Nationalism: A Chronological Reading

Abstract

As it is not possible to name any particular founders or pioneers in nationalism studies, instead of primordialist and modern interpretations, this paper reads nationalism in chronological order by dividing them into four sections. The first section focuses on how nationalism started to be defined as a concept by referring to Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Sturm und Drang movement, Immanuel Kant’s definition of freedom, the importance given to language by Johann Gottfried Herder and Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s social contract, whereas the second one deals with the awakening of nationalism with reference to the French Revolution, John Stuart Mill’s seeing nation as a portion of mankind, Ernst Renan’s definition of the nation as a spiritual thing, and Marxism’s undefinition of the term. The third section discusses the acceleration of nationalism studies by mentioning Carlton J. H. Hayes’ classification of modern nationalism, Hans Kohn’s classification of nationalism into western and non-western and Edward Hallett Carr’s division of the history of international relations into three periods, and the last section analyses the period when nationalism studies is at its peak by giving references to the definitions of nationalism by Ernest Gellner as political principle, Elie Kedourie as an invented doctrine, Anthony David Smith as an ideological movement, Eric Hobsbawm as invented tradition, Benedict Anderson as imagined communities and Michael Billig as banal.

Keywords

• Nationalism
• Nation
• Chronological Reading
• Nationalism Studies

Milliyetçilik Kuramları: Kronolojik Bir Okuma

Öz

Milliyetçilik çalışmalarında belirli bir kurucu veya öncü isim vermek mümkün olmadığından, bu makale primordialist ve modern yorumlar yerine milliyetçiliği dört bölüme ayırarak kronolojik sırayla ele almaktadır. Birinci bölüm Johann Wolfgang von Goethe ve Sturm und Drang akımına, Immanuel Kant'ın özgürlük tanımına, Johann Gottfried von Herder’in dile verdiği öneme ve Jean-Jacques Rousseau’nun toplum sözleşmesine atıfta bulunarak milliyetçiliğin bir kavram olarak nasıl tanımlanmaya başladığına, ikinci bölüm ise Fransız Devrimi’ne, John Stuart Mill’in milleti bir parça insanoğlu olarak görmesine, Ernst Renan’ın milleti manevi bir şey olarak tanımlamasına ve Marksizm’in terimi tanımlamamasına atıf yaparak milliyetçiliğin uyanışını ele alır. Üçüncü bölüm, Carlton J. H. Hayes’in modern milliyetçilik sınıflandırmasından, Hans Kohn’un milliyetçiliği batılı ve batılı olmayan olarak ikiye ayırmasından ve Edward Hallett Carr’ın uluslararası ilişkiler tarihini üç döneme bölmesinden bahsederek milliyetçilik çalışmalarının hızlanmasını tartışır. Son bölüm Elie Kedourie’nin icat edilmiş doktrin, Ernest Gellner’in politik ilke, Anthony David Smith’in ideolojik bir hareket, Eric Hobsbawm’ın icat edilmiş gelenek, Benedict Anderson’un hayali cemiyet ve Michael Billig’in banal olarak ele aldığı milliyetçilik tanımlarına atıfta bulunarak milliyetçilik çalışmalarının zirvede olduğu dönemi analiz eder.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Milliyetçilik
• Millet
• kronolojik okuma
• Milliyetçilik Çalışmaları

Kaynakça

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