, Office of Nuclear Waste Isolation, Battelle Memorial Institute, OH, 1983.
  • Pusch, R., “Waste Disposal in Rock”, Developments in Geotechnical Engineering 76, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 490 s. 1994.
  • Akgün, H., “Shear Strength of Cement-grout Borehole Plug”, In Situ, 24: 107-137, 2000.
  • Akgün, H. ve Daemen, J.J.K., “Performance Assessment of Cement Grout Borehole Plugs in Basalt”, Engineering Geology, 37: 137-148, 1994.
  • Akgün, H. ve Daemen, J.J.K., “Design Implications of Analytical and Laboratory Studies of Permanent Abandonment Plugs, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 36: 21-38, 1999.
  • Ada, M., Sıkıştırılmış Bentonit/Kum Karışımlarının Performanslarının Yeraltı Atık Depolama Haznelerinin İzolasyonunda Değerlendirilmesi, Y. Lisans Tezi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, 107 s, Ankara, 2007.
  • Coulon, H., Lajudie, A., Debrabant, P., Atabek, R., Jorda, M. ve Andre-Jehan, R., “Choice of French Clays as Engineered Barrier Components for Waste Disposal”, In: Bates, J.K., Seefeldt, W.B. (Eds.), Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management X, Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, Boston, MA, December 1–4, 1986: Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, PA, 84: 813–824, 1987.
  • DOE/WIPP, “U.S. Waste Isolation Pilot Plant Sealing System Design Report”, DOE/WIPP-95-3117, Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, U.S. Department of Energy, 1995.
  • Daemen, J.J.K. ve Ran, C., “Bentonite as a Waste Isolation Pilot Plant Shaft Sealing Material”, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, Contractor Report SAND96–1968, 1996.
  • D’Appolonia, D.J., “Soil-bentonite Slurry Trench Cutoffs”, ASCE Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, 106(4): 339-417, 1980.
  • Lundgren, T.A., “Some Bentonite Sealants in Soil Mixed Blankets,” Proceedings, 10th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Stockholm, 2: 349-354, 1981.
  • Chapuis, R.P., “Permeability Testing of Soil-bentonite Mixtures,” Proceedings, 10thInternational Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Stockholm, 4: 744-745, 1981.
  • Chapuis, R.P., Sand-Bentonite Liners: Predicting Permeability from Laboratory Tests”, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 27: 47-57, 1990.
  • Abeele,W. V., “The Infuence of Bentonite on the Permeability of Sandy Silt”, Nuclear and Chemical Waste Management, 6: 81-88, 1981.
  • Sällfors, G., Peirce, J. ve Petersson, E., “Clay Liners Construction and Quality Control”, ASCE Journal of Environmental Engineering, 112(2): 13-24, 1986.
  • Mollins, L.H., Stewart, D. Ve Cousens, T.W., “Predicting the Properties of Bentonite-sand Mixtures”, Clay Minerals, 31: 243-252, 1998.
  • Demirtaşlı, E., “Çamalanı Nükleer Santrali ve Civarının Jeolojisi”, Nihai Rapor, MTA, 102 s, Ankara, 1985.
  • METU EERC, “Akkuyu II Nuclear Power Plant Geological and Geotechnical Investigations, Progress Report No. 1, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, 1984.
  • Elektrik İşleri Etüd İdaresi (EİEİ), “Akkuyu II (Çamalanı) Nükleer Santrali Pressiyometre Deney Sonuçları”, Elektrik İşleri Etüd İdaresi (EİEİ), Ankara, 1985.
  • BENIPA, “Bentonite Barriers in Integrated Performance Assessment”, Final Report, Office for Official Publications of the European Commission, 104 pp., Luxembourg, 2004.
  • Çanbensan (Çankırı Bentonit San. Tic. A.Ş.), “Çanbensan Doğal Bentonitinin Fiziksel ve Mekanik Özellikleri”, 2010.
  • ASTM D854-10, “Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Water Pycnometer”, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 4, Vol. 04.08, Soil and Rock (I), ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, 2010.
  • ASTM D422-63, “Test Method for Particle-size Analysis of Soils”, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 4, Vol. 04.08, Soil and Rock (I), ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, 2007.
  • ASTM D2487-11, “Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)”, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 4, Vol. 04.08, Soil and Rock (I), ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2011.
  • ASTM D0698-12, “Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3 (600 kN-m/m3))”, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 4, Vol. 04.08, Soil and Rock (I), ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, 2012.
  • ASTM D4546-08, “Standard Test Methods for One-dimensional Swell or Settlement Potential of Cohesive Soils”, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 4, Vol. 04.08, Soil and Rock (I), ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, 2008.
  • ASTM D2166-06, “Standard Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cohesive Soil”, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 4, Vol. 04.08, Soil and Rock (I), ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, 2006.
  • ASTM D6528-07, “Standard Test Method for Consolidated Undrained Direct Simple Shear Testing of Cohesive Soils”, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 4, Vol. 04.08, Soil and Rock (I), ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, 2007.
  • ASTM D5856-95, “Test Method for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Porous Material Using a Rigid-wall, Compaction-mold Permeameter”, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 4, Vol. 04.08, Soil and Rock (I), ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, 2007.
  • Mitchell, J.K., Hooper, D.R. ve Campanella, R.G., “Permeability of Compacted Clay”, Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, 91: 41–65, 1965.
  • Lambe, T.W. ve Whitman, R.V., “Soil Mechanics”, J. Wiley, New York, 1969.
  • Dixon, D.A., Gray, M.N. ve Thomas, A.W., “A Study of the Compaction Properties of Potential Clay-sand Buffer Mixtures for Use in Nuclear Fuel Waste Disposal”, Engineering Geology, 21: 247-255, 1985.
  • Benson, C. ve Daniel, D., “Influence of Clods on Hydraulic Conductivity of Compacted Clay”, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, 116: 1231-1248, 1990.
  • Mitchell, J.K., “Fundamentals of Soil Behavior (2nd Ed.), Wiley, New York, 422 s, 1993.
  • Met, İ., Akgün, H. ve Türkmenoğlu, A.G., “Environmental Geological and Geotechnical Investigations Related to the Potential Use of Ankara Clay as a Compacted Landfill Liner Material, Turkey”, Environmental Geology, 47: 225-236, 2005.
  • ASTM D5890-02. Standard Test Method for Swell Index of Clay Mineral Component of Geosynthetic Clay Liners. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 4, Vol. 04.08, Soil and Rock (I); ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2002.
  • BSI BS 1377, “British Standard Methods of Test for Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes, Parts 1-3”, British Standards Institution, London, England, 1990.
  • ASTM D4318-10. Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 4, Vol. 04.08, Soil and Rock (I); ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2010.
  • Komine, H. ve Ogata, N., “Prediction of Swelling Characteristics of Compacted Bentonite”, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 33: 11-12, 1996.
  • Kenney, T.C., van Veen, W.A., Swallow, M.A. ve Sungaila, M.A., “Hydraulic Conductivity of Compacted Bentonite-Sand Mixture. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 29: 364-374, 1992.
  • Gökalp Z., Başaran M. ve Uzun, O., “Compaction and swelling characteristics of sand-bentonite and pumice-bentonite mixtures”, Clay Minerals, 46: 49-459, 2011.
  • Ören, A.H., Durukan, S. ve Kayalar, A.Ş., “Influence of compaction water content on the hydraulic conductivity of sand-bentonite and zeolite-bentonite mixtures”, Clay Minerals, 49: 109-121, 2014.
  • Komine, H., “Simplified evaluation on hydraulic conductivities of sand-bentonite mixture backfill”, Applied Clay Science, 26: 13-19, 2004.
  • Komine, H., “Predicting hydraulic conductivity of sand-bentonite mixture backfill before and after swelling deformation for underground disposal of radioactive wastes”, Engineering Geology, 114: 123-134, 2010
  • Tripathi, K.K. ve Viswanadham, B.V.S., “Evaluation of the permeability behaviour of sand-bentonite mixtures through laboratory tests”, Indian Geotechnical Journal, 42(4): 267-277, 2012.
  • Cho, W.J., Lee, J.O. ve Kang, C.H., “A compilation and evaluation of thermal and mechanical properties of bentonite-based buffer materials for a high-level waste repository”, Journal of the Korean Nuclear Society, 34(1): 90-103, 2002.
  • Chapuis, R.P., “The 2000 R.M. Hardy Lecture: Full-scale Hydraulic Performance of Soil-Bentonite and Compacted Clay Liners”, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 39: 417-439, 2002.
  • Komine, H., “Simplified Evaluation for Swelling Characteristics of Bentonites”, Engineering Geology, 71: 265–279, 2004.
  • Kaoser, S., Barrington, S., Elektorowicz, M. ve Ayadat, T., “The Influence of Hydraulic Gradient and Rate of Erosion on Hydraulic Conductivity of Sand-Bentonite Mixtures”, Soil and Sediment Contamination, 15: 481-496, 2006.
  • Tashiro, S., Fujiwara, A. ve Senoo, M., “Study on the Permeability of Engineered Barriers for the Enhancement of a Radioactive Waste Repository System”, Nuclear Technology, 121: 14-23, 1998.
  • Kaya, A., Durukan, S., Ören A.H. ve Yukselen Y., “Bentonit-Zeolit Karışımlarının Mühendislik Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi”, Teknik Dergi, 17: 3879-3892, 2006.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 258 Subtitle D, Criteria for Municipal Solid Waste Landfills”, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, New York, 2010.
  • T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı, http://www.mevzuat.adalet.gov.tr/html/20743.html, 2010.
Toplam 63 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm Makale
Yazarlar

Haluk Akgün

Mahir Ada Bu kişi benim

Mustafa Kerem Koçkar

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Temmuz 2016
Gönderilme Tarihi 20 Mart 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 27 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Akgün, H., Ada, M., & Koçkar, M. K. (2016). Yeraltı Nükleer Atık Haznelerinde Kullanılabilecek Sıkıştırılmış Kum Bentonit Karışımlarının Geoteknik Değerlendirmesi ve Bariyer Tasarımı. Teknik Dergi, 27(3), 7477-7496.
AMA Akgün H, Ada M, Koçkar MK. Yeraltı Nükleer Atık Haznelerinde Kullanılabilecek Sıkıştırılmış Kum Bentonit Karışımlarının Geoteknik Değerlendirmesi ve Bariyer Tasarımı. Teknik Dergi. Temmuz 2016;27(3):7477-7496.
Chicago Akgün, Haluk, Mahir Ada, ve Mustafa Kerem Koçkar. “Yeraltı Nükleer Atık Haznelerinde Kullanılabilecek Sıkıştırılmış Kum Bentonit Karışımlarının Geoteknik Değerlendirmesi Ve Bariyer Tasarımı”. Teknik Dergi 27, sy. 3 (Temmuz 2016): 7477-96.
EndNote Akgün H, Ada M, Koçkar MK (01 Temmuz 2016) Yeraltı Nükleer Atık Haznelerinde Kullanılabilecek Sıkıştırılmış Kum Bentonit Karışımlarının Geoteknik Değerlendirmesi ve Bariyer Tasarımı. Teknik Dergi 27 3 7477–7496.
IEEE H. Akgün, M. Ada, ve M. K. Koçkar, “Yeraltı Nükleer Atık Haznelerinde Kullanılabilecek Sıkıştırılmış Kum Bentonit Karışımlarının Geoteknik Değerlendirmesi ve Bariyer Tasarımı”, Teknik Dergi, c. 27, sy. 3, ss. 7477–7496, 2016.
ISNAD Akgün, Haluk vd. “Yeraltı Nükleer Atık Haznelerinde Kullanılabilecek Sıkıştırılmış Kum Bentonit Karışımlarının Geoteknik Değerlendirmesi Ve Bariyer Tasarımı”. Teknik Dergi 27/3 (Temmuz 2016), 7477-7496.
JAMA Akgün H, Ada M, Koçkar MK. Yeraltı Nükleer Atık Haznelerinde Kullanılabilecek Sıkıştırılmış Kum Bentonit Karışımlarının Geoteknik Değerlendirmesi ve Bariyer Tasarımı. Teknik Dergi. 2016;27:7477–7496.
MLA Akgün, Haluk vd. “Yeraltı Nükleer Atık Haznelerinde Kullanılabilecek Sıkıştırılmış Kum Bentonit Karışımlarının Geoteknik Değerlendirmesi Ve Bariyer Tasarımı”. Teknik Dergi, c. 27, sy. 3, 2016, ss. 7477-96.
Vancouver Akgün H, Ada M, Koçkar MK. Yeraltı Nükleer Atık Haznelerinde Kullanılabilecek Sıkıştırılmış Kum Bentonit Karışımlarının Geoteknik Değerlendirmesi ve Bariyer Tasarımı. Teknik Dergi. 2016;27(3):7477-96.