BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

The Iranian Branch of the Silkroad and the Prevention of the Sılk Trade by Iran

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 96 - 123, 13.04.2014
https://doi.org/10.7884/teke.272

Öz

History of studies on the Silkroad begins with Zhang Qian, a famous Chinese ambassador in the East, in the second half of the 2nd century BC in the East, and with Maes Titianus, a Greek trader in the West in the early years of the 1st century AD. In the Antiquity and Early Middle Ages, the Silkroad began to its journey from Antiochia in the West through the territories of Northern Mesopotamia and Iran and then the Western and Eastern Turkestan in Central Asia and finished in Chang’an and Loyang, the two capitals of China in the East. The course of this route through Iranian territory generally stayed closed during the times of the states founded in Iran, such as Parthians and Sasanians because they liked to getting more profits from the silk trade and other products. At the end, the Roman trade with the East through the Red Sea was prevented by the Sasanians towards 570s, and Justinus II, the Byzantine Emperor had to pass the route through the northern regions of the Aral Lake and the Black Sea, negotiating with the rulers of the 1st Turkic Kaganate.

Kaynakça

  • AKBULUT, D. A. (1984). Arap Fütuhatına Kadar Maveraünnehir ve Horasan’da Türkler (M.Ö. II – M.S. VII. yy.). Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Erzurum: Atatürk Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü.
  • AL-ANSARY, Abdul Rahman (1996) (edited by R. N. Frye). Arabia before Islam. HH, 1391
  • BIVAR, A. D. H. (1983). The Political History of Iran under the Arsacids. CHI, 3(1), 21-99.
  • BLOCKLEY, R. C. (1985). The History of Menander the Guardsman. Introductory Essay, Text, Translation and Historiographical Notes. ARCA: Francis Cairns.
  • BOSWORTH, C. E. (1983). Iran and the Arabs before Islam. CHI, 593-612.
  • BOURYAKOV, L. (2001). La Sogdiane et la Bactriane sur la route de la soie. La Bactriane au Carrefour des routes et des civilizations de l’Asie central, sous la direction de P. Leriche, C. Pidaev, M. Gelin, K. Abdoullaev, avec la collaboration de V. Fourniau, Maisonneuve & Larose, 303-311.
  • BOZKURT, N. (2000). İpek Yolu. DİA, 22, 369-373.
  • CHEGINI, N. N. (1996). Sasanian Iran – Economy, Society, Arts and Crafts. Part One. Political History, Economy and Society. HCCA, II, 35-53.
  • CHRISTIAN, D. (2000). Silk Roads or Steppe Roads? The Silk Roads in World History. Silk Road Studies IV, 67-94.
  • DE LA VAISSIÊRE, E. (2002). Histoire de Marchands Sogdiens. Bibliotheque de l’Institut des Hautes Etudes Chinoises, Collêge de France: Paris.
  • DODGEON, M. H., S. N. C. Lieu (1991) (Compiled and edited), The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (AD 226-363), Routledge: London and New York.
  • EILERS, W. (1983). Iran and Mesopotamia. CHI, 481-504.
  • FERGUSON, J. (1978). China and Rome. ANRW, 581-603.
  • FRANCK, I. M. and BROWNSTONE, D. M. (1984). To the Ends of the Earth. The Great Travel and Trade Routes of Human History. A Hudson Group Book, Facts On File Publications: New York.
  • FRANCK, I. M. and BROWNSTONE, D. M. (1986). The Silk Road: A History. Facts On File Publications: New York.
  • FRYE, R. N. (1983). The Political History of Iran under the Sasanians. CHI, 116-180.
  • FRYE, R. N. (1984). The History of Ancient Iran. C. H. Beck’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung: München.
  • FRYE, R. N. (1996). The rise of the Kushan Empire. HH, 456-460.
  • FRYE, R. N. (2002). The Merchand World of the Sogdians. Nomads, Traders and Holy Men along China’s Silk Road. Papers presented at a symposium held at The Asia Society in New York, November 9-10, 2001. Edited by A. L. Juliano and J. A. Lerner, Silk Road Studies VII, Brepols, 71-74.
  • FRYE, R. N. (2009). Antik Çağlardan Türklerin Yayılmasına Orta Asya Mirası. Çeviri: F. Tayanç – T. Tayanç, arkadaş Yayınevi: Ankara.
  • GARSOIAN, N. (1983). Byzantium and Sasanians. CHI, 568-592.
  • GHIRSHMAN, R. (1976). La “Porte Noire” de Besançon et la prise de Ctésiphon. ANRW, 2152
  • GIGNOUX, Ph. (1996). The Sasanian Empire. HH, 132-136.
  • GOUBERT, P. (1951). Byzance avant l’Islam. Tome Premiere. Byzance et L’Orient sous les successeurs de Justinien. L’Empereur Maurice. Editions A. et J. Picard: Paris.
  • GREATREX, G. – LIEU, S. N. C. (2002). (Edited and compiled). The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars. Part II. AD 363-630, A narrative sourcebook. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group: London and New York.
  • HARMATTA, J. (1994a). Introduction. HCCA, II, 19-21.
  • HARMATTA, J. (1994b). Conclusion. HCCA, II, 485-492.
  • HAUSSIG, H. W. (2001). İpek Yolu ve Orta Asya Kültür Tarihi. çev. M. Kayayerli, Ötüken: İstanbul.
  • HERRMANN, A. (1910). Die alten Seidenstraßen zwischen China und Syrien. Beiträge zur alten Geographie Asiens, I. Abteilung. Quellen und Forschungen zur alten Geschichte und Geographie, Hrsg. von W. Sieglin, Heft 21, Weidmannsche Buchhandlung: Berlin. HERRMANN, A. (1935). Historical and Commercial Atlas of China. Harvard-Yenching Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, Otto Harrassowitz: Leipzig.
  • HEYD, W. (2000). Yakın-Doğu Ticaret Tarihi. Türkçeye çeviren: E. Z. Karal, 2. Baskı, AKDTYK, TTK Yayınları: Ankara.
  • HIRTH, F. (1975). China and the Roman Orient. Researches into their Ancient and Medieval Relations as represented in Old Chinese Records. Ares Publishers Inc.: Chicago.
  • ISIDORE OF CHARAX. Parthian Stations (http://www.parthia.com /doc/parthian_stations.htm) KAZHDAN, A. P. (ed.) (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Prepared at Dumbarton Oaks, Vol. 2, Oxford University Press: New York.
  • KOLB, C. C. (1983). A Red Slipped “Pseudo-Arretine” Ceramic from South Central Asia. East and West, 33 / 1-4, 57-103.
  • KOSHELENKO, G. A. ve PILIPKO, V. N. (1994). Parthia. HCCA, II, 131-150.
  • KYRIAKIDIS, S. (2011). Warfare in the Late Byzantium, 1204-1453. Brill: Leiden.
  • LIEU, S. (2000). Byzantium, Persia and China: Interstate Relations on the Eve of the Islamic Conquest. Silk Road Studies IV, 47-65.
  • LANG, D. M. (1983). Iran, Armenia and Georgia. CHI, 505-536.
  • LESLIE, D. D. and GARDINER, K. H. J. (1996). The Roman Empire in Chinese Sources. Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, “Studi Orientali”, Bardi Editore: Roma.
  • LITVINSKY, B. A. vd. (1994). The Rise of Sasanian Iran. HCCA, II, 473-484.
  • LITVINSKY, B. A. ve Zhang Guang-da (1996a). Historical Introduction. HCCA, III, 19-34.
  • LITVINSKY, B. A. ve Zhang Guang-da (1996b). Central Asia, the Crossroads of Civilizations. HCCA, III, 473-490.
  • LOPEZ, R. S. (1945). Silk Industry in the Byzantine Empire. Speculum, 20, No. 1, Jan., 1-42.
  • MAKSIMOVIĆ, L. (1988). The Byzantine Provincial Administration under the Palaiologoi. Adolf M. Hakkert-Publisher: Amsterdam.
  • MANGALTEPE, İ. (2009). (Menandros ve T. Simokattes) Bizans Kaynaklarında Türkler. Doğu Kütüphanesi: İstanbul.
  • MANIATIS, G. C. (1999). Market Structure, and Modus Operandi of the Private Silk Industry in Tenth Century Byzantium. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 53, 263-332.
  • MARŞAK, B. İ. (2002). Türkler ve Soğdlular (Çeviren: A. Aleskerov). Türkler, 2, 170-178.
  • MESUDÎ. (2011). Murûc ez-Zeheb (Altın Bozkırlar). Arapçadan Çeviri ve Notlar: D. A. Batur, Genişletilmiş 2. Baskı, İstanbul: Selenge Yayınları.
  • MUKHAMEDJANOV, A. R. (1994). Economy and social system in Central Asia in the Kushan Age. HCCA, II, 265-290.
  • MUKHERJEE, B. N. (1992). The Stathmoi Parthikoi and the Greek Culture in Arachosia. Yavanika. Journal of the Indian Society for Greek and Roman Studies, 2, 58-60.
  • NEELIS, J. E. (2001). Long-distance Trade and the Transmission of Buddhism through Northern Pakistan. Primarily based on Kharosthi and Brahmi Inscriptions. University of Washington, D. Ph. Thesis.
  • NICHOLSON, R. A. (1995). Literary History of the Arabs. Curzon Press Ltd.
  • PIGULEVSKAYA, N. V. (1946). Vizantiya i İran na Rubeje VI i VII vekov. AN Soyuza SSR, İnstitut Vostokovedeniya, İzd-vo AN SSSR: Moskva-Leningrad.
  • PİGULEVSKAYA, N. V. (1947). Vizantiyskaya diplomatiya i torgovlya şelkom v V-VII vv. Vizantiyskiy Vremennik, I (XXVI), 184-214.
  • PIGULEWSKAJA, N. (1969). Byzanz auf den Wegen nach Indien. Aus der Geschichte des byzantinischen Handels mit dem Orient vom 4. bis 6. Jahrhundert. Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Institut für griechisch-römische Altertumskunde, Berliner byzantinistische Arbeiten Bd. 36, Akademie-Verlag. Berlin, Adolf M. Hakkert: Amsterdam.
  • POHL, W. (1988). Die Awaren. Ein Steppenvolk in Mitteleuropa 567-822 n. Chr. Verlag C.H. Beck: München.
  • PROCOPIUS. (1962). History of Wars, Books VII (continued) and VIII, with an English translation by H. B. Dewing. William Heinemann Ltd: Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  • PURI, B. N. (1994). The Kushans. HCCA, II, 247-264.
  • RASCHKE, M. G. (1978). New Studies in Roman Commerce with the East. ANRW, 604-1363. RETSÖ, J. (2003). The Arabs in antiquity: their history from the Assyrians to the Umayyads. Routledge Curzon.
  • ROSTOVTZEFF, M. (1932). Caravan Cities. Translated by T. T. Rice, At the Clarendon Press: Oxford.
  • RTVELADZE, E. (1999). Velikiy Şelkovıy Put’. Entsiklopediçeskiy Spravoçnik. Drevnost’ i rannee srednevekov’e. Gosudarstvennoe nauçnoe izdatel’stvo “Uzbekiston milliy éntsiklopediyasi”: Taşkent.
  • RUFFING, K. (2002). Wege in den Osten. Römischen Süd- und Osthandels (1. Bis 2. Jahrhundert n. Chr.). Stuttgarter Kolloquium zur historischen Geographie des Altertums. 7, 1999. Zu Wasser und zu Land. Verkehrswege in der Antiken Welt, Herausgegeben von E. Olshausen und H. Sonnabend, Geographica Historica, 17, Franz Steiner Verlag GmbH: Stuttgart, 369-378.
  • SINOR, D. (1990). [Kök] Türk İmparatorluğunun Kuruluş ve Yıkılışı (Çeviren: T. Tekin). Erken İç Asya Tarihi. Derleyen: D. Sinor, İletişim, 383-424.
  • SINOR, D. (1996). The Türk Empire. Part One. The First Türk Empire (553-682). HCCA, III, 327-3
  • STAVISKY, B. Ya. (2002). The Silk Road and its Importance in the History. The Turks. Ed. H. C. Güzel, C. Cem Oğuz, O. Karatay, I: Ankara, 763-773 (Türkçe terc.: İpek Yolu ve İnsanlık Tarihindeki Önemi, çev. M. Tezcan. Türkler. ed. H. C. Güzel vd., 3, 222-242).
  • TAŞAĞIL, A. (2002). Göktürkler. Türkler, 2, 15-48.
  • TAŞAĞIL, A. (2012). Gök-Türkler I-II-III. AKDTYK TTK Yayınları, TTK: Ankara.
  • TEZCAN, M. (2002). İpek Yolu ve XIV. Yüzyıla Kadar İpek Yolu Ticaretinde Trabzon’un Yeri. Trabzon ve Çevresi Uluslararası Tarih-Dil-Edebiyat Sempozyumu Bildirileri 3-5 Mayıs 2001, I. Cilt. Tarih, Yayına Hazırlayanlar: Prof. Dr. Mithat Kerim ARSLAN – Yard. Doç.Dr. Hikmet ÖKSÜZ, T.C. Trabzon Valiliği İl Kültür Müdürlüğü Yayınları: 12, 71-90.
  • TEZCAN, M. (2004). The Iranian-Georgian Branch of the Silk Road in I-IV Centuries. 1st International Silk Road Symposium 25-27 June 2003 Tbilisi / Georgia: İzmir, 208-217. TEZCAN, M. (2006). VII. Yüzyıl Başlarında Doğu Roma - Sasani İlişkileri ve Mardin’in Sasanilerce Zaptı (607). I. Uluslararası Mardin Tarihi Sempozyumu Bildirileri, 26-2728 Mayıs 2006. Editör: İ. Özcoşar - H. H. Güneş: İstanbul, 151-168.
  • TEZCAN, M. (2007). Eskiçağ’da Roma İmparatorluğu’nun Karadeniz Bölgesi Vasıtasıyla Hindistan ve Çin ile Ticareti. Karadeniz Tarihi Sempozyumu, 25-26 Mayıs 2005, I. Cilt: Başlangıçtan 20. Yüzyıla. Yayına Hazırlayanlar: Kenan İnan vd., Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Yay.: Trabzon, 3-36.
  • TEZCAN, M. (2009). Türk-Moğol Hakimiyeti Döneminde Karadeniz’de Ticaret. TİD, XXIV / 1, Temmuz, 151-194.
  • VİZANTİYSKİE İSTORİKİ. (2008). Vizantiyskie istoriki. Deksipp, Evnapiy, Olimpiodor, Malh, Petr Patyritsiy, Menandr, Kandid, Nonnos i Feofan Vizantiets. Privedennıe s Greçeskogo Spiridonom Destunisom. Primeçaniya Gavriila Destunisa. İjdiveniem Duhovnogo Vedomstva.
  • WARMINGTON, E. H. (1974). The Commerce between the Roman Empire and India. Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., Second edition, revised and enlarged: Delhi.
  • WATSON, W. (1983). Iran and China. CHI, 537-558.
  • WIESEHÖFER, J. (1999) Das frühe Persien. Geschichte eines antiken Weltreichs, C.H. Beck.
  • WOLSKI, J. (1976). Iran und Rom. Versuch einer historischen Wertung der gegenseitigen Beziehungen. ANRW, 195-214.
  • XINRU, L. (1988). Ancient India and Ancient China. Trade and Religious Exchanges AD 1600. Oxford University Press: Delhi.
  • XINRU, L. (1998). The Silk Road. Overland Trade and Cultural Interactions in Eurasia. With a Foreword by Michael Adas, Series Editor, Essays on Global and Comparative History, American Historical Association: Washington, D.C.

İpek Yolu’nun İran Güzergâhı ve İpek Yolu Ticaretine İran Engellemesi

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 96 - 123, 13.04.2014
https://doi.org/10.7884/teke.272

Öz

İpek Yolu’nun araştırılma tarihi, Doğuda M.Ö. II. yy.ın ikinci yarısında Çin elçisi Zhang Qian ile, Batıda ise M.S. I. yy. başlarında Grek tüccarı Maes Titianus ile başlatılmaktadır. Antik dönemde ve Ortaçağ başlarında, Batıdan Doğuya karayoluyla Antakya bölgesinden başlayarak Kuzey Mezopotamya ve İran içerisinden geçmek zorunda olan İpek Yolu güzergâhı, daha sonra Batı ve Doğu Türkistan bölgelerinden geçmek suretiyle Çin başkentleri Chang’an ve Loyang’a kadar uzanmaktaydı. Fakat İran’da kurulan devletlerin, ipekten ve bu yoldan geçen ticaretten daha fazla kâr etme arzuları sebebiyle İran güzergâhı Parthlar ve Sasaniler döneminde genellikle kapalı kalmıştır. Roma döneminden beri Kızıl Deniz aracılığıyla Doğu ile yapılan deniz ticareti de 570 tarihlerinde Sasaniler tarafından engellenince, Bizans Devleti, Orta Asya’da yeni kurulan Türk Kağanlığı ile anlaşma yaparak bu güzergâhı Karadeniz üzerinden geçirmek zorunda kalmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • AKBULUT, D. A. (1984). Arap Fütuhatına Kadar Maveraünnehir ve Horasan’da Türkler (M.Ö. II – M.S. VII. yy.). Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Erzurum: Atatürk Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü.
  • AL-ANSARY, Abdul Rahman (1996) (edited by R. N. Frye). Arabia before Islam. HH, 1391
  • BIVAR, A. D. H. (1983). The Political History of Iran under the Arsacids. CHI, 3(1), 21-99.
  • BLOCKLEY, R. C. (1985). The History of Menander the Guardsman. Introductory Essay, Text, Translation and Historiographical Notes. ARCA: Francis Cairns.
  • BOSWORTH, C. E. (1983). Iran and the Arabs before Islam. CHI, 593-612.
  • BOURYAKOV, L. (2001). La Sogdiane et la Bactriane sur la route de la soie. La Bactriane au Carrefour des routes et des civilizations de l’Asie central, sous la direction de P. Leriche, C. Pidaev, M. Gelin, K. Abdoullaev, avec la collaboration de V. Fourniau, Maisonneuve & Larose, 303-311.
  • BOZKURT, N. (2000). İpek Yolu. DİA, 22, 369-373.
  • CHEGINI, N. N. (1996). Sasanian Iran – Economy, Society, Arts and Crafts. Part One. Political History, Economy and Society. HCCA, II, 35-53.
  • CHRISTIAN, D. (2000). Silk Roads or Steppe Roads? The Silk Roads in World History. Silk Road Studies IV, 67-94.
  • DE LA VAISSIÊRE, E. (2002). Histoire de Marchands Sogdiens. Bibliotheque de l’Institut des Hautes Etudes Chinoises, Collêge de France: Paris.
  • DODGEON, M. H., S. N. C. Lieu (1991) (Compiled and edited), The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (AD 226-363), Routledge: London and New York.
  • EILERS, W. (1983). Iran and Mesopotamia. CHI, 481-504.
  • FERGUSON, J. (1978). China and Rome. ANRW, 581-603.
  • FRANCK, I. M. and BROWNSTONE, D. M. (1984). To the Ends of the Earth. The Great Travel and Trade Routes of Human History. A Hudson Group Book, Facts On File Publications: New York.
  • FRANCK, I. M. and BROWNSTONE, D. M. (1986). The Silk Road: A History. Facts On File Publications: New York.
  • FRYE, R. N. (1983). The Political History of Iran under the Sasanians. CHI, 116-180.
  • FRYE, R. N. (1984). The History of Ancient Iran. C. H. Beck’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung: München.
  • FRYE, R. N. (1996). The rise of the Kushan Empire. HH, 456-460.
  • FRYE, R. N. (2002). The Merchand World of the Sogdians. Nomads, Traders and Holy Men along China’s Silk Road. Papers presented at a symposium held at The Asia Society in New York, November 9-10, 2001. Edited by A. L. Juliano and J. A. Lerner, Silk Road Studies VII, Brepols, 71-74.
  • FRYE, R. N. (2009). Antik Çağlardan Türklerin Yayılmasına Orta Asya Mirası. Çeviri: F. Tayanç – T. Tayanç, arkadaş Yayınevi: Ankara.
  • GARSOIAN, N. (1983). Byzantium and Sasanians. CHI, 568-592.
  • GHIRSHMAN, R. (1976). La “Porte Noire” de Besançon et la prise de Ctésiphon. ANRW, 2152
  • GIGNOUX, Ph. (1996). The Sasanian Empire. HH, 132-136.
  • GOUBERT, P. (1951). Byzance avant l’Islam. Tome Premiere. Byzance et L’Orient sous les successeurs de Justinien. L’Empereur Maurice. Editions A. et J. Picard: Paris.
  • GREATREX, G. – LIEU, S. N. C. (2002). (Edited and compiled). The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars. Part II. AD 363-630, A narrative sourcebook. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group: London and New York.
  • HARMATTA, J. (1994a). Introduction. HCCA, II, 19-21.
  • HARMATTA, J. (1994b). Conclusion. HCCA, II, 485-492.
  • HAUSSIG, H. W. (2001). İpek Yolu ve Orta Asya Kültür Tarihi. çev. M. Kayayerli, Ötüken: İstanbul.
  • HERRMANN, A. (1910). Die alten Seidenstraßen zwischen China und Syrien. Beiträge zur alten Geographie Asiens, I. Abteilung. Quellen und Forschungen zur alten Geschichte und Geographie, Hrsg. von W. Sieglin, Heft 21, Weidmannsche Buchhandlung: Berlin. HERRMANN, A. (1935). Historical and Commercial Atlas of China. Harvard-Yenching Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, Otto Harrassowitz: Leipzig.
  • HEYD, W. (2000). Yakın-Doğu Ticaret Tarihi. Türkçeye çeviren: E. Z. Karal, 2. Baskı, AKDTYK, TTK Yayınları: Ankara.
  • HIRTH, F. (1975). China and the Roman Orient. Researches into their Ancient and Medieval Relations as represented in Old Chinese Records. Ares Publishers Inc.: Chicago.
  • ISIDORE OF CHARAX. Parthian Stations (http://www.parthia.com /doc/parthian_stations.htm) KAZHDAN, A. P. (ed.) (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Prepared at Dumbarton Oaks, Vol. 2, Oxford University Press: New York.
  • KOLB, C. C. (1983). A Red Slipped “Pseudo-Arretine” Ceramic from South Central Asia. East and West, 33 / 1-4, 57-103.
  • KOSHELENKO, G. A. ve PILIPKO, V. N. (1994). Parthia. HCCA, II, 131-150.
  • KYRIAKIDIS, S. (2011). Warfare in the Late Byzantium, 1204-1453. Brill: Leiden.
  • LIEU, S. (2000). Byzantium, Persia and China: Interstate Relations on the Eve of the Islamic Conquest. Silk Road Studies IV, 47-65.
  • LANG, D. M. (1983). Iran, Armenia and Georgia. CHI, 505-536.
  • LESLIE, D. D. and GARDINER, K. H. J. (1996). The Roman Empire in Chinese Sources. Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, “Studi Orientali”, Bardi Editore: Roma.
  • LITVINSKY, B. A. vd. (1994). The Rise of Sasanian Iran. HCCA, II, 473-484.
  • LITVINSKY, B. A. ve Zhang Guang-da (1996a). Historical Introduction. HCCA, III, 19-34.
  • LITVINSKY, B. A. ve Zhang Guang-da (1996b). Central Asia, the Crossroads of Civilizations. HCCA, III, 473-490.
  • LOPEZ, R. S. (1945). Silk Industry in the Byzantine Empire. Speculum, 20, No. 1, Jan., 1-42.
  • MAKSIMOVIĆ, L. (1988). The Byzantine Provincial Administration under the Palaiologoi. Adolf M. Hakkert-Publisher: Amsterdam.
  • MANGALTEPE, İ. (2009). (Menandros ve T. Simokattes) Bizans Kaynaklarında Türkler. Doğu Kütüphanesi: İstanbul.
  • MANIATIS, G. C. (1999). Market Structure, and Modus Operandi of the Private Silk Industry in Tenth Century Byzantium. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 53, 263-332.
  • MARŞAK, B. İ. (2002). Türkler ve Soğdlular (Çeviren: A. Aleskerov). Türkler, 2, 170-178.
  • MESUDÎ. (2011). Murûc ez-Zeheb (Altın Bozkırlar). Arapçadan Çeviri ve Notlar: D. A. Batur, Genişletilmiş 2. Baskı, İstanbul: Selenge Yayınları.
  • MUKHAMEDJANOV, A. R. (1994). Economy and social system in Central Asia in the Kushan Age. HCCA, II, 265-290.
  • MUKHERJEE, B. N. (1992). The Stathmoi Parthikoi and the Greek Culture in Arachosia. Yavanika. Journal of the Indian Society for Greek and Roman Studies, 2, 58-60.
  • NEELIS, J. E. (2001). Long-distance Trade and the Transmission of Buddhism through Northern Pakistan. Primarily based on Kharosthi and Brahmi Inscriptions. University of Washington, D. Ph. Thesis.
  • NICHOLSON, R. A. (1995). Literary History of the Arabs. Curzon Press Ltd.
  • PIGULEVSKAYA, N. V. (1946). Vizantiya i İran na Rubeje VI i VII vekov. AN Soyuza SSR, İnstitut Vostokovedeniya, İzd-vo AN SSSR: Moskva-Leningrad.
  • PİGULEVSKAYA, N. V. (1947). Vizantiyskaya diplomatiya i torgovlya şelkom v V-VII vv. Vizantiyskiy Vremennik, I (XXVI), 184-214.
  • PIGULEWSKAJA, N. (1969). Byzanz auf den Wegen nach Indien. Aus der Geschichte des byzantinischen Handels mit dem Orient vom 4. bis 6. Jahrhundert. Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Institut für griechisch-römische Altertumskunde, Berliner byzantinistische Arbeiten Bd. 36, Akademie-Verlag. Berlin, Adolf M. Hakkert: Amsterdam.
  • POHL, W. (1988). Die Awaren. Ein Steppenvolk in Mitteleuropa 567-822 n. Chr. Verlag C.H. Beck: München.
  • PROCOPIUS. (1962). History of Wars, Books VII (continued) and VIII, with an English translation by H. B. Dewing. William Heinemann Ltd: Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  • PURI, B. N. (1994). The Kushans. HCCA, II, 247-264.
  • RASCHKE, M. G. (1978). New Studies in Roman Commerce with the East. ANRW, 604-1363. RETSÖ, J. (2003). The Arabs in antiquity: their history from the Assyrians to the Umayyads. Routledge Curzon.
  • ROSTOVTZEFF, M. (1932). Caravan Cities. Translated by T. T. Rice, At the Clarendon Press: Oxford.
  • RTVELADZE, E. (1999). Velikiy Şelkovıy Put’. Entsiklopediçeskiy Spravoçnik. Drevnost’ i rannee srednevekov’e. Gosudarstvennoe nauçnoe izdatel’stvo “Uzbekiston milliy éntsiklopediyasi”: Taşkent.
  • RUFFING, K. (2002). Wege in den Osten. Römischen Süd- und Osthandels (1. Bis 2. Jahrhundert n. Chr.). Stuttgarter Kolloquium zur historischen Geographie des Altertums. 7, 1999. Zu Wasser und zu Land. Verkehrswege in der Antiken Welt, Herausgegeben von E. Olshausen und H. Sonnabend, Geographica Historica, 17, Franz Steiner Verlag GmbH: Stuttgart, 369-378.
  • SINOR, D. (1990). [Kök] Türk İmparatorluğunun Kuruluş ve Yıkılışı (Çeviren: T. Tekin). Erken İç Asya Tarihi. Derleyen: D. Sinor, İletişim, 383-424.
  • SINOR, D. (1996). The Türk Empire. Part One. The First Türk Empire (553-682). HCCA, III, 327-3
  • STAVISKY, B. Ya. (2002). The Silk Road and its Importance in the History. The Turks. Ed. H. C. Güzel, C. Cem Oğuz, O. Karatay, I: Ankara, 763-773 (Türkçe terc.: İpek Yolu ve İnsanlık Tarihindeki Önemi, çev. M. Tezcan. Türkler. ed. H. C. Güzel vd., 3, 222-242).
  • TAŞAĞIL, A. (2002). Göktürkler. Türkler, 2, 15-48.
  • TAŞAĞIL, A. (2012). Gök-Türkler I-II-III. AKDTYK TTK Yayınları, TTK: Ankara.
  • TEZCAN, M. (2002). İpek Yolu ve XIV. Yüzyıla Kadar İpek Yolu Ticaretinde Trabzon’un Yeri. Trabzon ve Çevresi Uluslararası Tarih-Dil-Edebiyat Sempozyumu Bildirileri 3-5 Mayıs 2001, I. Cilt. Tarih, Yayına Hazırlayanlar: Prof. Dr. Mithat Kerim ARSLAN – Yard. Doç.Dr. Hikmet ÖKSÜZ, T.C. Trabzon Valiliği İl Kültür Müdürlüğü Yayınları: 12, 71-90.
  • TEZCAN, M. (2004). The Iranian-Georgian Branch of the Silk Road in I-IV Centuries. 1st International Silk Road Symposium 25-27 June 2003 Tbilisi / Georgia: İzmir, 208-217. TEZCAN, M. (2006). VII. Yüzyıl Başlarında Doğu Roma - Sasani İlişkileri ve Mardin’in Sasanilerce Zaptı (607). I. Uluslararası Mardin Tarihi Sempozyumu Bildirileri, 26-2728 Mayıs 2006. Editör: İ. Özcoşar - H. H. Güneş: İstanbul, 151-168.
  • TEZCAN, M. (2007). Eskiçağ’da Roma İmparatorluğu’nun Karadeniz Bölgesi Vasıtasıyla Hindistan ve Çin ile Ticareti. Karadeniz Tarihi Sempozyumu, 25-26 Mayıs 2005, I. Cilt: Başlangıçtan 20. Yüzyıla. Yayına Hazırlayanlar: Kenan İnan vd., Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Yay.: Trabzon, 3-36.
  • TEZCAN, M. (2009). Türk-Moğol Hakimiyeti Döneminde Karadeniz’de Ticaret. TİD, XXIV / 1, Temmuz, 151-194.
  • VİZANTİYSKİE İSTORİKİ. (2008). Vizantiyskie istoriki. Deksipp, Evnapiy, Olimpiodor, Malh, Petr Patyritsiy, Menandr, Kandid, Nonnos i Feofan Vizantiets. Privedennıe s Greçeskogo Spiridonom Destunisom. Primeçaniya Gavriila Destunisa. İjdiveniem Duhovnogo Vedomstva.
  • WARMINGTON, E. H. (1974). The Commerce between the Roman Empire and India. Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., Second edition, revised and enlarged: Delhi.
  • WATSON, W. (1983). Iran and China. CHI, 537-558.
  • WIESEHÖFER, J. (1999) Das frühe Persien. Geschichte eines antiken Weltreichs, C.H. Beck.
  • WOLSKI, J. (1976). Iran und Rom. Versuch einer historischen Wertung der gegenseitigen Beziehungen. ANRW, 195-214.
  • XINRU, L. (1988). Ancient India and Ancient China. Trade and Religious Exchanges AD 1600. Oxford University Press: Delhi.
  • XINRU, L. (1998). The Silk Road. Overland Trade and Cultural Interactions in Eurasia. With a Foreword by Michael Adas, Series Editor, Essays on Global and Comparative History, American Historical Association: Washington, D.C.
Toplam 77 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Mehmet Tezcan Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 13 Nisan 2014
Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Nisan 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Tezcan, M. (2014). İpek Yolu’nun İran Güzergâhı ve İpek Yolu Ticaretine İran Engellemesi. Uluslararası Türkçe Edebiyat Kültür Eğitim (TEKE) Dergisi, 3(1), 96-123. https://doi.org/10.7884/teke.272

27712  27714 27715