UV Korumada Ekolojik Çözümler

Öz

İnsanlar, bitkiler ve hayvanlar için yaşam kaynağı olan güneş, farklı dalga boylarında ışınlar yaymakta-dır. Farklı dalga boyundaki bu ışınlardan bir bölümü UV ışını olarak adlandırılmakta ve bu ışının dozunun yük-selmesi ile insanlarda alerjiler, güneş yanıkları, cilt yaşlanması ve hatta cilt kanseri gibi olumsuz etkiler görül-mektedir. Tekstil ürünleri bu etkileri önlemek için kullanılabilmektedir. Tekstil materyallerine çeşitli kimyasal maddeler uygulanarak UV koruyucu özellik kazandırılabilmektedir. Kimyasalların neden oldukları potansiyel sorunlar (ekolojik sorunlar) nedeniyle bu ürünlere çeşitli alternatifler araştırılmaktadır. Doğal boyalar, tekstil materyallerine UV koruyucu özelliği çevreye ve insan sağlığına zarar vermeden kazandırabilmektedir. Doğal boyaların tekstil ürünlerine kazandırdığı UV koruma özelliği hakkında yapılmış birçok çalışma bulunmaktadır. Bu derleme makalede doğal boyaların tekstil ürünlerine sağladığı UV koruyuculuk hakkında detaylı bilgiler verilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• UV koruma, ekoloji, doğal boya, tekstil, mordan

ECOLOGIC SOLUTIONS FOR UV PROTECTION

Öz

Sun, which is a life source for humans, plants and animals, radiates rays with different wavelengths. A part of these rays are referred to UV rays, and high dosage of these rays can result in many negative effects on humans such as allergies, sunburns, skin aging and even skin cancer. Textile products can be used to prevent these negative effects. Various chemical agents can be applied to textile materials to impart UV protection. Various alternatives have been investigated instead of these chemicals due to their potential problems such as their environmental issues. Natural dyes can impart UV protection properties to textile materials without giving damage to environment and human health. In the literature, there are many studies in respect of UV protection properties of textile materials treated with natural dyes. In this review, detailed information about UV protection of textile materials provided by the natural dyes is given

Anahtar Kelimeler

• UV protection, ecology, natural dye, textile, mordant

Kaynakça

1. Akaydın, M., (2010), Research of UV Permeability Properties of Basic Weft Knitted Structures, Scientific Research and Essays, 5(16), 2169–2178.
2. Karaduman, A., Solar Radyasyon ve Deri Üzerine Etkileri, http://saglik.tr.net/genel_saglik_solar_radyasyon.shtml, Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 2013.
3. Solar Radyasyon ve Deri Üzerine Etkileri, http://www. bilgiara.com/bilgi/tstsr-solar-radyasyon-ve-deri-ustune- etkileri/, Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 2013.
4. http://www.webhatti.com/saglik/603676-solar-radyasyon- ve-deri-uzerine-etkileri.html, Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 2013.
5. http://www.saglikhaftasi.com/solar-radyasyon-cilt-uzerine- etkileri.htm, Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 2013.
6. Ekici, M., Acar, Y., UVB Radyasyon ve Etkileri, http://www. dmi.gov.tr/2006/arastirma/files/uvradetki.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 2013.
7. Yıldırım, Ş., (2006), Mayoluk Kumaşlarda UV-Absorblayıcıla- rının UV Geçirgenliğine, Koruma Faktörüne, Hava Geçirgenliğine, Isı Geçirgenliğine ve Diğer Kumaş Özelliklerine Etkileri, Marmara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Tekstil Eğitimi Anabilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul.
8. Kayan, S., (2005), UV Absorblayıcı Maddelerin Tekstil Materyallerinde Kullanımı, Marmara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Tekstil Eğitimi Anabilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul.

9. Akaydın, M., Kurban, M., Kurban , N., (2009), Atkılı Örme Kumaşlarda UV Işınlarının Geçirgenliğinin Azaltılmasına Yönelik Araştırmalar, UİB Tekstil ve Konfeksiyon Sektö- ründe AR-GE Proje Pazarı, 11-18, 19 Şubat 2009, Bursa.
10. Menter, M. J., Hatch, L. K., (2003), Clothing as Solar Radiation Protection, Curr Probl Dermatol, 31, 50–63.
11. Vanicek, K., Frei, T., Litynska, Z., Schmalwieser, A., UV- Index for The Public, A Guide for Publication and Interpretation of Solar UV Index Forecast for The Public Prepared by The Working Group 4 of the COST-713 Action “UVB Forecasting”, http://www.uv-index.ch/images/ Leitfaden_COST-713.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 2013.
12. Karahan, A., Demir, A., Özdoğan, E., Öktem, T., Seventekin, N., (2007), Tekstil Malzemelerinin Yüzey Modifikasyonlarında Kullanılan Bazı Yöntemler, Tekstil ve Konfeksiyon, 4, 248–255.
13. Stankoviç, S. B., Popovic, D., Poparic, G.B., Bizjak, M., (2009), Ultraviolet Protection Factor of Gray-state Plain Cotton knitted fabrics, Textile Research Journal, 79(11), 1034-4042.
14. Lademan, J., Fluhr, J. W., (2011), Characterization of Sunscreens: Determination of the SPF, Practical Aspects of Cosmetic Testing, 187-195.
15. Algaba, I., Riva, A., (2002), In Vitro Measurements of The Ultraviolet Protection Factor of Apparel Textiles, Coloration Technology, 118(2), 52–58.
16. Yüksel, S., Ultraviyole Dezenfeksiyon Sistemi ve UV Lambaları, http://www.turkchemonline.com/Haber/ Ultraviyole-Dezenfeksiyon-Sistemi-ve-UV-Lambalari.html, Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 2013.
17. What are UV Rays?, http://bananaboat.com.au/sunfacts/uv- rays/, Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 2013.
18. Gambichler, T., Hatch, K.L., Avermaete, A.,, Altmeyer, P., Hoffman, K., (2001), Influence of Wetness on The Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF) of Textiles: In Vitro andI n Vivo Measurements, Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed, 18, 29–35.
19. What You Need To Know About Clothing, http://www.s kincancer.org/sun-protective-clothing.html, Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 2013.
20. Saravanan, D., (2007), UV Protection Textile Materials, AUTEX Research Journal, 7(1), 53–62.
21. Merdan, N., Acar, K., (2009), Tekstilde UV Absorban Madde Uygulamaları, İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 16, 1–12.
22. Riva, A., Algaba, I., Pepió, M., (2007), Action of a Finishing Product in The Improvement of The Ultraviolet Protection Provided by Modal and Modal Sun Fabrics: Modelisation of The Effect, Fibers and Polymers, 8(2), 205–211.
23. Sun-ProtectiveClothing, http://www.sunsmart.com.au/ downloads/resources/info_sheets/Sun_protective_clothing_i nfo_sheet.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 2013.
24. Grifoni, D., Bacci, L., Zipoli, G., Albanese, L., Sabatini, F., (2011), The Role of Natural Dyes in the UV Protection of Fabrics Made of Vegetable Fibres, Dyes and Pigments, 91, 279-285.
25. Abdel-Wahab, B.F., Gaffer, H.E., Fouda, M.M.G., Osman, E.M., Fahmy, H.M., (2009), Synthesis of Some New 2- [(2,3-dihydroinden–1-ylidene)hydrazinyl1]-4- Methylthiazole Derivatives for Simultaneous Dyeing and Finishing for UV Protective Cotton Fabrics, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 112, 221-228.
26. Tragoonwichian, S., O’Rear, E.A., Yanumet, N., (2008), Broad Ultraviolet Protection by Copolymerization of 2-[3- (2H-Benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]ethyl methacrylate and 2-Hydroxy-4-acryloyloxybenzophenone on Cotton via Admicellar Polymerization, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 108, 4004–4013.
27. Das, R.B., (2010), UV Radiation Protective Clothing, The Open Textile Journal, 3, 14–21.
28. Han, K., Yu, M., (2006), Study of The Preparation and Properties of UV-Blocking fabrics of a PET/TiO2 Nanocomposite Prepared by In situ Polycondensation, Journal of Applied Poymer Science, 100, 1588–1593.
29. Textiles Protection Against Ultraviolet Radiation, http://www.indiantextilejournal.com/articles/FAdetails.asp?i d=2837, Erişim Tarihi: Mart 2013.
30. Karadağ, R., (2007), Doğal Boyamacılık, T.C. Kültür Bakanlığı Turizm Bakanlığı Döner Sermaye İşletmesi Merkez Müdürlüğü: Geleneksel El Sanatları ve Mağazalar İşletme Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
31. Akan, M., (2007), Uygun Renk,Işık ve Sürtünme Haslığı Değerlerine Sahip Boyalarla Boyanmış İlmelik Yün Halı İpliklerinde En Az Kopma Mukavemeti Kaybına Yönelik Boyama Yönteminin Geliştirilmesi, Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ev Ekonomisi (El Sanatları) Anabilim Dalı, Ankara.
32. Alam, M.M., Rahman, M.L., Haque, M.Z., (2007),
33. Kim, S.-H., (2006), Dyeing Characteristics and UV
34. Extraction of Henna Leaf Dye and Its Dyeing Effects on
35. Textile, Bangladesh J.Sci.Ind.Res., 42(2), 217-222.
36. Gupta, D., (2007), Protective Properties of Textiles Dyed With Natural Dyes, Woodhead Publishing Limited.
37. Hustvedt, G., Crews, P.C., (2005), The Ultraviolet Protection Factor of Naturally-pigmented Cotton, J. Cotton Sci. 9, 47–55.
38. Zhou, L., Shao, J.-Z., Chai, L.-Q., (2009), Study on the UV- protective Ability and Camouflage Performance of Cotton Fabrics Dyed with Lithospermum, Journal of Fiber Bioengineering and Informatics, 2(3), 185-189.
39. Grifoni, D., Bacci, L., Zipoli, G., Carreras, G., Baronti, S., Sabatini, F., (2009), Laboratory and Outdoor Assessment of UV Protection Offered by Flax and Hemp Fabrics Dyed with Natural Dyes, Photochemistry and Photobiology, 85, 313-320.
40. Gupta, D., Jain, A., Panwar, S., (2005), Anti-UV and Anti- Microbial Properties of Some Natural Dyes on Cotton, Indian Journal of Fibre& Textile Research, 30, 190-195.
41. Mongkholrattanasit, R., Krystufek, J., Wiener, J., Vikova, M., (2011), Dyeing, Fastness and UV Protection Properties of Silk and Wool Fabrics Dyed with Eucalyptus Leaf Extract by the Exhaustion Process, Fibers and Textiles in Eastern Europe, 19(3), 94-99.
42. Mongkholrattanasit, R., Krystufek, J., Wiener, J., Vikova, M., (2011), UV Protection Properties of Silk Fabric Dyed with Eucalyptus Leaf Extract, J. Text. Inst., 102(3), 272– 279.
43. Gupta, D., (2002), UV Protection Properties of Natural Dyes, International Conference on “Emerging Trends in textiles”, 14-16 Kasım.
44. Sarkar, A.K., (2004), An Evaluation of UV Protection İmparted by Cotton Fabrics Dyed with Natural Colorants, BMC Dermatology, 4,15.
45. Rumex Maritimus, http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumex_ maritimus, Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 2013.
46. Quercus infectoria, Olivier, http://www.iccs.edu/fmed/ index.php?option=com_content&view=article&custompage =1&id=234&type=taluka&province=background, Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 2013.
47. Acacia Nilotica, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_ nilotica, Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 2013.
48. Cochineal Insect, http://nathistoc.bio.uci.edu/hemipt/ Dactylopius.htm, Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 2013.
49. Camellia Sinensi flower, http://commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/File:Camellia_sinensis_flower.jpg, Erişim tarihi: Nisan 2013. Protection Property of Green Tea Dyed Cotton Fabrics, Fibers and Polymers, 7(3), 255-261.
50. Feng, X.X., Zhang, L.L., Chen, J.Y., Zhang, J.C., (2007), New Insights Into Solar UV-Protective Properties of Natural Dye. J. Clean. Prod., 15, 366–372.
51. Gupta, D., (2007), UPF Characteristics of Natural Dyes and Textiles Dyed with Them, Colourage, 54(4), 75-80.
52. Iqbal, J., Bhatti, I.A., Adeel, S., (2008), Effect of UV Radiation on Dyeing of Cotton Fabric with Extracts of Henna Leaves, Indian Journal of Fibre&Textile Research, 33, 157-162.
53. Ibrahim, N.A., El-Gamar, A.R., Gouda, M., Mahrous, F., (2010), A New Approach for Natural Dyeing and Functional Finishing of Cotton Cellulose, Carbohydrate Polymers, 82, 1205–1211.
54. Zhou, L., Shao, J.Z., Chai, L.Q., (2011), Study on The UV- Protective Performance of Cotton Fabrics Dyed with Natural Dyes, Journal Advanced Materials Research, 332- 334, 1408-1413.
55. Salah, S.M., (2012), Antibacterial Activity and UV Protection Property of Some Egyptian Cotton Fabrics Treated with Aqueous Extract from Banana Peel, International Journal of Clothing Science, 1(1), 1-6.
56. Dhandapani, R., Sarkar, A.K., (2007), Antibacterial Activity and UV Property of Shikonin on Silk Substrate, Journal of Textile and Apparel Technology and Management, 5(4), 1-7.
57. Schmidt-Prezewozna, K., Kowalinski, J., (2008), Light fastness properties and UV Protection factor of naturally dyed linen, hemp and silk, International conference on flax and other bast plants, 364-374, 20-23 Temmuz, Saskatoon, Canada.
58. Euphorbia humifusa, http://www.21food.com/products/ euphorbia-humifusa-147775.html, Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 2013.
59. Bixa orellana, http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/showimage/ 73511/#b, Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 2013.
60. Kerria lacca, http://gaga.biodiv.tw/9702bx/747.htm, Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 2013.
61. Styphnolobium japonicum, http://www.gopixpic.com/640/ styphnolobium-japonicum-=-sophora-japonica/https:%7C %7Cc1*staticflickr*com%7C9%7C8143%7C7711580954_ 279eefdde4_z*jpg/, Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 2013.
62. Wang, L.,Wang, N., Jia, S., Zhou, Q., (2009), Research on Dyeing and Ultraviolet Protection of Silk Fabric Using Vegetable Dyes Extracted from Flos Sophorae, Textile Research Journal, 79(15) 1402–1409.
63. Liu,Y.-S., Sun, W.-G., Study on The Anti Ultraviolet and Antibacterial Properties of Silk Fabric Dyed with Artemisia Argyi Plant Dyes, http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/ CJFDTOTAL-SFXK201109022.htm, Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 2013.
64. Mongkholrattanasit, R., Klaichoi, C., Rungruangkitkrai, N., Sasivatchutikool, N., (2013), An Evaluation of UV Protection of Silk Fabric Dyed with Mangrove Bark (Rhizophora Apiculata Blume) extract, Advanced Materials Research, 821-822, 560-563.
65. Mongkholrattanasit, R., Rungruangkitkrai, N., Tubtimthai, N., Sasivatchutikool, N., (2014), UV Protection Property of Colorant from Lac for Silk Fabric Dyeing by Cold Pad- batch: The Influence of Metal Mordants Concentration, Advanced Materials Research, 884-885, 257-260.
66. Sun, S.-S., Tang, R.-C., (2011), Adsorption and UV Protection Properties of The Extract from Honeysuckle onto Wool, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 50(8), 4217-4224.
67. Rungruangkitkrai, N., Tubtimthai, N., Cholachatpinyo, A., Mongkholrattanait, R., (2012), UV Protection Properties of Wool Fabric Dyed with Eucalyptus Leaf Extract by The Padding Techniques, RMUTP International Conference: Textiles&Fashion, Section III, 3-4 Temmuz, Bangkok, Thailand.
68. Hou, X., Chen, X., Cheng, Y., Xu, H., Chen L., Yang, Y., (2013), Dyeing and UV-Protection Properties of Water Extracts From Orange Peel, Journal of Cleaner Production 52, 410-419.
69. Schmidt- Prezewozna, K., Zimniewska, M., (2009), Natural Dyeing Plants as a Source of Compounds Protecting Against UV Radiation, Herba Polonica, 55(3), 311-318.
70. Vidhya, M.S., Rekha, V.B., (2012), Effect of Knitted Bamboo Structures Dyed With Natural Colorants on Ultraviolet Radiation Protection, Textile Science& Engineering, 2(5), 1-6.
71. Ibrahim, N.A., El-Zairy, W.M., El-Zairy, M.R., Ghazal, H.A., (2013), Enhancing the UV-Protection and Antibacterial Properties of Polyamide-6 Fabric by Natural Dyeing, Textiles and Light Industrial Sciences and Technology, 2(1).
72. Chattopadhyay, S.N., Pan, N.C., Roy, A.K., Saxena,S., Khan,A., (2013), Development of Natural Dyed Jute Fabric with Improved Colour Yield and UV Protection Characteristics, The journal of The Textile Institute,104(8), 808-818.