Küreselleşme Sonrasında Avrupa Birliği ve Dijital Ekonomi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 6, 73 - 121, 31.08.2025

Yasin Sönmez

Öz

Bu makale, küreselleşme sonrası dönemde Avrupa Birliği’nin (AB) dijital ekonomi alanındaki dönüşümünü ve bu dönüşümün uluslararası ilişkiler bağlamındaki etkilerini kapsamlı bir şekilde ele almaktadır. Çalışma, dijital ekonominin tanımı, kapsamı ve tarihsel gelişimi ile başlayarak, dijitalleşmenin uluslararası ticarette yarattığı fırsatlar ve karşılaşılan zorlukları değerlendirmektedir. Küreselleşme sonrası dönemde dijital teknolojilerin KOBİ’lerin küresel pazarlara erişimini kolaylaştırması, lojistik ve tedarik zinciri optimizasyonu sağlaması ve finansal teknolojilerde yarattığı yenilikler analiz edilmektedir. Buna karşılık, veri güvenliği, dijital bölünme ve düzenleyici çerçevelerin eksikliği gibi riskler ele alınmakta, bu bağlamda uluslararası ticaret politikalarının dijital çağa adaptasyonu detaylandırılmaktadır.
Makale, Avrupa Birliği’ni odağına alarak, Dijital Avrupa Programı ve Dijital Ekonomi ve Toplum Endeksi (DESI) gibi somut örnekler üzerinden dijital ekonominin bölgesel politikalar üzerindeki etkisini irdelemektedir. Ayrıca, Lizbon Stratejisi ve Avrupa 2020 Stratejisi bağlamında AB’nin küresel dijital ekonomi liderliği hedefi tartışılmaktadır. Çalışma, Avrupa Dijital Tek Pazarı ve buna yönelik stratejilerin, AB’nin dijital egemenlik ve ekonomik bağımsızlık hedeflerine katkısını incelemektedir. Dijital teknolojilerin, uluslararası ticaret ve yönetişim sistemini nasıl şekillendirdiği, AB’nin bu süreçteki rolüyle birlikte değerlendirilmiştir.
Bu bağlamda, çalışmada aşağıdaki sorulara yanıt aranmıştır: Dijital ekonominin tanımı ve kapsamı, küreselleşme sonrası dönemde nasıl şekillenmiştir? Dijitalleşme, uluslararası ticaretin dinamiklerini ve küresel ekonomik sistemin yapısını nasıl dönüştürmektedir? Avrupa Birliği, dijital ekonomi alanında küresel bir lider olarak konumunu güçlendirmek için hangi stratejileri benimsemektedir? Dijital Avrupa Programı, Dijital Ekonomi ve Toplum Endeksi (DESI) ve Avrupa Dijital Tek Pazarı gibi inisiyatifler, AB'nin bölgesel ve küresel politikalarına nasıl katkıda bulunmaktadır? Veri güvenliği, dijital bölünme ve düzenleme eksiklikleri gibi dijitalleşmenin getirdiği zorluklar karşısında Avrupa Birliği’nin uluslararası ticaret politikaları nasıl bir adaptasyon sürecinden geçmektedir? Dijital egemenlik ve ekonomik bağımsızlık kavramları, AB’nin dijital ekonomi stratejilerinde nasıl bir rol oynamaktadır?

Anahtar Kelimeler

Avrupa Birliği , Küreselleşme , Dijital Ekonomi

European Union and Digital Economy After Globalization

Öz

This article comprehensively examines the transformation of the European Union (EU) in the digital economy during the post-globalization era and its implications within the context of international relations. The study begins by defining the digital economy, exploring its scope and historical evolution, and assessing the opportunities and challenges it presents for international trade. Key aspects analyzed include how digital technologies facilitate SMEs' access to global markets, optimize logistics and supply chains, and drive innovation in financial technologies. Conversely, risks such as data security, digital divides, and regulatory challenges are addressed, alongside a detailed discussion of the adaptation of international trade policies to the digital era.
Focusing on the European Union, the article evaluates the impact of regional policies on the digital economy through initiatives such as the Digital Europe Programme and the Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI). Furthermore, it discusses the EU's ambitions for global digital leadership within the frameworks of the Lisbon Strategy and the Europe 2020 Strategy. The study delves into the European Digital Single Market and its strategies to advance the EU’s goals of digital sovereignty and economic independence. The role of digital technologies in reshaping the international trade and governance system is analyzed in conjunction with the EU's position in these processes.
In this context, the study seeks to answer the following questions: How has the definition and scope of the digital economy been shaped in the post-globalization era? How does digitalization transform the dynamics of international trade and the structure of the global economic system? What strategies does the European Union adopt to strengthen its position as a global leader in the digital economy? How do initiatives such as the Digital Europe Programme, the Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI), and the European Digital Single Market contribute to the EU's regional and global policies? How are the European Union’s international trade policies adapting to challenges such as data security, digital divide, and regulatory deficiencies arising from digitalization? Finally, how do concepts like digital sovereignty and economic independence play a role in the EU’s digital economy strategies?

Anahtar Kelimeler

European Union , Digitalization , Digital Economy

Kaynakça

• Ahmad, N., & Ribarsky, J. (2018). Towards a framework for measuring the digital economy. 16th Conference of IAOS. OECD Headquarters, Paris, France, 19-21 September 2018.
• Avrupa Komisyonu. (2013). Expert Group on Taxation of the Digital Economy. Brussels: European Commission.
• Bank for International Settlements. (2023). Artificial Intelligence in Financial Services. Basel: BIS.
• Bordo, M. D., Eichengreen, B., & Irwin, D. A. (2003). Is globalization today really different than globalization a hundred years ago? NBER Working Paper Series, (10376).
• Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2014). The second machine age: Work, progress, and prosperity in a time of brilliant technologies. W.W. Norton & Company.
• Bukht, R., & Heeks, R. (2017). Defining, conceptualising and measuring the digital economy. Global Development Institute working papers, (68).
• Castells, M. (1996). The Rise of the Network Society. Blackwell.
• Chang, W., & Liu, Y. (2023). Integration of blockchain and artificial intelligence in international trade analytics. International Journal of Digital Commerce, 18(2), 145-163.
• Competition and Markets Authority. (2022). Digital Markets Strategy. London: CMA.
• Cox, R. W. (1987). Production, Power, and World Order: Social Forces in the Making of History. Columbia University Press.
• Cybersecurity Ventures. (2023). Global Cybersecurity Market Report. New York: CV.
• Dahlman, C., Mealy, S., & Wermelinger, M. (2016). Harnessing the digital economy for developing countries. OECD Development Centre Working Papers, No. 334, OECD Publishing, Paris.
• Deloitte. (2022). The future of e-commerce: Trends and predictions for 2023 and beyond. Deloitte Insights.
• Dünya Bankası. (2021). World Development Report 2021: Data for Better Lives. Washington, DC: World Bank.
• European Commission. (2021). Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) 2021. Brussels: European Commission.
• European Commission. (2022). The Digital Services Act package. Retrieved from https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/digital-services-act-package.
• European Commission. (2023). Digital Markets Act: Ensuring fair and open digital markets. Brussels: EC. European Commission, 2023.
• European Parliament. (2015). Challenges for competition policy in a digitalised economy. Brussels: European Parliament.
• Floridi, L., & Taddeo, M. (2016). What is data ethics? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 374(2083), 20160360.
• Food and Agriculture Organization. (2023). The State of Food and Agriculture: Digital Technologies in Agriculture. Rome: FAO.
• G20 DETF. (2016). G20 Digital Economy Development and Cooperation Initiative. G20 Digital Economy Task Force.
• GSMA. (2016). The Mobile Economy 2016. GSM Association.
• Held, D., & McGrew, A. (2000). Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture. Stanford University Press. House of Commons. (2016). The Digital Economy. London: House of Commons Business, Innovation and Skills Committee.
• IMF. (2018). Measuring the Digital Economy. IMF Staff Report. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund. International Data Corporation. (2022). Worldwide Digital Transformation Spending Guide. IDC.
• International Data Corporation. (2023). Worldwide Internet of Things Spending Guide. IDC.
• International Energy Agency. (2023). Digitalization and Energy. Paris: IEA.
• International Labour Organization. (2022). World Employment and Social Outlook 2022: The role of digital labour platforms in transforming the world of work. Geneva: ILO.
• Knickrehm, M., Berthon, B., & Daugherty, P. (2016). Digital disruption: The growth multiplier. Accenture Strategy.
• Manyika, J., Lund, S., Bughin, J., Woetzel, J., Stamenov, K., & Dhingra, D. (2016). Digital globalization: The new era of global flows. McKinsey Global Institute.
• McKinsey Global Institute. (2016). Digital globalization: The new era of global flows. McKinsey & Company.
• MIT Technology Review. (2023). Platform Economics and Digital Transformation. MIT Press.
• OECD. (2015). OECD Digital Economy Outlook 2015. OECD Publishing, Paris.
• OECD. (2016). OECD Digital Economy Outlook. Paris: OECD Publishing.
• OECD. (2020). Tax Challenges Arising from Digitalisation – Report on Pillar One Blueprint: Inclusive Framework on BEPS. OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project. Paris: OECD Publishing.
• OECD. (2023). Digital Economy Outlook 2023. Paris: OECD Publishing.
• Robertson, R. (1992). Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture. Sage.
• Rosenau, J. N. (1997). Along the Domestic-Foreign Frontier: Exploring Governance in a Turbulent World. Cambridge University Press.
• Russell, S. J., & Norvig, P. (2016). Artificial intelligence: a modern approach. Malaysia; Pearson Education Limited.
• Stiglitz, J. E. (2002). Globalization and Its Discontents. W.W. Norton.
• Strange, R., & Zucchella, A. (2017). Industry 4.0, global value chains and international business. Multinational Business Review, 25(3), 174-184.
• Tapscott, D. (1996). The digital economy: Promise and peril in the age of networked intelligence. New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Tomlinson, J. (1999). Globalization and Culture. University of Chicago Press.
• UNCTAD. (2019). Digital Economy Report 2019: Value Creation and Capture: Implications for Developing Countries. United Nations, New York.
• UNCTAD. (2022). Digital Economy Report 2022: The impact of digital platforms on trade and development. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.
• United Nations Human Settlements Programme. (2023). The Future of Asian and Pacific Cities Report. Nairobi: UN-Habitat.
• Van Dijk, J. (2020). The Network Society. Sage.
• Wallerstein, I. (1974). The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century. Academic Press.
• WEF (World Economic Forum). (2015). Expanding participation and boosting growth: The infrastructure needs of the digital economy. Geneva: World Economic Forum.
• World Economic Forum. (2023). Digital Transformation Initiative: Platform Economy and Sustainable Development. Geneva: WEF.
• World Health Organization. (2023). Global Strategy on Digital Health 2020-2025. Geneva: WHO.
• WP. (2017). The top 25 technology companies by market capitalization. Washington Post.